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Kant, Bergson ve İkbal’de Zaman Kavramı ve Bunun İkbal’de Özgür İradenin Yeniden İnşasına Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 914 - 937, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.995664

Öz

Felsefe, kümülatif yapısı ile ele alınmalıdır. Bu yüzden, bir filozofun düşünceleri anlaşılmak istendiğinde, o kendi çağındaki mevcut ve geçmiş teorilerden soyutlanmamalı ve bu kümülatif ve devamlılık arz eden yapı dikkate alınarak incelenmelidir. Bu bağlamda, Kant, Bergson ve İkbal’in zaman anlayışları, bazı uyumsuz noktalara sahip gibi anlaşılabilseler de, dikkatle incelendiğinde birbirleri arasında bir devamlılığın bulunduğu göze çarpar. Kant’ın zaman anlayışı, Kritik öncesi ve Kritik dönemi olmak üzere iki dönemde incelenebilir. Kritik öncesi döneminde Kant, zamanın insan zihninin dışında kendinde bir gerçekliğe ve varlığa sahip olduğunu kabul eder. Fakat Kant, zamanı bütün duyuları önceleyen bir görü olarak anlamasının tohumlarını da hala Kritik öncesi dönemde iken eker. Bu doğrultuda, onun odağı özneyi merkeze alan bir tutuma doğru ilerler görünür. Kritik döneminde özne merkezci konumu daha da belirginleşir ve Kant, zamanın bütün dışsallıkları öncelediğini iddia eder. Ona göre zaman, duyulur bir görü olarak, eşyayı zihnin algılayabilmesi için eşzamanlılık ve ardışıklık içinde konumlandırır. Diğer taraftan Bergson, Kant’ı pek çok açıdan eleştirmekle beraber onun düşüncelerinden açık bir şekilde faydalanır. Bergson’un zaman anlayışı iki bileşenden oluşur: Salt süre ve homojen zaman. Salt süre, özne-merkezci olması bakımından üzerinde Kant’ın düşünce pratiğinin etkisinin görünür olduğu bir kavramsallaştırmadır. Bu, her bir bilincin, kişinin geçmiş ve şimdisini bir bütünde birleştirerek bireysel olarak sahip olduğu ve özünde heterojen, sırasız bir şekilde ardışık ve bölünemez zamandır. Homojen zaman ise sıralı ve eşzamanlı olması bakımından köklerini yine Kant’ta bulur. Homojen zaman, salt sürelerin uyum içinde çalışmasını sağlayan, bireyler için ortak zemini teşkil eden zamandır. Bu iki filozofun düşünceleri doğrultusunda İkbal’in zaman teorisi incelendiğinde, onun hem duyulabilir görünün bir formu olan Kant’ın zamanından hem de Bergson’un salt süresinden faydalandığı ortaya çıkar. İkbal, bu iki zaman anlayışını kullanarak İslam düşüncesinde İlahi Zaman’ı ve dolayısıyla da özgür iradeyi yeniden inşa eder. Salt süre ve yaratıcılık açısından, evrene yönelik mekanik bir anlayış Bergson ve İkbal tarafından reddedilir. Böylece İkbal, özgür iradenin Tanrı’nın salt süresi, yani İlahi Zaman, aracılığı ile yayılmasına ve tüm benliklere ait salt sürelere nüfuz etmesine izin verir. Biz, bu makale aracılığı ile, İkbal’in salt süre mefhumunu ve Tanrı’ya ait salt süre olarak İlahi Zaman’ı kullanarak özgür irade anlayışını yeniden inşa etmesinin köklerine gitmek niyetindeyiz.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, Mehmet. ‘Iqbal’s View of God’s Infinity’. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 2 (1985), 1–8.
  • Barnard, G. William. Living Consciousness: The Metaphysical Vision of Henri Bergson. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011.
  • Bergson, Henri. An Introduction to Metaphysics. trans. T. E. Hulme. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912.
  • Bergson, Henri. Creative Evolution. trans. Arthur Mitchell. New York: Random House, 1944.
  • Bergson, Henri. Matter and Memory. trans. N. Margaret Paul - W. Scott Palmer. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1919.
  • Bergson, Henri. Metafizik Dersleri: Uzay-Zaman-Madde. trans. B. Garen Beşiktaşlıyan. Istanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Bergson, Henri. Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. trans. F. L. Pogson. New York: Dover Publications, 2001.
  • Bouton, Christophe. ‘The Emergence of Time: Kant, Bergson, and Modern Physics’. KronoScope 13/1 (2013), 96–111. brill.com/kron
  • Carson, Emily. ‘Metaphysics, Mathematics and the Distinction Between the Sensible and the Intelligible in Kant’s Inaugural Dissertation’. Journal of the History of Philosophy 42/2 (2004), 165–194.
  • Caygill, Howard. A Kant Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.
  • Diagne, Souleymane Bachir. ‘Bergson in the Colony: Intuition and Duration in the Thought of Senghor and Iqbal’. Qui Parle 17/1 (2008), 125–145.
  • Gözkân, H. Bülent. Kant’ın Şemsiyesi - Kant’ın Teorik Felsefesi Üzerine Yazılar. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Guerlac, Suzanne. Thinking in Time: An Introduction to Henri Bergson. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.
  • Hassan, Riffat. The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938). Durham: Durham University, Doctoral Thesis, 1968. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/
  • Hassan, Riffat. ‘The Meaning and Role of Intuition in Iqbal’s Philosophy’. Iqbal Review 26/1 (1985), 67–99.
  • Heimsoeth, Heinz. Kant’ın Felsefesi. trans. Takiyettin Mengüşoğlu. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2012.
  • Holzhey, Helmut - Mudroch, Vilem. Historical Dictionary of Kant and Kantianism. Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2005.
  • Iqbal, Muhammad. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.
  • Jordan, Bruno. ‘Kant and Bergson’. The Monist 22/3 (1912), 404–414. http://www.jstor.com/stable/27900386
  • Kant, Immanuel. ‘Concerning the Ultimate Ground of the Differentiation of Directions in Space’. trans. David Walford - Ralf Meerbote. Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770. 361–372. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. trans. Paul Guyer - Allen W. Wood. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Kant, Immanuel. ‘On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World [Inaugural Dissertation]’. trans. David Walford - Ralf Meerbote. Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770. 373–416. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens. trans. Ian Johnston. Arlington: Richer Resources Publication, 2008.
  • Küçükalp, Kasım. ‘Süreç Teolojisi ve Muhammed İkbal’. Hece 193 (2013), 302–309.
  • Mohomed, Carimo. ‘“The Days of God”- Muhammad Iqbal’s Conception of Time and History’. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 7/ (2017), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.29145/2017/jitc/72/070201
  • Mohomed, Carimo. ‘Towards a Final Combination - Muhammad Iqbal’s Philosophy of History’. Journal of Philosophy and Ethics 2/1 (2020), 17–31.
  • Mohomed, Carimo. ‘Towards a Final Combination: Muhammad Iqbal’s Philosophy of History’. Waikato Islamic Studies Review 6/2 (2020), 21–35.
  • Popp, Stephan. ‘Muhammad Iqbal – Reconstructing Islam along Occidental Lines of Thought’. Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society 5/ (2019), 201–229.
  • Raju, P. T. Idealistic Thought of India. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953.
  • Shabel, Lisa. ‘The Transcendental Aesthetic’. The Cambridge Companion to Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. ed. Paul Guyer. 93–117. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Wheeler, Richard S. ‘The Individual and Action in the Thought of Iqbal’. The Muslim World 52/3 (1962), 197–206.

Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 914 - 937, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.995664

Öz

Philosophy should be understood with its accumulative structure. Thus, when one strives to understand a philosopher’s thoughts, he/she should not isolate the philosopher from the previous and contemporary theories in his/her era; and should take into account this accumulative and continuous structure. In this context, Kant’s, Bergson’s, and Iqbal’s understandings of time seem to have continuity in themselves, even if they might be seen as having incompatible points. Kant’s understanding of time can be considered in two periods as pre-Critical and Critical. In the former, Kant accepts the own-reality and existence of time itself, outside of the human mind. But he also sows the seed of an understanding of time as a prior intuition to all sensations, while he is still in his pre-critical period. Hence, his focus seems to have shifted to a subject-centred approach. In his critical period, subject-centrality becomes more obvious and Kant claims that time is prior to any externality. According to him, time locates things in simultaneity and succession for the perception of mind as a sensible intuition. Bergson, on the other hand, clearly exploits Kant, even though he criticizes Kant in many aspects. Bergson’s understanding of time is comprised of two components: Pure duration and homogenous time. Pure duration is affected by the Kantian conception of time in the sense of being subject-centred. It is the time that each consciousness has individually as a combination of one’s past and present in a whole; and it is, in its essence, heterogeneous, unorderly successive, and indivisible. Homogenous time has its roots, again, in Kant’s thoughts in the sense of being serial and simultaneous. It is the impersonal common ground for individuals on which pure durations can work in a harmony. When it comes to Iqbal, he benefits from both Kant’s time as a form of sensible intuition and Bergson’s pure duration. Iqbal, by using both of these concepts of time, reconstructs the Divine Time in Islamic thought, and thus, freewill. By means of pure duration and creativity, mechanical understanding of the universe is refused by Bergson and Iqbal. By doing so, Iqbal allows freewill to permeate through pure duration of the God, namely the Divine Time, and to penetrate into pure durations of all egos. Throughout this article, we mainly intend to retrace Iqbal’s reconstruction of freewill by having use of the concept of pure duration, and the Divine Time as pure duration of the God.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, Mehmet. ‘Iqbal’s View of God’s Infinity’. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 2 (1985), 1–8.
  • Barnard, G. William. Living Consciousness: The Metaphysical Vision of Henri Bergson. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2011.
  • Bergson, Henri. An Introduction to Metaphysics. trans. T. E. Hulme. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912.
  • Bergson, Henri. Creative Evolution. trans. Arthur Mitchell. New York: Random House, 1944.
  • Bergson, Henri. Matter and Memory. trans. N. Margaret Paul - W. Scott Palmer. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1919.
  • Bergson, Henri. Metafizik Dersleri: Uzay-Zaman-Madde. trans. B. Garen Beşiktaşlıyan. Istanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Bergson, Henri. Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. trans. F. L. Pogson. New York: Dover Publications, 2001.
  • Bouton, Christophe. ‘The Emergence of Time: Kant, Bergson, and Modern Physics’. KronoScope 13/1 (2013), 96–111. brill.com/kron
  • Carson, Emily. ‘Metaphysics, Mathematics and the Distinction Between the Sensible and the Intelligible in Kant’s Inaugural Dissertation’. Journal of the History of Philosophy 42/2 (2004), 165–194.
  • Caygill, Howard. A Kant Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.
  • Diagne, Souleymane Bachir. ‘Bergson in the Colony: Intuition and Duration in the Thought of Senghor and Iqbal’. Qui Parle 17/1 (2008), 125–145.
  • Gözkân, H. Bülent. Kant’ın Şemsiyesi - Kant’ın Teorik Felsefesi Üzerine Yazılar. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Guerlac, Suzanne. Thinking in Time: An Introduction to Henri Bergson. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.
  • Hassan, Riffat. The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938). Durham: Durham University, Doctoral Thesis, 1968. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/
  • Hassan, Riffat. ‘The Meaning and Role of Intuition in Iqbal’s Philosophy’. Iqbal Review 26/1 (1985), 67–99.
  • Heimsoeth, Heinz. Kant’ın Felsefesi. trans. Takiyettin Mengüşoğlu. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2012.
  • Holzhey, Helmut - Mudroch, Vilem. Historical Dictionary of Kant and Kantianism. Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2005.
  • Iqbal, Muhammad. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.
  • Jordan, Bruno. ‘Kant and Bergson’. The Monist 22/3 (1912), 404–414. http://www.jstor.com/stable/27900386
  • Kant, Immanuel. ‘Concerning the Ultimate Ground of the Differentiation of Directions in Space’. trans. David Walford - Ralf Meerbote. Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770. 361–372. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. trans. Paul Guyer - Allen W. Wood. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Kant, Immanuel. ‘On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World [Inaugural Dissertation]’. trans. David Walford - Ralf Meerbote. Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770. 373–416. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens. trans. Ian Johnston. Arlington: Richer Resources Publication, 2008.
  • Küçükalp, Kasım. ‘Süreç Teolojisi ve Muhammed İkbal’. Hece 193 (2013), 302–309.
  • Mohomed, Carimo. ‘“The Days of God”- Muhammad Iqbal’s Conception of Time and History’. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 7/ (2017), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.29145/2017/jitc/72/070201
  • Mohomed, Carimo. ‘Towards a Final Combination - Muhammad Iqbal’s Philosophy of History’. Journal of Philosophy and Ethics 2/1 (2020), 17–31.
  • Mohomed, Carimo. ‘Towards a Final Combination: Muhammad Iqbal’s Philosophy of History’. Waikato Islamic Studies Review 6/2 (2020), 21–35.
  • Popp, Stephan. ‘Muhammad Iqbal – Reconstructing Islam along Occidental Lines of Thought’. Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society 5/ (2019), 201–229.
  • Raju, P. T. Idealistic Thought of India. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953.
  • Shabel, Lisa. ‘The Transcendental Aesthetic’. The Cambridge Companion to Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. ed. Paul Guyer. 93–117. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Wheeler, Richard S. ‘The Individual and Action in the Thought of Iqbal’. The Muslim World 52/3 (1962), 197–206.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Baki Karakaya 0000-0002-7130-5763

Asiye Şefika Sümeyye Kapusuz 0000-0002-8629-4630

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 29 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakaya, B., & Kapusuz, A. Ş. S. (2021). Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill. Kader, 19(3), 914-937. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.995664
AMA Karakaya B, Kapusuz AŞS. Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill. Kader. Aralık 2021;19(3):914-937. doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.995664
Chicago Karakaya, Baki, ve Asiye Şefika Sümeyye Kapusuz. “Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and Its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill”. Kader 19, sy. 3 (Aralık 2021): 914-37. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.995664.
EndNote Karakaya B, Kapusuz AŞS (01 Aralık 2021) Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill. Kader 19 3 914–937.
IEEE B. Karakaya ve A. Ş. S. Kapusuz, “Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill”, Kader, c. 19, sy. 3, ss. 914–937, 2021, doi: 10.18317/kaderdergi.995664.
ISNAD Karakaya, Baki - Kapusuz, Asiye Şefika Sümeyye. “Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and Its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill”. Kader 19/3 (Aralık 2021), 914-937. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.995664.
JAMA Karakaya B, Kapusuz AŞS. Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill. Kader. 2021;19:914–937.
MLA Karakaya, Baki ve Asiye Şefika Sümeyye Kapusuz. “Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and Its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill”. Kader, c. 19, sy. 3, 2021, ss. 914-37, doi:10.18317/kaderdergi.995664.
Vancouver Karakaya B, Kapusuz AŞS. Kant, Bergson, and Iqbal on the Concept of Time and its Effect on Iqbal’s Reconstruction of Freewill. Kader. 2021;19(3):914-37.