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Teknolojik Başarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel ARDL Yaklaşımından Kanıt

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 66, 367 - 386, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1022589

Öz

Son zamanlarda, uluslararasındaki teknolojik yenilikler, daha yüksek ekonomik büyüme oranları ve kalkınma için en güçlü araçtır. Teknolojinin yayılmasında/kabul edilmesinde daha yüksek bir başarı düzeyi, daha etkili ekonomik büyüme yaratabilir. Bu motivasyon göz önüne alındığında, çalışma, 1990 - 2020 döneminde seçilen 72 ülkede teknolojik başarıların ekonomik büyüme, brüt sermaye oluşumu, orta ve yüksek teknoloji ihracatı ve istihdam üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Verilerin analizinde Pesaran'ın kesit artırılmış Im-Pesaran-Shin (CIPS) testi ve ayrıca Hansen'in ortak değişkenli Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) birim kök testleri, Pedroni eşbütünleşme testi ve ardından Pesaran ARDL modeli uygulanmıştır. ARDL modeli sonuçları, Havuzlanmış Ortalama Grup tahmincisine göre uzun vadede teknoloji başarı endeksi ile GSYİH, brüt sermaye oluşumu, orta ve yüksek teknoloji ihracatı ve istihdam anlamlılığı arasında yüzde 1 düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir nedensellik ve pozitif ilişkiler ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak, teknolojik yenilikler ekonomik büyüme ve makroekonomik faktörlerle bağlantılıdır, yani daha yüksek büyüme elde etmek için teknolojiye adapte olmak ve ayrıca teknolojiye özgü ürünler üretmek ve ticaretini yapmak gerekir.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P., Bergeaud, A., Lequien, M., & Melitz, M. J. (2018). The Impact of Exports on Innovation: Theory and Evidence. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3171084
  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling the dynamic linkages between eco-innovation, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprints for G7 countries: Does financial globalization matter? Sustainable Cities and Society, 70(October 2020), 102881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102881
  • Ali, T. M. (2017). Technological Achievements and Economic Development : The Significance of Technological Achievement Gap in Selected East and South Asian Countries. STI Policy Review, 8(August), 113–156.
  • Ali, T. M., Bashir, T., & Kiani, A. K. (2015). Assessment of Technological Capabilities of OIC Countries. Science, Technology and Society, 20(1), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721814561394
  • Blind, K., & Jungmittag, A. (2004). Foreign Direct Investment, Imports and Innovations in the Service Industry. Review of Industrial Organization, 25(2), 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-004-3537-x
  • Bujari, A. A., & Venegas-Martínez, F. (2016). Technological Innovation and Economic Growth in Latin America Procesos de Innovación Tecnológica y Crecimiento Económico en América Latina. Remef - The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance, 11(2), 77–89.
  • Cassiman, B., Golovko, E., & Martínez-Ros, E. (2010). Innovation, exports and productivity. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28(4), 372–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2010.03.005
  • Chien, F., Ananzeh, M., Mirza, F., Bakar, A., Vu, H. M., & Ngo, T. Q. (2021). The effects of green growth, environmental-related tax, and eco-innovation towards carbon neutrality target in the US economy. Journal of Environmental Management, 299(September), 113633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113633
  • De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. Stata Journal, 6(4), 482–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0600600403
  • Fan, P. (2011). Innovation capacity and economic development: China and India. Economic Change and Restructuring, 44(1–2), 49–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-010-9088-2
  • Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. (1999). Does trade cause growth? American Economic Review, 89(3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.379
  • Fu, X. (2005). Exports, technical progress and productivity growth in a transition economy: A non-parametric approach for China. Applied Economics, 37(7), 725–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500049041
  • Gani, A. (2009). Technological Achievement, High Technology Exports and Growth. Journal of Comparative International Management, 12(2), 31.
  • Gyedu, S., Heng, T., Ntarmah, A. H., He, Y., & Frimppong, E. (2021). The impact of innovation on economic growth among G7 and BRICS countries: A GMM style panel vector autoregressive approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173(September), 121169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121169
  • Hammar, N., and Belarbi, Y. (2021). R&D, innovation and productivity relationships: Evidence from threshold panel model. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 5(3), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2021.06.002
  • Hansen, B. E. (1995). Rethinking the univariate approach to unit root testing: Using covariates to increase power. Econometric Theory, 11(5), 1148–1171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466600009993
  • Hashem Pesaran, M. (2007). A pair-wise approach to testing for output and growth convergence. Journal of Econometrics, 138(1), 312–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2006.05.024
  • Hashem Pesaran, M., and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  • Holland, D., and Pain, N. (1998). The Diffusion Of Innovations In Central And Eastern Europe: A Study Of The Determinants And Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment. National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 1–48. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.156.9930&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Khan, A., Chenggang, Y., Hussain, J., and Kui, Z. (2021). Impact of technological innovation, financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy, non-renewable energy and the environment in belt & Road Initiative countries. Renewable Energy, 171, 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.075
  • Kirchhoff, B. A., Newbert, S. L., Hasan, I., and Armington, C. (2007). The Influence of University R & D Expenditures on New Business Formations and Employment Growth. Baylor University, 979, 1000.
  • Li, G., and Wei, W. (2021). Financial development, openness, innovation, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Energy Economics, 97, 105194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105194
  • Li, Y., and Solaymani, S. (2021). Energy consumption, technology innovation, and economic growth nexuses in Malaysian. Energy, 232, 121040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121040
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Maradana, R. P., Pradhan, R. P., Dash, S., Zaki, D. B., Gaurav, K., Jayakumar, M., & Sarangi, A. K. (2019). Innovation and economic growth in European Economic Area countries: The Granger causality approach. IIMB Management Review, 31(3), 268–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2019.03.002
  • Palangkaraya, A. (2012). The Link between Innovation and Export: Evidence from Australia’s Small and Medium Enterprises. ERIA Discussion Paper Series.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: Asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597–625. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466604203073
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem. (2008). An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, 371–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol0521633230.011
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic tests for Cross Section dependence in Panels:Cambridge working Paper in Economics. IZA Discussion Paper, 1240.
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., and Bahmani, S. (2018). Are innovation and financial development causative factors in economic growth? Evidence from a panel granger causality test. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 132(February), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.024
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M., and Bennett, S. E. (2020). The dynamics among entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth in the Eurozone countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(5), 1106–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.01.004
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M., Bennett, S. E., Bahmani, S., and Hall, J. H. (2018). Endogenous dynamics between innovation, financial markets, venture capital and economic growth: Evidence from Europe. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 45, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2018.01.002
  • Santacreu, A. M. (2015). Innovation, diffusion, and trade: Theory and measurement. Journal of Monetary Economics, 75, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2015.06.008
  • Shen, F., Liu, B., Luo, F., Wu, C., Chen, H., and Wei, W. (2021). The effect of economic growth target constraints on green technology innovation. Journal of Environmental Management, 292(April), 112765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112765
  • Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function. The MIT Press, 39(3), 312–320.
  • Sultanuzzaman, M. R., Fan, H., Mohamued, E. A., Hossain, M. I., and Islam, M. A. (2019). Effects of export and technology on economic growth: Selected emerging Asian economies. In Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 32 (1), 2515–2531. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1650656
  • Ulku, H. (2007). R&D, innovation and output: Evidence from OECD and nonOECD countries. Applied Economics, 39(3), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500439002
  • Ustabaş, A., and Ersin, Ö. Ö. (2016). The Effects of R&D and High Technology Exports on Economic Growth: A Comparative Cointegration Analysis for Turkey and South Korea. International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2016, August, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.36880/c07.01475
  • Wang, K. H., Umar, M., Akram, R., and Caglar, E. (2021). Is technological innovation making world “Greener”? An evidence from changing growth story of China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 165(July 2020), 120516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120516
  • Westerlund, J., and Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.003
  • Westerlund, J., and Hosseinkouchack, M. (2016). Modified CADF and CIPS Panel Unit Root Statistics with Standard Chi-squared and Normal Limiting Distributions. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 78(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12127
  • Wu, J., Ma, Z., and Zhuo, S. (2017). Enhancing national innovative capacity: The impact of high-tech international trade and inward foreign direct investment. International Business Review, 26(3), 502–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.11.001

The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 66, 367 - 386, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1022589

Öz

In recent times, technological innovations among nations are the most powerful instrument for higher economic growth rates and development. A higher level of achievement in the diffusion/adoption of technology can create more effective economic growth. Given this motivation, the study aims to examine the impact of technological achievements on economic growth, gross capital formation, medium and high-tech exports, and employment in chosen 72 countries over the period of 1990 - 2020. The unit root tests of the cross-section augmented Im-Pesaran-Shin (CIPS) test of Pesaran and also covariate Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) test of Hansen, the Pedroni cointegration test, and then Pesaran ARDL model has been applied in the analysis of data. The ARDL model results reveal a statistically significant causality and positive relationships between the technology achievement index and GDP growth, gross capital formation, medium and high-tech exports, and employment significance at 1 percent level in the long run according to Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimator. Consequently, technological innovations are linked with economic growth and macroeconomic factors, that is to say, to get higher growth needs to grow up adaptation of technology and also to produce and trade technology-specific products.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P., Bergeaud, A., Lequien, M., & Melitz, M. J. (2018). The Impact of Exports on Innovation: Theory and Evidence. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3171084
  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling the dynamic linkages between eco-innovation, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprints for G7 countries: Does financial globalization matter? Sustainable Cities and Society, 70(October 2020), 102881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102881
  • Ali, T. M. (2017). Technological Achievements and Economic Development : The Significance of Technological Achievement Gap in Selected East and South Asian Countries. STI Policy Review, 8(August), 113–156.
  • Ali, T. M., Bashir, T., & Kiani, A. K. (2015). Assessment of Technological Capabilities of OIC Countries. Science, Technology and Society, 20(1), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721814561394
  • Blind, K., & Jungmittag, A. (2004). Foreign Direct Investment, Imports and Innovations in the Service Industry. Review of Industrial Organization, 25(2), 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-004-3537-x
  • Bujari, A. A., & Venegas-Martínez, F. (2016). Technological Innovation and Economic Growth in Latin America Procesos de Innovación Tecnológica y Crecimiento Económico en América Latina. Remef - The Mexican Journal of Economics and Finance, 11(2), 77–89.
  • Cassiman, B., Golovko, E., & Martínez-Ros, E. (2010). Innovation, exports and productivity. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28(4), 372–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2010.03.005
  • Chien, F., Ananzeh, M., Mirza, F., Bakar, A., Vu, H. M., & Ngo, T. Q. (2021). The effects of green growth, environmental-related tax, and eco-innovation towards carbon neutrality target in the US economy. Journal of Environmental Management, 299(September), 113633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113633
  • De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. Stata Journal, 6(4), 482–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0600600403
  • Fan, P. (2011). Innovation capacity and economic development: China and India. Economic Change and Restructuring, 44(1–2), 49–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-010-9088-2
  • Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. (1999). Does trade cause growth? American Economic Review, 89(3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.379
  • Fu, X. (2005). Exports, technical progress and productivity growth in a transition economy: A non-parametric approach for China. Applied Economics, 37(7), 725–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500049041
  • Gani, A. (2009). Technological Achievement, High Technology Exports and Growth. Journal of Comparative International Management, 12(2), 31.
  • Gyedu, S., Heng, T., Ntarmah, A. H., He, Y., & Frimppong, E. (2021). The impact of innovation on economic growth among G7 and BRICS countries: A GMM style panel vector autoregressive approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173(September), 121169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121169
  • Hammar, N., and Belarbi, Y. (2021). R&D, innovation and productivity relationships: Evidence from threshold panel model. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 5(3), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2021.06.002
  • Hansen, B. E. (1995). Rethinking the univariate approach to unit root testing: Using covariates to increase power. Econometric Theory, 11(5), 1148–1171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466600009993
  • Hashem Pesaran, M. (2007). A pair-wise approach to testing for output and growth convergence. Journal of Econometrics, 138(1), 312–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2006.05.024
  • Hashem Pesaran, M., and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  • Holland, D., and Pain, N. (1998). The Diffusion Of Innovations In Central And Eastern Europe: A Study Of The Determinants And Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment. National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 1–48. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.156.9930&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Khan, A., Chenggang, Y., Hussain, J., and Kui, Z. (2021). Impact of technological innovation, financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy, non-renewable energy and the environment in belt & Road Initiative countries. Renewable Energy, 171, 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.075
  • Kirchhoff, B. A., Newbert, S. L., Hasan, I., and Armington, C. (2007). The Influence of University R & D Expenditures on New Business Formations and Employment Growth. Baylor University, 979, 1000.
  • Li, G., and Wei, W. (2021). Financial development, openness, innovation, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Energy Economics, 97, 105194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105194
  • Li, Y., and Solaymani, S. (2021). Energy consumption, technology innovation, and economic growth nexuses in Malaysian. Energy, 232, 121040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121040
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Maradana, R. P., Pradhan, R. P., Dash, S., Zaki, D. B., Gaurav, K., Jayakumar, M., & Sarangi, A. K. (2019). Innovation and economic growth in European Economic Area countries: The Granger causality approach. IIMB Management Review, 31(3), 268–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2019.03.002
  • Palangkaraya, A. (2012). The Link between Innovation and Export: Evidence from Australia’s Small and Medium Enterprises. ERIA Discussion Paper Series.
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: Asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597–625. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466604203073
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem. (2008). An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, 371–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol0521633230.011
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic tests for Cross Section dependence in Panels:Cambridge working Paper in Economics. IZA Discussion Paper, 1240.
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., and Bahmani, S. (2018). Are innovation and financial development causative factors in economic growth? Evidence from a panel granger causality test. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 132(February), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.024
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M., and Bennett, S. E. (2020). The dynamics among entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth in the Eurozone countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(5), 1106–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.01.004
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M., Bennett, S. E., Bahmani, S., and Hall, J. H. (2018). Endogenous dynamics between innovation, financial markets, venture capital and economic growth: Evidence from Europe. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 45, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2018.01.002
  • Santacreu, A. M. (2015). Innovation, diffusion, and trade: Theory and measurement. Journal of Monetary Economics, 75, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2015.06.008
  • Shen, F., Liu, B., Luo, F., Wu, C., Chen, H., and Wei, W. (2021). The effect of economic growth target constraints on green technology innovation. Journal of Environmental Management, 292(April), 112765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112765
  • Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function. The MIT Press, 39(3), 312–320.
  • Sultanuzzaman, M. R., Fan, H., Mohamued, E. A., Hossain, M. I., and Islam, M. A. (2019). Effects of export and technology on economic growth: Selected emerging Asian economies. In Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 32 (1), 2515–2531. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1650656
  • Ulku, H. (2007). R&D, innovation and output: Evidence from OECD and nonOECD countries. Applied Economics, 39(3), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500439002
  • Ustabaş, A., and Ersin, Ö. Ö. (2016). The Effects of R&D and High Technology Exports on Economic Growth: A Comparative Cointegration Analysis for Turkey and South Korea. International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2016, August, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.36880/c07.01475
  • Wang, K. H., Umar, M., Akram, R., and Caglar, E. (2021). Is technological innovation making world “Greener”? An evidence from changing growth story of China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 165(July 2020), 120516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120516
  • Westerlund, J., and Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.003
  • Westerlund, J., and Hosseinkouchack, M. (2016). Modified CADF and CIPS Panel Unit Root Statistics with Standard Chi-squared and Normal Limiting Distributions. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 78(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12127
  • Wu, J., Ma, Z., and Zhuo, S. (2017). Enhancing national innovative capacity: The impact of high-tech international trade and inward foreign direct investment. International Business Review, 26(3), 502–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.11.001
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Büşra Ağan 0000-0003-1485-9142

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 66

Kaynak Göster

APA Ağan, B. (2022). The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 17(66), 367-386. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1022589
AMA Ağan B. The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Nisan 2022;17(66):367-386. doi:10.19168/jyasar.1022589
Chicago Ağan, Büşra. “The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 17, sy. 66 (Nisan 2022): 367-86. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1022589.
EndNote Ağan B (01 Nisan 2022) The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 17 66 367–386.
IEEE B. Ağan, “The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 17, sy. 66, ss. 367–386, 2022, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.1022589.
ISNAD Ağan, Büşra. “The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 17/66 (Nisan 2022), 367-386. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1022589.
JAMA Ağan B. The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2022;17:367–386.
MLA Ağan, Büşra. “The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 17, sy. 66, 2022, ss. 367-86, doi:10.19168/jyasar.1022589.
Vancouver Ağan B. The Impact of Technological Achievement on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2022;17(66):367-86.