Evaluation of Frequency and Etiological Factors in Pterygium and Pinguecula Cases in Bolu Region

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 245 - 251, 30.12.2023

Yonca Asfuroğlu , Mahmut Asfuroğlu Oya Kalaycıoğlu

Öz

Aim: To evaluate the frequency of pterygium and pinguecula in patients living in Bolu region and to assess the relationship between advanced age, UV exposure, smoking status, education level, systemic disease and presence of pterygium and pinguecula.
Material and Method: This study comprises 1014 patients between 18–80 years of age. Demographic data, including age and sex, occupation, education level, systemic disease, smoking status and UV exposure, are questioned. A comprehensive ophthalmological examination was performed, and the presence of pterygium and pinguecula was evaluated. A p-value under 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant.
Results: Among 1014 patients included in this study, 553 patients were in the control group (54.5%); 101 patients had pterygium (9.96%) and 360 patients had pinguecula (35.5%). Three hundred eighty-two patients were men and 632 were women. The mean age of patients was 46.33±15.83 years. Bilaterality was more evident in the pinguecula group compared to the pterygium group (p<0.001). Patients with outdoor occupation were higher in the pterygium and pinguecula group compared to the control group (p<0.001). UV exposure time was significantly different between groups (p<0.001). While UV exposure time was the highest in the pterygium group (median: 3.0, IQR: 0–4.5), it was approximately 2 hours in the pinguecula group (median: 2, IQR: 0–4). Education levels were lower in the pterygium and pinguecula group compared to the control group (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Advanced age, extended UV exposure, outdoor occupation and low education levels are associated with developing pterygium and pinguecula. This cross-sectional study could contribute to prevalence studies with large series that would be held in our country in the future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

pterygium, pinguecula, UV exposure, age; education level

Kaynakça

• 1-Dushku N, John MK, Schultz GS, Reid TW. Pterygia pathogenesis: Corneal invasion by matrix metalloproteinase expressing altered limbal epithelial basal cells. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:695–706.
• 2-Sobacı GM, Oztürk ĐS, Mutlu FM, Yıldırım E. Limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation in cases with recurrent pterygium. Acta Ophthalmol 1994;72:721-6.
• 3-Bell A. Pinguecula. J Vis Commun Med. 2006;29:82-3.
• 4-Dong N, Li W, Lin H, et al. Abnormal epithelial differentiation and tear film alteration in pinguecula. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50:2710-5.
• 5-Asokan R, Venkatasubbu RS, Velumuri L, Lingam V, George R. Prevalence and associated factors for pterygium and pinguecula in a South Indian population. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012;32(1):39-44.
• 6-Viso E, Gude F, Rodríguez-Ares MT. Prevalence of pinguecula and pterygium in a general population in Spain. Eye (Lond) 2011;25(3):350-7.
• 7-Panchapakesan J, Hourihan F, Mitchell P. Prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1998; 26(Suppl 1): S2-5.
• 8-Pham TQ, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Mitchell P. Pterygium/pinguecula and the five-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139:536-7.
• 9-Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Mohammad K. Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium and pinguecula: the Tehran Eye Study. Eye (Lond) 2009;23(5):1125-9.
• 10-Pan Z, Cui J, Shan G et al. Prevalence and risk factors for pterygium: a crosssectional study in Han and Manchu ethnic populations in Hebei, China. BMJ Open 2019;9:e025725.
• 11-Tuncer İ, Bilgin S, Zengin MÖ, Yıldız S. Evaluation of Demographic Features and Presence of Symptom in Patients with Pterygium and Pinguecula. Turkiye Klinikleri J Ophthalmol 2022;31(1):1-6
• 12-Gümüş E, Yaşar İ. Pterjium oluşmasında mesleğin etkileri [The effects of job on the development of pterygium]. Turk J Ophthalmol 2013;43:245-9.
• 13-Le Q, Xiang J, Cui X, Zhou X, Xu J. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Pinguecula in a Rural Population in Shanghai, Eastern China. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2015; 22(2):130-8.
• 14-Saw SM, Tan D. Pterygium: prevalence, demography and risk factors. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 1999;6(3):219-8.
• 15-Chandler JW, Cummings M, Gillette TE. Presence of Langerhans cells in central corneas of normal human infants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26:113-6.
• 16-Nangia V, Jonas JB, Nair D, et al. Prevalence and Associated Factors for Pterygium in Rural Agrarian Central India. The Central India Eye and Medical Study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12): e82439.
• 17-Sun LP, Lv W, Liang YB, et al. The Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated with Pterygium in a Rural Adult Chinese Population: The Handan Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2013;20(3): 148–54.
• 18-Gazzard G, Saw SM, Farook M, et al. Pterygium in Indonesia: prevalence, severity and risk factors Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:1341-6.
• 19-Tan CS, Lim TH, Koh WP, et al. Epidemiology of pterygium on a tropical island in the Riau Archipelago. Eye 2006; 20: 908-12.
• 20-Paula JS, Thorn F, Cruz AA. Prevalence of pterygium and cataract in indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. Eye 2006; 20: 533-6.