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Islam and Evolution: A Defense

Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3 31 Aralık 2021
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Islam and Evolution: A Defense

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Arguably most crucial issue in science-religion interaction in the Muslim context is the relation of Islam and the Neo-Darwinian theory of evolution. Muslim scholars are divided into two main camps. On the one hand, Muslim scholars with more traditional inclinations think that Islam conflicts with evolution. On the other camp, we have more scientifically oriented Muslim thinkers who think that theory of evolution is fully compatible with Islam. These thinkers, primarily practicing scientists, usually either offer a metaphorical reading of some of the Qur’anic verses or reinterpret them. In this paper, I will take a middle ground and try to evaluate the compatibility of the traditional reading of Qur’an with the Neo-Darwinian theory of evolution without invoking metaphorical reading or reinterpretation. We will also accept the standard scientific narrative without any distortion. First, I will defend the claim that the scriptural creation narrative is incompatible with the theory of evolution is analogous to the problem of evil, i.e., the claim that evil is incompatible with the God of classical Theism. Using this analogy, I will argue that rather than trying to find a complete and plausible account of how the Qur’anic narrative and the theory of evolution can both be true, we should search for more modest approaches which just aim to show that two accounts are compatible—similar to defenses in the context of the problem of evil. After sketching both the scientific as well as the scriptural accounts, and after arguing that the only potential conflict lies in the common ancestry thesis, I will present two such defenses which aim to show the compatibility of the Qur’anic narrative with the theory of evolution. First, the "double creation defense" involves scenarios at which Adam is created twice, once in Paradise, which is described by scripture, and the other one on Earth described by evolutionary science. As such, both accounts can be true at the same time and therefore are compatible. Second, "the multiple ancestors defense" argues that God might have created Adam out of clay directly, with his descendants reproducing with evolved homo sapiens. As such, both creation narratives coexist without inconsistency.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Evolution, Human evolution, Evolutionary biology, Islam, Problem of evil, Adam and Eve

Kaynakça

  1. Altaie, Basil. The Divine Word and The Grand Design: Interpreting the Qurʾān in the Light of Modern Science. Manchester: Beacon Books. 2018.
  2. Clark, Kelly James-Koperski, Jeffrey. Abrahamic Reflections on Randomness and Providence. Palgrave Macmillan. 2021.
  3. Dajani, Rana. “Evolution and Islam’s Quantum Question.” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 47/2 (2012), 343–353.
  4. Dalrymple, G. Brent. "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190/1 (2001), 205–221.
  5. Finlay, Graeme. Human Evolution: Genes, Genealogies and Phylogenies. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2013.
  6. Futuyma, Douglas-Kirkpatrick, Mark. Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. 2018.
  7. Guessoum, Nidhal. Islam’s Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science. London: I.B. Tauris. 2011.
  8. Ibn Haldun. Mukaddime. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi. 1997.
  9. Jalajel, David Solomon. “Tawaqquf and Acceptance of Human Evolution.”, Yaqeeninstitute, Accessed August 1, 2021. https://yaqeeninstitute.org/dr-david-solomon-jalajel/tawaqquf-and-acceptance-of-human-evolution/#.Xgw_HxczbPA
  10. Keller, Nuh Ha Mim. Sea Without Shore: A Manual of the Sufi Path. Amman: Sunna Books. 2011.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Doko, E. (2021). Islam and Evolution: A Defense. Kader, 19(3), 899-913. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1011590
AMA
1.Doko E. Islam and Evolution: A Defense. Kader. 2021;19(3):899-913. doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.1011590
Chicago
Doko, Enis. 2021. “Islam and Evolution: A Defense”. Kader 19 (3): 899-913. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1011590.
EndNote
Doko E (01 Aralık 2021) Islam and Evolution: A Defense. Kader 19 3 899–913.
IEEE
[1]E. Doko, “Islam and Evolution: A Defense”, Kader, c. 19, sy 3, ss. 899–913, Ara. 2021, doi: 10.18317/kaderdergi.1011590.
ISNAD
Doko, Enis. “Islam and Evolution: A Defense”. Kader 19/3 (01 Aralık 2021): 899-913. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1011590.
JAMA
1.Doko E. Islam and Evolution: A Defense. Kader. 2021;19:899–913.
MLA
Doko, Enis. “Islam and Evolution: A Defense”. Kader, c. 19, sy 3, Aralık 2021, ss. 899-13, doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.1011590.
Vancouver
1.Enis Doko. Islam and Evolution: A Defense. Kader. 01 Aralık 2021;19(3):899-913. doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.1011590