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AFRİKA’DA KADIN SÜNNETİ TARTIŞMASI: ANTROPOLOJİK YAKLAŞIM

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 69 - 82, 30.06.2021

Ali Hikmet Korkmaz

Öz

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'ne göre Kadın Sünnetinin (FGM) uygulandığı bölgelerde uygulamanın altından yatan bir takım kültürel, tarihi ve dini nedenler bulunmaktadır. Fakat uygulama ile ilgili tartışmalar çoğunlukla son yıllara aittir. Uygulama, kadınların dış cinsel organlarının dini, kültürel ve hatta tedavi edici nedenlerle kısmen veya tamamen bu kısımlardan çıkarılmasıyla gerçekleşmektedir. Her ne kadar kadın sünnetinin arkasında kültürel ve dini nedenler yatıyor olsa dabu uygulama kadınlara önemli ölçüde zarar verebilir ve bu zararlar yaygın enfeksiyon, kısırlık gibi komplikasyonlara neden olabilir ve HIV-Aids gibi hastalıkların yayılma şansını artırabilir. Gelenek, özellikle kadın sünnetine bir tür kadın hakları şiddeti olarak itiraz edildiği Afrika ritüellerine ait ilgili bir hikayenin popüler hale gelmesiyle kamuoyunda ün kazanmıştır. Antropolojik perspektifte, muhtemelen kadın sünneti töresindeki en büyük komplikasyon, kadınların büyük bir kısmının bu fenomene inanması, savunması ve uygulamasıdır. Bu çalışmada, literatür taraması yapılarak kadın sünneti, antropolojik yaklaşımla incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kadın Sünneti Kültürel Görelilik Etik Görelilik Antropolojik Yaklaşım

Kaynakça

  • Adelman, M., Haldane, H., & Wies, J. R. (2012). Mobilizing Culture as an Asset A Transdisciplinary Effort to Rethink Gender Violence. Violence against women,18(6), 691-700.
  • Andersson, S. H. A., Rymer, J., Joyce, D. W., Momoh, C., & Gayle, C. M. (2012). Sexual quality of life in women who have undergone female genital mutilation: a case–control study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 119(13), 1606-1611.
  • Banda, F. (2002). Going It Alone? SADC Declarations and the Gender Debate.Journal of African Law, 259-264.
  • Baron, E. M., & Denmark, F. L. (2006). An exploration of female genital mutilation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087(1), 339-355.
  • Berg, R. C., & Denison, E. (2013). A tradition in transition: factors perpetuating and hindering the continuance of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) summarized in a systematic review. Health care for women international,34(10), 837-859.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1994), Structures, Habitus, Power: Basis for a Theory of Symbolic Power. N. Dirks (ed.), Culture/Power/History; a Reader in Contemporary Social Theory.
  • Boyden, J. (2012). Why are current efforts to eliminate female circumcision in Ethiopia misplaced?. Culture, health & sexuality, 14(10), 1111-1123.
  • Boyden, J., Pankhurst, A., Tafere, Y., & Draft, F. (2012). Harmful Traditional Practices and Child Protection: Contested Understandings and Customs of Female Early Marriage and Genital Cutting in Ethiopia.
  • Braun, V. (2014). Female Genital Cutting. Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, 693-697.
  • Bui, H. (2012). Transcultural bodies: female genital cutting in global context.Culture, Health & Sexuality, 14(4), 463-465.
  • Carpenter, R. C. (2013). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective by Ellen Gruenbaum.[Book review]. Human Rights Quarterly, 23(3), 832-6.
  • Clarke, C. (2013). Cultural and Religious Practices, the Lack of Educational Resources, and their Role in the Perpetuation of Female Genital Mutilation.Undergraduate Review: a Journal of Undergraduate Student Research, 6(1), 36-44.
  • Costello, S., Quinn, M., Tatchell, A., Jordan, L., & Neophytou, K. (2013). In the Best Interests of the Child: Preventing Female Genital Cutting (FGC). British Journal of Social Work, bct187.
  • Coyne, C. J., & Coyne, R. L. (2014). The identity economics of female genital mutilation. The Journal of Developing Areas, 48(2), 137-152.
  • Downing, A. (2013). Female Genital Mutilation.
  • Esho, T., Enzlin, P., Van Wolputte, S., & Temmerman, M. (2012). An exploration of the psycho-sexual experiences of women who have undergone female genital cutting: a case of the Maasai in Kenya. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn, 4(2), 121.
  • Gruenbaum, E. (2001). The female circumcision controversy: an anthropological perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Hayford, S. R., & Trinitapoli, J. (2011). Religious differences in female genital cutting: a case study from Burkina Faso. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 50(2), 252-271.
  • Krause, E., Brandner, S., Mueller, M. D., & Kuhn, A. (2011). Out of Eastern Africa: Defibulation and sexual function in woman with female genital mutilation.The journal of sexual medicine, 8(5), 1420-1425.
  • Lee, J., & Shaw, S. M. (2011). Women worldwide: Transnational feminist perspectives on women. McGraw-Hill.
  • Lutkehaus, N., & Roscoe, P. (Eds.). (2013). Gender rituals: Female initiation in Melanesia. Routledge.
  • Martin Hilber, A., Kenter, E., Redmond, S., Merten, S., Bagnol, B., Low, N., & Garside, R. (2012). Vaginal practices as women's agency in Sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis of meaning and motivation through meta-ethnography.Social Science & Medicine, 74(9), 1311-1323.
  • Mudege, N. N., Egondi, T., Beguy, D., & Zulu, E. M. (2012). The determinants of female circumcision among adolescents from communities that practice female circumcision in two Nairobi informal settlements. Health Sociology Review, 21(2), 242-250.
  • Mulongo, P., McAndrew, S., & Hollins Martin, C. (2014). Crossing borders: Discussing the evidence relating to the mental health needs of women exposed to female genital mutilation. International journal of mental health nursing.
  • Nnamuchi, O. (2012). Circumcision or Mutilation-Voluntary or Forced Excision-Extricating the Ethical and Legal Issues in Female Genital Ritual.
  • Pereda, N., Arch, M., & Perez-Gonzalez, A. (2012). A case study perspective on psychological outcomes after female genital mutilation. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 32(6), 560-565.
  • Rai, T. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (2013). Exposure to moral relativism compromises moral behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(6), 995-1001.
  • Renteln, A. D. (2013). International human rights: universalism versus relativism. Quid Pro Books.
  • Rouzi, A. A. (2013). Facts and controversies on female genital mutilation and Islam. The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care,18(1), 10-14.
  • Shell-Duncan, B., Wander, K., Hernlund, Y., & Moreau, A. (2011). Dynamics of change in the practice of female genital cutting in Senegambia: Testing predictions of social convention theory. Social Science & Medicine, 73(8), 1275-1283.
  • Shell‐Duncan, B., Wander, K., Hernlund, Y., & Moreau, A. (2013). Legislating Change? Responses to criminalizing female genital cutting in Senegal. Law & society review, 47(4), 803-835.
  • Skinner, E P. (1995). Female Circumcision in Africa: The Dialectics of Equality. Anthropological Approaches. pp.195-210.
  • Smith, C. (2011). Who Defines" Mutilation"? Challenging Imperialism in the Discourse of Female Genital Cutting. Feminist Formations, 23(1), 25-46.
  • Spencer, P. (2012). When culture harms: A case study on Female Genital Mutilation in Ethiopia and reverberations felt in a wider context from a political and ethical perspective.
  • Wade, L. (2011). The Politics of Acculturation: Female Genital Cutting and the Challenge of Building Multicultural Democracies. Social Problems, 58(4), 518-537.
  • Wade, L. (2012). Learning from “Female Genital Mutilation”: Lessons from 30 Years of Academic Discourse. Ethnicities, 12(1), 26-49.
  • World Health Organization. (2011). Female Genital Mutilation Programmes to date: What works and what doesn't.

FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN AFRICA CONTROVERSY: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 69 - 82, 30.06.2021

Ali Hikmet Korkmaz

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adelman, M., Haldane, H., & Wies, J. R. (2012). Mobilizing Culture as an Asset A Transdisciplinary Effort to Rethink Gender Violence. Violence against women,18(6), 691-700.
  • Andersson, S. H. A., Rymer, J., Joyce, D. W., Momoh, C., & Gayle, C. M. (2012). Sexual quality of life in women who have undergone female genital mutilation: a case–control study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 119(13), 1606-1611.
  • Banda, F. (2002). Going It Alone? SADC Declarations and the Gender Debate.Journal of African Law, 259-264.
  • Baron, E. M., & Denmark, F. L. (2006). An exploration of female genital mutilation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087(1), 339-355.
  • Berg, R. C., & Denison, E. (2013). A tradition in transition: factors perpetuating and hindering the continuance of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) summarized in a systematic review. Health care for women international,34(10), 837-859.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1994), Structures, Habitus, Power: Basis for a Theory of Symbolic Power. N. Dirks (ed.), Culture/Power/History; a Reader in Contemporary Social Theory.
  • Boyden, J. (2012). Why are current efforts to eliminate female circumcision in Ethiopia misplaced?. Culture, health & sexuality, 14(10), 1111-1123.
  • Boyden, J., Pankhurst, A., Tafere, Y., & Draft, F. (2012). Harmful Traditional Practices and Child Protection: Contested Understandings and Customs of Female Early Marriage and Genital Cutting in Ethiopia.
  • Braun, V. (2014). Female Genital Cutting. Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, 693-697.
  • Bui, H. (2012). Transcultural bodies: female genital cutting in global context.Culture, Health & Sexuality, 14(4), 463-465.
  • Carpenter, R. C. (2013). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective by Ellen Gruenbaum.[Book review]. Human Rights Quarterly, 23(3), 832-6.
  • Clarke, C. (2013). Cultural and Religious Practices, the Lack of Educational Resources, and their Role in the Perpetuation of Female Genital Mutilation.Undergraduate Review: a Journal of Undergraduate Student Research, 6(1), 36-44.
  • Costello, S., Quinn, M., Tatchell, A., Jordan, L., & Neophytou, K. (2013). In the Best Interests of the Child: Preventing Female Genital Cutting (FGC). British Journal of Social Work, bct187.
  • Coyne, C. J., & Coyne, R. L. (2014). The identity economics of female genital mutilation. The Journal of Developing Areas, 48(2), 137-152.
  • Downing, A. (2013). Female Genital Mutilation.
  • Esho, T., Enzlin, P., Van Wolputte, S., & Temmerman, M. (2012). An exploration of the psycho-sexual experiences of women who have undergone female genital cutting: a case of the Maasai in Kenya. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn, 4(2), 121.
  • Gruenbaum, E. (2001). The female circumcision controversy: an anthropological perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Hayford, S. R., & Trinitapoli, J. (2011). Religious differences in female genital cutting: a case study from Burkina Faso. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 50(2), 252-271.
  • Krause, E., Brandner, S., Mueller, M. D., & Kuhn, A. (2011). Out of Eastern Africa: Defibulation and sexual function in woman with female genital mutilation.The journal of sexual medicine, 8(5), 1420-1425.
  • Lee, J., & Shaw, S. M. (2011). Women worldwide: Transnational feminist perspectives on women. McGraw-Hill.
  • Lutkehaus, N., & Roscoe, P. (Eds.). (2013). Gender rituals: Female initiation in Melanesia. Routledge.
  • Martin Hilber, A., Kenter, E., Redmond, S., Merten, S., Bagnol, B., Low, N., & Garside, R. (2012). Vaginal practices as women's agency in Sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis of meaning and motivation through meta-ethnography.Social Science & Medicine, 74(9), 1311-1323.
  • Mudege, N. N., Egondi, T., Beguy, D., & Zulu, E. M. (2012). The determinants of female circumcision among adolescents from communities that practice female circumcision in two Nairobi informal settlements. Health Sociology Review, 21(2), 242-250.
  • Mulongo, P., McAndrew, S., & Hollins Martin, C. (2014). Crossing borders: Discussing the evidence relating to the mental health needs of women exposed to female genital mutilation. International journal of mental health nursing.
  • Nnamuchi, O. (2012). Circumcision or Mutilation-Voluntary or Forced Excision-Extricating the Ethical and Legal Issues in Female Genital Ritual.
  • Pereda, N., Arch, M., & Perez-Gonzalez, A. (2012). A case study perspective on psychological outcomes after female genital mutilation. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 32(6), 560-565.
  • Rai, T. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (2013). Exposure to moral relativism compromises moral behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(6), 995-1001.
  • Renteln, A. D. (2013). International human rights: universalism versus relativism. Quid Pro Books.
  • Rouzi, A. A. (2013). Facts and controversies on female genital mutilation and Islam. The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care,18(1), 10-14.
  • Shell-Duncan, B., Wander, K., Hernlund, Y., & Moreau, A. (2011). Dynamics of change in the practice of female genital cutting in Senegambia: Testing predictions of social convention theory. Social Science & Medicine, 73(8), 1275-1283.
  • Shell‐Duncan, B., Wander, K., Hernlund, Y., & Moreau, A. (2013). Legislating Change? Responses to criminalizing female genital cutting in Senegal. Law & society review, 47(4), 803-835.
  • Skinner, E P. (1995). Female Circumcision in Africa: The Dialectics of Equality. Anthropological Approaches. pp.195-210.
  • Smith, C. (2011). Who Defines" Mutilation"? Challenging Imperialism in the Discourse of Female Genital Cutting. Feminist Formations, 23(1), 25-46.
  • Spencer, P. (2012). When culture harms: A case study on Female Genital Mutilation in Ethiopia and reverberations felt in a wider context from a political and ethical perspective.
  • Wade, L. (2011). The Politics of Acculturation: Female Genital Cutting and the Challenge of Building Multicultural Democracies. Social Problems, 58(4), 518-537.
  • Wade, L. (2012). Learning from “Female Genital Mutilation”: Lessons from 30 Years of Academic Discourse. Ethnicities, 12(1), 26-49.
  • World Health Organization. (2011). Female Genital Mutilation Programmes to date: What works and what doesn't.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ali Hikmet Korkmaz 0000-0003-0375-8661

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2021
Kabul Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Korkmaz, Ali Hikmet. “FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN AFRICA CONTROVERSY: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE”. Kadim Akademi SBD 5/1 (Haziran 2021), 69-82.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Kadim Akademi SBD  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.


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