Araştırma Makalesi

Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology

Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1 30 Haziran 2023
PDF İndir
TR EN

Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology

Öz

This article aims to investigate the rational arguments presented by Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī for justifying prophecy as a significant phenomenon in human history. The study begins by analysing al-Nasafī’s definition of prophecy, followed by examining its linguistic, philosophical, and theological implications. The possibility and necessity of prophethood are explored from two distinct perspectives: natural reason and divine wisdom. In terms of natural reason (ʿaql), prophethood falls under the category of possibilities (mumkināt), which implies that its existence is not impossible according to reason. When it comes to the divine wisdom of God, prophethood is considered a necessity (wājib), as it would be inconceivable for God to abandon humanity without guidance in the realm of existence. The author presents numerous arguments supporting both categories. For instance, several factors justify the rationale behind the institution of prophecy, such as the limitations of the human mind in acquiring knowledge, the need to express religious knowledge with clarity and precision, and the significance of preserving this knowledge for future generations. Al-Nasafī argues that prophetic reality provides the most plausible explanation for our body of knowledge in various fields such as astronomy, more precisely “science or knowledge of the stars” (al-ʿilm bi al-nujūm), and medical science held by humanity. Moreover, essential skills and crafts passed down from generation to generation, such as farming and dressmaking, that are essential for human survival, can only be attributed to prophetic reality. Al-Nasafī also maintains that the institution of prophecy is the exclusive factor that can adequately explain the presence of various languages throughout the world. According to him, the first human language was taught by a prophet, and all subsequent languages are derived from this original language. The second part of the paper centres on al-Nasafī’s criteria for validating the authenticity of a prophetic assertion. In al-Nasafī’s view, miracles constitute the most critical means by which an individual claiming prophethood can demonstrate their claim. Following, the paper highlights al-Nasafī’s differentiation between magic tricks or illusions executed by skilled magicians and miracles performed by prophets. Although magicians can manipulate and fool their audience using sleight of hand, the allure and mystique surrounding their illusions start to fade away once the causes or mechanics of those illusions become apparent. Conversely, as miracles are investigated and pondered over, they become increasingly precise and powerful. Lastly, as per al-Nasafī, merely having an intellectual understanding or belief in God alone is inadequate to achieve the happiness promised by the religion. Only through the institution of prophethood, one can comprehend the meaning (ḥikma) of our existence or life on Earth and acquire the benefits that pertain to both this world and the afterlife. By offering a thorough analysis of the concept of prophecy and al-Nasafī’s rational arguments in support of it, this paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the notion of prophecy and its rational justifications in Islamic thought.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Prophecy (nubuwwa or risāla), Defence of prophecy, Rational arguments for prophecy, Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī, Islamic theology (Kalām)

Destekleyen Kurum

The Ministry of National Education of Republic of Türkiye, the University of Birmingham, and Bartin University

Teşekkür

I would like to express my earnest appreciation to my supervisors, Professor Nicholas Adams and Dr Richard Todd, for their astute observations and constructive input regarding the preliminary versions of this manuscript. Moreover, I am also grateful to esteemed Professor İlyas Çelebi and Dr Sami Turan Erel for their indispensable aid in sourcing and interpreting the Arabic materials for this study.

Kaynakça

  1. Adamson, Peter. Al-Kindī. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  2. Alper, Hülya. “İbn Sînâ ve Bâkıllânî Örneğinde İslâm Filozofları ile Kelâmcıların Nübüvvet Anlayışının Kur’ânî Perspektifle Değerlendirilmesi [An Evaluation of the Understanding of Prophethood by Islamic Philosophers and Theologians from a Qur’anic Perspective: The Example of ibn Sīnā and Bāqiliānī].” Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 28 (2005 ): 53–73.
  3. Alper, Ömer Mahir. İslam Felsefesinde Akıl-Vahiy Felsefe Din İlişkisi -Kindî, Fârâbî, İbn Sînâ Örneği-. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2000.
  4. Arslan, Hulusi and Numan Karagöz. “Dilin Kökeni ve Teolojik Bağlamı [The Origin of Language and its Theological Context].” Mesned İlahiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi [The Journal of Mesned of Theological Studies 12, no. 2 (Autumn 2021): 431–51. https://doi.org/10.51605/mesned.929586.
  5. Aslan, İbrahim. “İmâm Maturidî’nin Deist Eleştirilere Karşı Nübüvvet Savunusu [Al-Māturīdī’s Defense of Prophethood Against Deistic Criticisms].” KADER Kelam Araştırmaları Dergisi 12, no. 2 (August 2014): 33–54. https://doi.org/10.18317/kader.03592.
  6. Erdoğan, İsmail. “İslam Filozoflarına Göre Nübüvvet ve Mucize [Prophecy and Miracles in the View of Islamic Philosophers].” Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1 (June 1996): 429–50.
  7. Fakhry, Majid. A History of Islamic Philosophy. 3rd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
  8. al-Fārābī (d. 339/950). Al-Madīna al-Fāḍila. Edited by Albert Nasri Nadir. Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, 1991.
  9. al-Fārābī (d. 339/950). ʿUyūn al-Masāʾil. Edited by Muḥī al-Dīn Ḥāṭib and ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Qaylān. Cairo: n.p., 1910.
  10. Al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111). Al-Ghazālī’s Path to Sufism and His Deliverance from Error: An Annotated Translation of al-Munqidh min al-Dalal. Translated by Richard J. McCarthy, prefaced by David B. Burrel, introduction by William A. Graham. Louisville KY: Fons Vitae, 2006.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Saygı, M. (2023). Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology. Kader, 21(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1274265
AMA
1.Saygı M. Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology. Kader. 2023;21(1):1-28. doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.1274265
Chicago
Saygı, Muhammet. 2023. “Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology”. Kader 21 (1): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1274265.
EndNote
Saygı M (01 Haziran 2023) Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology. Kader 21 1 1–28.
IEEE
[1]M. Saygı, “Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology”, Kader, c. 21, sy 1, ss. 1–28, Haz. 2023, doi: 10.18317/kaderdergi.1274265.
ISNAD
Saygı, Muhammet. “Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology”. Kader 21/1 (01 Haziran 2023): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1274265.
JAMA
1.Saygı M. Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology. Kader. 2023;21:1–28.
MLA
Saygı, Muhammet. “Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology”. Kader, c. 21, sy 1, Haziran 2023, ss. 1-28, doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.1274265.
Vancouver
1.Muhammet Saygı. Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī’s Defence of Prophecy (Nubuwwa): An Examination of Prophecy and its Justification in Islamic Theology. Kader. 01 Haziran 2023;21(1):1-28. doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.1274265