Aşırı Turizm Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Unsurlarını Nasıl Etkiliyor?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 72, 569 - 586, 19.10.2023

Emre Yaşar , Eda Yayla

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1316496

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı aşırı turizmin somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurları üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Araştırmanın amacına uygunluğu nedeniyle nitel araştırma yöntemi seçilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, Kapadokya’da somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurları üreten ustalar ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşmeler esnasında ustalara 5 soru sorulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgulara içerik analizi uygulanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurlarına olan talebin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurları üretim tekniklerinde değişiklik olmadığı fakat somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurlarının üretim amacında değişiklik olduğu belirlenmiştir. Somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurlarının özgünlüklerinin azaldığı, ekonomik değerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, aşırı turizmin somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurlarını kapsamlı bir şekilde etkilediği ve olumsuz etkisinin daha yoğun yaşandığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Somut Kültürel Miras Unsurları, Aşırı Turizm, Kapadokya, Usta, Turist

How Does Overtourism Affect Intangible Cultural Heritage Elements?

Öz

The primary purpose of this research is to determine the effects of overtourism on ICH elements. The qualitative research method was chosen because it is appropriate for the research. In this direction, interviews were conducted with craftsmen who produce ICH elements in Cappadocia. During the interviews, five questions were asked of the craftsmen. Content analysis was applied to the findings obtained. The analysis determined that demand for the ICH elements has increased. It was determined that there was no change in the production techniques of the ICH elements but a change in the production objective of the ICH elements. The authenticity of the ICH elements was determined to have decreased, and their economic value increased. The results show that overtourism affects the elements of the ICH and that its negative impact is felt more intensely.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Overtourism, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Cappadocia, Craftsmen, Tourist

Kaynakça

• Agyeiwaah, Elizabeth. 2020. Over-tourism and sustainable consumption of resources through sharing: The role of government. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(1), 99-116.
• Ali, Rafat. 2016. Exploring the Coming Perils of Overtourism. Skift.
• Alobiedat, Ammar Abdelkarim. 2018. Heritage transformation and the sociocultural impact of tourism in Umm Qais, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 16(1), 22-40.
• Aral, Ahmet Erman. 2022. Seeing the glass half-empty: implications for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage through formal education in Türkiye. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 28(11-12), 1286-1299.
• Bernard, H. Russell. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California.
• Bortolotto, Chiara. 2021. Commercialization without over-commercialization: normative conundrums across heritage rationalities. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 27(9), 857-868.
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
• Capocchi, Alessandro, Vallone, Cinzia, Amaduzzi, Andrea, and Pierotti, Mariarita. 2020. Is ‘Overtourism’ A New Issue in Tourism Development or Just a New Term for An Already Known Phenomenon? Current Issues in Tourism, 23(18), 2235-2239.
• Carballo, Rita R., Carmelo J. León, and María M. Carballo. 2019. Fighting overtourism in Lanzarote (Spain). Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. 11(5), 506-515
• Chan, Catherine. 2017. Folklore without a folk: questions in the preservation of the Marinduque Moriones heritage, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(1), 29-40.
• Cheng, Le, and Yuchang Yuan. 2021. Intellectual Property Tools in Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Chinese Perspective. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 34:893–906.
• Cheng, Zhenfeng, and Xin Chen. 2022. The effect of tourism experience on tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior at cultural heritage sites: the mediating role of cultural attachment. Sustainability, 14(1), 565.
• Chen, Zhaoyu, Wantanee Suntikul, and Brian King. 2020. Constructing an intangible cultural heritage experience scape: The case of the Feast of the Drunken Dragon (Macau). Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100659.
• Chen, Zhaoyu. 2022. Visualizing experience scape–from the art of intangible cultural heritage. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(4), 559-578.
• Chhabra, Deepak. 2019. Authenticity and the authentication of heritage: Dialogical perceptiveness. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 14(5–6), 389–395.
• Cheung, Ka Shing, and Ling-Hin Li. 2019. Understanding visitor–resident relations in overtourism: Developing resilience for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(8), 1197-1216.
• Cohen, Erik. 1987. Alternative tourism—A Critique. Tourism Recreation Research, 12(2), 13–18.
• Cominelli, Francesca, and Xavier Greffe. 2012. Intangible cultural heritage: Safeguarding for creativity. City, Culture and Society, 3(4), 245-250.
• Creswell, John. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
• Çetinoğlu, Derya, and Uygur, Selma Meydan. 2020. Aşırı turizm sorununa çözüm olarak pazarlamama stratejileri kullanılabilir mi? Pamukkale örneği. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 3008-3026.
• Dang, Qiong, Luo, Zhongming, Ouyang, Chuhao, Wang, Lin, and Xie, Mei. 2021. Intangible cultural heritage in China: a visual analysis of research hotspots, frontiers, and trends using citeSpace. Sustainability, 13(17), 9865.
• Demirci, Barış, Yılmaz, İlayda, and Oğuz, Yasin, Emre. 2020. Aşırı Turizmin Kent Yaşam Memnuniyetine Etkisi: Eskişehir Odunpazarı Örneği. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, Special, (4), 204-217.
• Denzin, Norman, and Yvonna Lincoln. 2011. The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage.
• Dodds, Rachel, and Richard, Butler. 2019a. Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
• Dodds, Rachel, and Richard, Butler. 2019b. The phenomena of overtourism: A review. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 519-528.
• Duyar, Murat, and Bayram, Murat. 2019. Aşırı turizm ve turizm korkusu: yerel halk ve turizm ilişkisinin evrimi. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, (40), 347-362.
• Edson, Gary. 2004. Heritage: Pride or passion, product or service? International Journal of Heritage Studies, 10(4), 333-348.
• Eren, Duygu, and Bozkurt, İrem. 2020. Aşırı Turizm Sorunsalı: Kapadokya Bölgesi’ne Yönelik Bir Çalışma. Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 8(4), 3090-3107.
• Esfehani, Minoo, and Julia Albrech. 2019. Planning for intangible cultural heritage in tourism: Challenges and implications. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(7), 980-1001.
• Frey, Bruno, and Andre, Briviba. 2021. Revived Originals–A proposal to deal with cultural overtourism. Tourism Economics, 27(6), 1221-1236.
• García-Hernández, María, Manuel De la Calle-Vaquero, and Claudia, Yubero. 2017. Cultural Heritage and Urban Tourism: Historic City Centres under Pressure. Sustainability, 9(8), 1346.
• Gavin, Helen. 2008. Thematic Analysis. Understanding Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, Sage Publication, London
• Goodwin, Harold. 2017. The challenge of overtourism. Responsible tourism partnership, 4, 1-19.
• Harrison, Rodney. 2010. What is heritage. Understanding the politics of heritage, 5-42.
• Insch, Andrea. 2020. The challenges of over-tourism facing New Zealand: Risks and responses. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100378.
• Jacobsen, Jens, Steen, Iversen, Nina, and Hem, Leif. 2019. Hotspot crowding and over-tourism: Antecedents of destination attractiveness. Annals of tourism research, 76, 53-66.
• Jamieson, Walter, and Michelle Jamieson. 2019. Overtourism management competencies in Asian urban heritage areas. International Journal of Tourism Cities. 5(4), 581-597
• Kim, Soojung, Michelle, Whitford, and Charles, Arcodia. 2019. Development of intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource: The intangible cultural heritage practitioners’ perspectives. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 14(5-6), 422-435.
• Koens, Ko, Albert, Postma, and Bernadett, Papp. 2018. Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context. Sustainability 10(12), 4384.
• Koh, Edward. 2020. The end of over-tourism? Opportunities in a post-Covid-19 world. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(4), 1015-1023.
• Kozak, Metin. 2014. Sürdürülebilir Turizm. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
• Kuščer, Kir, and Tanja, Mihalič. 2019. Residents’ attitudes towards overtourism from the perspective of tourism impacts and cooperation—The case of Ljubljana. Sustainability, 11(6), 1823.
• Lenzerini, Federico. 2011. Intangible cultural heritage: The living culture of peoples. European Journal of International Law, 22(1), 101-120.
• López-Guzmán, Tomás, and Francisco, González Santa-Cruz. 2017. Visitors’ experiences with Intangible Cultural Heritage: a case study from Córdoba, Spain. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 12(4), 410-415.
• Lu, Wenwen, Su, Yongjun, Su, Sitan, Zhao, Jie, and Zhang, Li. 2022. Perceived Authenticity and Experience Quality in Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism: The Case of Kunqu Opera in China. Sustainability, 14(5), 2940.
• Luo, Wenbin, Lu, Yulian, Timothy, Dallen, and Zang, Xiaolin. 2022. Tourism and conserving intangible cultural heritage: Residents’ perspectives on protecting the nüshu female script. Journal of China Tourism Research, 18(6), 1305-1329.
• Maags, Christina. 2021. Common, luxury, and fake commodities: Intangible cultural heritage markets in China. China Perspectives, (2021/3), 7-17.
• Martín Martín, José María, Jose Manuel Guaita Martínez, and José Antonio Salinas Fernández. 2018. An analysis of the factors behind the citizen’s attitude of rejection towards tourism in a context of overtourism and economic dependence on this activity. Sustainability, 10(8), 2851.
• Marshall, Martin. 1996. Sampling for qualitative research. Family practice, 13(6), 522-526.
• Masoud, Haleh, Mohammad Mortazavi, and Neda Torabi Farsani. 2019. A study on tourists' tendency towards intangible cultural heritage as an attraction (case study: Isfahan, Iran). City, Culture and Society, 17, 54-60.
• Merriam, Sharan, and Elizabeth, Tisdell. 2015. Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
• Milano, Claudio, Joseph, Cheer, and Marina, Novelli. 2018. Overtourism: A growing global problem. The conversation, 18(1), 1-5.
• Miles, Matthew, and Michael, Huberman. 1994. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Muler Gonzalez, Vanessa, Lluis Coromina, and Nuria Gali. 2018. Overtourism: residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity-case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism review, 73(3), 277-296.
• Munjeri, Dawson. (2004). Tangible and intangible heritage: From difference to convergence. Museum international, 56(1‐2), 12-20.
• Murzyn-Kupisz, Monika, and Dominika, Hołuj. 2020. Museums and coping with overtourism. Sustainability, 12(5), 2054.
• Nuryanti, Wiendu. 1996. Heritage and Postmodern Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (2): 249-260.
• Oğuz, Öcal. 2013. Terim olarak somut olmayan kültürel miras. Milli Folklor, 25(100), 5-13.
• Park, Hyungyu. 2010. Heritage tourism: emotinional journeys into nationhood. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1). 116-135.
• Peeters, Paul, Gössling, Stefan, Klijs, Jeroen, Milano, Claudio, Novelli, Marina, Dijkmans, Corne, ... and Postma, Albert. 2021. Research for TRAN Committee-Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses.
• Perkumienė, Dalia, and Pranskūnienė, Rasa. 2019. Overtourism: Between the right to travel and residents’ rights. Sustainability, 11(7), 2138.
• Petronela, Tudorache. 2016. The importance of the intangible cultural heritage in the economy. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, 731-736.
• Phi, Giang, Thi. 2020. Framing overtourism: A critical news media analysis. Current issues in Tourism, 23(17), 2093-2097.
• Qiu, Qihang, Yifan Zuo, and Mu, Zhan. 2022. Intangible cultural heritage in tourism: Research review and investigation of future agenda. Land, 11(1), 139.
• Qiu, Qihang. 2023. Identifying the role of intangible cultural heritage in distinguishing cities: A social media study of heritage, place, and sense in Guangzhou, China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 27, 100764.
• Ranwa, Ruchika. 2022. Impact of tourism on intangible cultural heritage: Case of Kalbeliyas from Rajasthan, India. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 20(1-2), 20-36.
• Sarantakou, Efthymia, and Terkenli, Theano. 2019. Non-institutionalized forms of tourism accommodation and overtourism impacts on the landscape: The case of Santorini, Greece. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 411-43
• Seraphin, Hugues, Paul Sheeran, and Manuela, Pilato. 2018. Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 374-376.
• Séraphin, Hugues, Zaman, Mustafeed, Olver, Sharon, Bourliataux-Lajoinie, Stephane, & Dosquet, Frederic. 2019. Destination branding and overtourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism management, 38, 1-4.
• Silverman, Helaine, and Ruggles, Fairchild. 2007. Cultural heritage and human rights. Springer New York. Singh, Tejvir. 2018. Is over-tourism the downside of mass tourism? Tourism Recreation Research, 43(4), 415-416.
• Su, Junjie. 2021. A Difficult Integration of Authenticity and Intangible Cultural Heritage? The Case of Yunnan, China. China Perspectives, (2021/3), 29-39.
• Sun, Yan, and Liu, Xiaojian. 2022. How Design Technology Improves the Sustainability of Intangible Cultural Heritage Products: A Practical Study on Bamboo Basketry Craft. Sustainability, 14(19), 12058.
• Swensen, Grete, Jerpåsen, Gro, Sæter, Oddrun, & Tveit, Mari. 2013. Capturing the intangible and tangible aspects of heritage: Personal versus official perspectives in cultural heritage management. Landscape Research, 38(2), 203-221.
• Tan, Na, Anwar, Sajid, and Jiang, Wanxing. 2023. Intangible cultural heritage listing and tourism growth in China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 21(2), 188-206.
• Vecco, Marilena. 2010. A Definition of Cultural Heritage: From the Tangible to The İntangible. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11(1), 321-324.
• Veríssimo, Medeia, Moraes, Michelle, Breda, Zelia, Guizi, Alan, and Costa, Carlos. 2020. Overtourism and tourismphobia: A systematic literature review. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 68(2), 156-169.
• Wanda George, Ellen. 2010. Intangible cultural heritage, ownership, copyrights, and tourism. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(4), 376-388.
• Weber, Melissa, Groulx, Mark, Lemieux, Christopher, Scott, Daniel and Dawson, Jackie. 2019. Balancing the dual mandate of conservation and visitor use at a Canadian world heritage site in an era of rapid climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 27(9), 1318-1337,
• Xu, Yawen, and Tao, Yu. 2022. Cultural impacts of state interventions: Traditional craftsmanship in China’s porcelain capital in the mid to late 20th century. International Journal of Intangible Heritage, 17, 214-231
• Yang, Chih Hai, Lin, Hui Lin, and Han, Chia Chun. 2010. Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China: The role of World Heritage Sites. Tourism management, 31(6), 827-837.
• Yang, Chih Hai, and Lin, Hui Lin. 2011. Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang, Lin and Han: Reply. Tourism management, 32(2), 455-456.
• Yolcu, Mehmet Ali. 2014. Nevşehir'de yaşayan geleneksel mesleklerin değişim ve dönüşümü. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(2). 1719-1738.
• Yuan, Chuanchuan, Li Gan, and Huili Zhuo. 2022. Coupling Mechanisms and Development Patterns of Revitalizing Intangible Cultural Heritage by Integrating Cultural Tourism: The Case of Hunan Province, China. Sustainability, 14(12), 6994.
• Żemła, Michal. 2020. Reasons and consequences of overtourism in contemporary cities—Knowledge gaps and future research. Sustainability, 12(5), 1729.
• Zhang, Yue, Mingqing Han, and Weiwei Chen. 2018. The strategy of digital scenic area planning from the perspective of intangible cultural heritage protection. Eurasip Journal on İmage and Video Processing, 2018(1), 1-11.
• Zhang, Yang, and Lee, Timothy, 2022. Alienation and authenticity in intangible cultural heritage tourism production. International Journal of Tourism Research, 24(1), 18-32.
• Zubiaga, Mikel, Izkara, Jose Luiz, Gandini, Alessandra, Alonso, Itziar, & Saralegui, Unai. 2019. Towards smarter management of overtourism in historic centres through visitor-flow monitoring. Sustainability, 11(24), 7254.