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TOWARDS A RELIGIOUS LIFE: THE PRE-LEADERSHIP LIFE OF R. MENACHEM MENDEL SCHNEERSON

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 701 - 727, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46353/k7auifd.1173851

Öz

Chabad-Lubavitch originated as a local movement and developed into what it is today through the contributions of each individual leader (rebbe-tsadik). Founding leader R. Shneur Zalman's belief in the need to spread esoteric teaching to the masses paved the way for the movement to emerge as an independent tradition. The leadership of his son, R. Dov Baer, who challenged R. Zalman's disciple R. Aaron on the need to spread the teachings to a wider audience, was the first step in the movement becoming a dynasty. The reign of R. Menahem Mendel reunited the Hasidic community, which had been divided in the struggle for leadership, the idea that many leaders could succeed him at the same time found a place in the movement, and with the leadership of his son R. Samuel Schneersohn, the dynastic principle was fully adopted in the movement. The era of R. Shalom Dov Baer was a time when the movement and world of Jewry faced great threats from within and without. Movements and ideals such as Haskalah and Zionism disturbed the religious sectors and a search for an answer emerged. At this point, R. Shalom Dov Baer saw the present time as part of the Messianic process and restructured Chabad-Lubavitch accordingly. The movement's activities were seen as harbingers of the coming of the Messiah, and this attitude continued unabated under R. Joseph Isaac Schneersohn. The foundations of institutionalization were laid and the movement immigrated to America with its members. By pointing out that the activities to be carried out here and the actions of each Jew were important parameter in the coming of the Messiah, great momentum was achieved and the members of the movement were activated. This attitude, which attributed a spiritual mission to the Hijrah, resulted in a worldwide organization and transformation into an intercontinental organization. Undoubtedly, the greatest factor in this was the last leader, R. Mendel Schneerson. So much so that the movement is almost identified with him. R. Mendel Schneerson left a deep impression on the movement with his charismatic personality, visionary attitude and views. By closely following the agenda and trying to use it for the benefit of the Jewish people, he left his mark on almost the last century of the Jewish world. However, R. Mendel Schneerson's life before his leadership was not as it is often portrayed as a religious figure. Revealing the early life of R. Mendel Schneerson, who did not intend to lead a Hasidic life but was believed to be the Messiah towards the end of his life, is important in this respect and constitutes the main purpose of this study. His lifestyle and background posed a religious problem and created a situation to his detriment. However, in the following process, this background was an important factor in removing the obstacles in front of him and his election as a leader. His education and experience gave him knowledge and skills about a world unknown to the religious masses, and this knowledge and experience led them to be attracted to him. It is possible to trace the life of R. Mendel Schneerson, who shaped the future of the movement, in many of the decisions he made during his leadership, in his approach to issues, in the way he differed from his predecessors in his actions, in the formation of the current characteristics of the movement and its ability to organize worldwide. Therefore, the idea that this life not only brought about a significant change of vision in the decisions he took in the leadership of the movement but also revealed that he was not the person he was perceived to be, making it important to research this topic. R. Mendel Schneerson's life before his leadership can be summarized as follows: His childhood was spent in a Hasidic lifestyle but in an environment relatively free of it. In his youth he lived a completely secular life, studying in Germany and France. At the same time, however, he was kept in the Hasidic lifestyle by the interventions of his father-in-law and the sixth leader of the movement, R. Isaac. The difficulties in his educational life and the guidance of R. Isaac opened the door to a double life for R. Mendel Schneerson. This created problems that he could not overcome. On his path to leadership, R. Mendel Schneerson's relationship with the movement became even closer. With his conversion, he became fully integrated into the life he had tried to avoid, even to the point of being associated with the Messiah.

Kaynakça

  • Biale, David vd. “In The Empire of The Tsars: Russıa”. Hasidism: A New History. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017.
  • Biale, David vd. “Postwar Phoenix: Hasidism after the Holocaust”, Hasidism: A New History, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017.
  • Chabad.org. “The Rebbe’s 10-Point Mitzvah Campaign for Jewish Awareness and Observance-Impact”, Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62228/jewish/10-Point-Mitzvah-Campaign.htm.
  • Chabad.org. “17 Facts About the Rebbetzin - Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/4647899/jewish/17-Facts-About-the-Rebbetzin.htm
  • Chabad.org. “1902: The Rebbe’s Childhood”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62023/jewish/1902-The-Rebbes-Childhood.htm
  • Chabad.org. “1915: Learning - A Timeline Biography of the Rebbe”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62148/jewish/1915-Learning.htm
  • Chabad.org. “1950: Leadership”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62169/jewish/1950-Leadership.htm
  • Chabad.org. “1974: The Mitzvah Tank”, Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62178/jewish/1974-The-Mitzvah-Tank.htm.
  • Chabad.org. “In the Halls of the Sorbonne-Paris, 1938”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/604930/jewish/In-the-Halls-of-the-Sorbonne.htm
  • Chabad.org. “Uforatzto”, Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/multimedia/music_cdo/aid/140675/jewish/Uforatzto.htm.
  • Dein, Simon “What Really Happens When Prophecy Fails: The Case of Lubavitch”. Sociology of Religion 62, sy 3, 2001.
  • Deutsch, Shaul Shimon. Larger Than Life: The Life and Times of the Lubavitcher Rebbe Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. New York: Chasidic Historical Productions, 1. Basım, 1997.
  • Ehrlich, Avrum. Leadership in the Habad Movement: A Critical Evaluation of HaBaD Leadership, History and Succession. New Jersey: Jason Aronson Publishers, 2000.
  • Ehrlich, M. Avrum. The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidism Past And Present. New Jersey: Ktav Publishing House, 2004. Epstein, I. The Babylonian Talmud. Soncino Press Ltd, 1961.
  • Friedman, Menachem. “Habad as Messianic Fundamentalism: From Local Particularism to Universal Jewish Mission”, Accounting for Fundamentalisms: the dynamic character of movements, ed. Martin E. Marty ve R. Scott Appleby, Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1994.
  • Freedman, H - Simon, Maurice. Midrash Rabbah. London: Soncino Press, 1961.
  • Heilman, Samuel C. Who Will Lead Us?: The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America. California, United States: University of California Press, 2017.
  • Heilman, Samuel C. - Friedman, Menaḥem. The Rebbe: The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Princeton-Oxford: Princeton University Press, 4. Basım, 2012.
  • Kaminetski, Yosef Yitshak. Days in Chabad: Historic Events in the Dynasty of Chabad-Lubavitch. çev. Yosef Cohen. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Kehot Publication Society, 2002.
  • Lazar, Daphne. Chabad Lubavitch: The Centrality of the Rebbe in the Movement During His Lifetime and After His Death. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliotheque nationale du Canada, Yüksek Lisans, 2000.
  • Matt, Daniel Chanan vd. The Zohar. 12 Cilt. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2004.
  • Miller, Chaim. Turning Judaism Outwards: A Biography of the Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Kol Menachem, 2014.
  • Mintz, Jerome R. Hasidic People: A Place in the New World, London, England: Harvard University Press, 1992.
  • Ravitzky, Aviezer. “The Contemporary Lubavitch Hasidic Movement”, Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements, ed. Martin E. Marty ve R. Scott Appleby, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • Rosen, Avraham. “Today Is the Day”. Erişim 4 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1902777/jewish/Today-is-the-Day.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “Birth and Upbringing: Childlike Vision-1902”. Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619399/jewish/Birth-and-Upbringing-Childlike-Vision.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “High Holidays in Riga: Self and Community-1929”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619803/jewish/High-Holidays-in-Riga-Self-and-Community.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “Integrity and Peace: The Torah, the People and the Land-1967”, Erişim (09 Kasım 2022). https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619817/jewish/Integrity-and-Peace-The-Torah-the-People-and-the-Land.htm.
  • Rubin, Eli. “Lubavitch Women’s Organization” Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619813/jewish/Lubavitch-Womens-Organization-Chassidic-Feminism.htm.
  • Rubin, Eli. “Literary Spirit: The Significance of Chassidic Lore - 1933-1935”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619805/jewish/Literary-Spirit-The-Significance-of-Chassidic-Lore.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “The Rebbetzin: A Private Life of Public Service - 1988”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619823/jewish/The-Rebbetzin-A-Private-Life-of-Public-Service.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “The Seventh Generation: A Leader of Leaders - 1950-1951”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619812/jewish/The-Seventh-Generation-A-Leader-of-Leaders.htm
  • Schneerson, Menachem Mendel. Likkutei Sichos in English-6. çev. Eliyahu Touger. 10 Cilt. Brooklyn, New York: Vaad Lhafotzas Sichos, 1995.
  • Shalom, Dovber Levine. Treasures from the Chabad Library: Rare Volumes, Manuscripts, Letters, Documents, Sacred Objects, Marriage Contracts, Portraits & Photographs. Library of Agudas Chasidei Chabad—Ohel Yosef Yitzchok—Lubavitch 770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York: Kehot Publication Society, 2009.
  • Sichos in English, Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2468546/jewish/Sichos-in-English.htm.
  • Wolfson, Elliot R. “Revealing and Re/veiling – Menahem Mendel Schneerson’s Messianic Secret”. Kabbalah: Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts. 26 (2012).
  • Zaklikowski, Dovid. “Details of the Rebbe’s Rabbinical Ordination Authenticated”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2112908/jewish/Details-of-the-Rebbes-Rabbinical-Ordination-Authenticated.htm
  • Zalman, Shneur. “Lessons in Tanya”. çev. Yosef Wineberg. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/library/tanya/tanya_cdo/aid/6237/jewish/Lessons-in-Tanya.htm
  • “Tanya”. Erişim 4 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/library/tanya/tanya_cdo/aid/1028862/jewish/Tanya.htm.

DİNDAR BİR HAYATA DOĞRU: R. MENACHEM MENDEL SCHNEERSON’IN LİDERLİK ÖNCESİ HAYATI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 701 - 727, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46353/k7auifd.1173851

Öz

Yerel bir hareket olarak ortaya çıkan Habad-Lubaviç, her bir liderin (rebbe-tsadik) katkılarıyla gelişimini sürdürerek günümüzdeki duruma gelmiştir. Kurucu lider R. Shneur Zalman’ın ezoterik öğretinin kitlelere yayılması gerektiği düşüncesi hareketin bağımsız bir gelenek olarak ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Öğretilerin daha geniş kitlelere yayılması gerektiği hususunda R. Zalman’ın talebesi R. Aaron ile mücadeleye girişen oğul R. Dov Baer’in liderliği ise hareketin hanedana dönüşmesinde atılan ilk adımdır. R. Menahem Mendel dönemi, liderlik mücadelesinde ikiye ayrılan hasidik kitlenin tekrardan birleşmesine ve kendisinden sonra birçok liderin aynı anda olabileceği fikrinin hareket içerisinde yer bulmasına imkân vermiş, oğul R. Samuel Schneersohn’ın liderliğiyle de harekette hanedan prensibi tamamen benimsenmiştir. R. Shalom Dov Baer’in dönemi ise hareketin ve dünya Yahudilerinin içeriden ve dışarıdan büyük tehditlerle karşı karşıya kaldığı bir zaman dilimidir. Haskala, Siyonizm vb. hareket ve ülküler dindar kesimleri rahatsız etmiş ve buna yönelik cevap arayışları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu noktada R. Shalom Dov Baer, içinde bulunulan zamanı Mesihî sürecin parçası olarak görmüş ve Habad-Lubaviç’i buna yönelik olarak yeniden kurgulamıştır. Hareketin faaliyetleri Mesih’in gelişinin birer müjdecisi olarak görülmüş ve bu tavır R. Joseph Isaac Schneersohn döneminde de hız kesmeden sürdürülmüştür. Kurumsallaşmanın temelleri atılmış ve hareket, mensuplarıyla birlikte Amerika’ya göç etmiştir. Burada yapılacak faaliyetlerin ve her bir Yahudi’nin eyleminin, Mesih’in gelişinde önemli bir parametre olduğuna dikkat çekilerek büyük bir ivme yakalanmış ve hareket mensupları aktif hâle getirilmiştir. Göçe manevi misyon yükleyen bu tavır, dünya çapında örgütlenme ve kıtaları aşan organizasyona dönüşümle sonuçlanmıştır. Bunun gerçekleşmesindeki en büyük etken şüphesiz ki son lider R. Mendel Schneerson’dır. Öyle ki hareket neredeyse onunla özdeşleşmiştir. R. Mendel Schneerson, karizmatik kişiliği, vizyoner tavrı ve görüşleriyle hareket üzerinde ciddi etkiler bırakmıştır. Gündemi yakından takip etmesi ve bunu Yahudi bireyler için kullanmaya çalışmasıyla da Yahudi dünyasının neredeyse son yüzyılına damga vurmuştur. Ancak dindar bir imaj çizilen R. Mendel Schneerson’ın liderlik öncesi hayatı sanıldığı gibi değildir. Hasidik bir hayat yaşama niyetinde olmayan ama ömrünün sonuna doğru Mesih olduğuna inanılan R. Mendel Schneerson’ın önceki hayatının gün yüzüne çıkartılması bu açıdan önem arz etmekte ve çalışmanın temel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Hayat tarzı ve birikimi dindar bakış açısından problem teşkil etmiş ve aleyhine olan bir durumu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ancak ilerleyen süreçte yine bu birikim, önündeki engellerin kalkmasında ve lider seçilmesinde önemli bir etken olmuştur. Almış olduğu eğitim ve yaşamış olduğu tecrübe dindar kitle için bilinmeyen bir dünyaya yönelik bilgi ve beceriyi getirmiş, devamında ise bu vukûfiyet ve müktesebat kitlelerin ona ilgi ve alaka göstermesine yol açmıştır. Hareketin geleceğini şekillendiren R. Mendel Schneerson’ın liderliği boyunca meselelere yaklaşımından, eylemlerinde seleflerinden ayrılmasına, hareketin mevcut karakteristiğinin oluşmasından dünya çapında organizasyon kabiliyeti kazanmasına kadar vermiş olduğu birçok kararda yine yaşamış olduğu bu hayatın izini sürmek mümkündür. Bundan dolayı hem kendisinin sanıldığı gibi biri olmadığının ortaya konulması hem de hareket liderliğinde almış olduğu kararlarda bu hayatın önemli bir vizyon değişikliği getirdiği düşüncesi konunun araştırılmasını önemli hâle getirmiştir. R. Mendel Schneerson’ın liderliği öncesi hayatı şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Onun çocukluğu hasidik hayat tarzının içerisinde ama nispeten bundan uzak olunan bir ortamda geçmiştir. Gençliğinde tamamen seküler hayatın peşinde koşmuş ve bu uğurda Almanya-Fransa’da eğitim görmüştür. Ancak yine aynı dönem içerisinde kayınpederi ve hareketin altıncı lideri R. Isaac’in yer yer müdahaleleriyle hasidik hayat tarzının içinde tutulmaya çalışılmıştır. Eğitim hayatında yaşamış olduğu sıkıntı ve R. Isaac’in yönlendirmeleri R. Mendel Schneerson’da çifte bir hayata kapı aralamıştır. Bu durum da yer yer içerisinden çıkamadığı problemleri ortaya çıkarmıştır. Liderliğine giden süreçte ise R. Mendel Schneerson’ın hareketle ilişkisi daha yakınlık arz etmiştir. Kabul etmesiyle de uzak durmaya çalıştığı hayata tamamen entegre olmuş hatta ilerleyen süreç kendisinin Mesih ile ilişkilendirilmesine bile yol açmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Biale, David vd. “In The Empire of The Tsars: Russıa”. Hasidism: A New History. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017.
  • Biale, David vd. “Postwar Phoenix: Hasidism after the Holocaust”, Hasidism: A New History, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017.
  • Chabad.org. “The Rebbe’s 10-Point Mitzvah Campaign for Jewish Awareness and Observance-Impact”, Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62228/jewish/10-Point-Mitzvah-Campaign.htm.
  • Chabad.org. “17 Facts About the Rebbetzin - Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/4647899/jewish/17-Facts-About-the-Rebbetzin.htm
  • Chabad.org. “1902: The Rebbe’s Childhood”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62023/jewish/1902-The-Rebbes-Childhood.htm
  • Chabad.org. “1915: Learning - A Timeline Biography of the Rebbe”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62148/jewish/1915-Learning.htm
  • Chabad.org. “1950: Leadership”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62169/jewish/1950-Leadership.htm
  • Chabad.org. “1974: The Mitzvah Tank”, Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62178/jewish/1974-The-Mitzvah-Tank.htm.
  • Chabad.org. “In the Halls of the Sorbonne-Paris, 1938”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/604930/jewish/In-the-Halls-of-the-Sorbonne.htm
  • Chabad.org. “Uforatzto”, Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/multimedia/music_cdo/aid/140675/jewish/Uforatzto.htm.
  • Dein, Simon “What Really Happens When Prophecy Fails: The Case of Lubavitch”. Sociology of Religion 62, sy 3, 2001.
  • Deutsch, Shaul Shimon. Larger Than Life: The Life and Times of the Lubavitcher Rebbe Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. New York: Chasidic Historical Productions, 1. Basım, 1997.
  • Ehrlich, Avrum. Leadership in the Habad Movement: A Critical Evaluation of HaBaD Leadership, History and Succession. New Jersey: Jason Aronson Publishers, 2000.
  • Ehrlich, M. Avrum. The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidism Past And Present. New Jersey: Ktav Publishing House, 2004. Epstein, I. The Babylonian Talmud. Soncino Press Ltd, 1961.
  • Friedman, Menachem. “Habad as Messianic Fundamentalism: From Local Particularism to Universal Jewish Mission”, Accounting for Fundamentalisms: the dynamic character of movements, ed. Martin E. Marty ve R. Scott Appleby, Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1994.
  • Freedman, H - Simon, Maurice. Midrash Rabbah. London: Soncino Press, 1961.
  • Heilman, Samuel C. Who Will Lead Us?: The Story of Five Hasidic Dynasties in America. California, United States: University of California Press, 2017.
  • Heilman, Samuel C. - Friedman, Menaḥem. The Rebbe: The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Princeton-Oxford: Princeton University Press, 4. Basım, 2012.
  • Kaminetski, Yosef Yitshak. Days in Chabad: Historic Events in the Dynasty of Chabad-Lubavitch. çev. Yosef Cohen. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Kehot Publication Society, 2002.
  • Lazar, Daphne. Chabad Lubavitch: The Centrality of the Rebbe in the Movement During His Lifetime and After His Death. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliotheque nationale du Canada, Yüksek Lisans, 2000.
  • Matt, Daniel Chanan vd. The Zohar. 12 Cilt. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2004.
  • Miller, Chaim. Turning Judaism Outwards: A Biography of the Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Kol Menachem, 2014.
  • Mintz, Jerome R. Hasidic People: A Place in the New World, London, England: Harvard University Press, 1992.
  • Ravitzky, Aviezer. “The Contemporary Lubavitch Hasidic Movement”, Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements, ed. Martin E. Marty ve R. Scott Appleby, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • Rosen, Avraham. “Today Is the Day”. Erişim 4 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1902777/jewish/Today-is-the-Day.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “Birth and Upbringing: Childlike Vision-1902”. Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619399/jewish/Birth-and-Upbringing-Childlike-Vision.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “High Holidays in Riga: Self and Community-1929”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619803/jewish/High-Holidays-in-Riga-Self-and-Community.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “Integrity and Peace: The Torah, the People and the Land-1967”, Erişim (09 Kasım 2022). https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619817/jewish/Integrity-and-Peace-The-Torah-the-People-and-the-Land.htm.
  • Rubin, Eli. “Lubavitch Women’s Organization” Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619813/jewish/Lubavitch-Womens-Organization-Chassidic-Feminism.htm.
  • Rubin, Eli. “Literary Spirit: The Significance of Chassidic Lore - 1933-1935”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619805/jewish/Literary-Spirit-The-Significance-of-Chassidic-Lore.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “The Rebbetzin: A Private Life of Public Service - 1988”. Erişim 30 Ağustos 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619823/jewish/The-Rebbetzin-A-Private-Life-of-Public-Service.htm
  • Rubin, Eli. “The Seventh Generation: A Leader of Leaders - 1950-1951”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2619812/jewish/The-Seventh-Generation-A-Leader-of-Leaders.htm
  • Schneerson, Menachem Mendel. Likkutei Sichos in English-6. çev. Eliyahu Touger. 10 Cilt. Brooklyn, New York: Vaad Lhafotzas Sichos, 1995.
  • Shalom, Dovber Levine. Treasures from the Chabad Library: Rare Volumes, Manuscripts, Letters, Documents, Sacred Objects, Marriage Contracts, Portraits & Photographs. Library of Agudas Chasidei Chabad—Ohel Yosef Yitzchok—Lubavitch 770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York: Kehot Publication Society, 2009.
  • Sichos in English, Erişim 09 Kasım 2022. https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2468546/jewish/Sichos-in-English.htm.
  • Wolfson, Elliot R. “Revealing and Re/veiling – Menahem Mendel Schneerson’s Messianic Secret”. Kabbalah: Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts. 26 (2012).
  • Zaklikowski, Dovid. “Details of the Rebbe’s Rabbinical Ordination Authenticated”. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2112908/jewish/Details-of-the-Rebbes-Rabbinical-Ordination-Authenticated.htm
  • Zalman, Shneur. “Lessons in Tanya”. çev. Yosef Wineberg. Erişim 04 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/library/tanya/tanya_cdo/aid/6237/jewish/Lessons-in-Tanya.htm
  • “Tanya”. Erişim 4 Eylül 2022. https://www.chabad.org/library/tanya/tanya_cdo/aid/1028862/jewish/Tanya.htm.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Fatih Memiç 0000-0002-0932-3274

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Memiç, Fatih. “DİNDAR BİR HAYATA DOĞRU: R. MENACHEM MENDEL SCHNEERSON’IN LİDERLİK ÖNCESİ HAYATI”. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 9/2 (Aralık 2022), 701-727. https://doi.org/10.46353/k7auifd.1173851.