Assessment of Picky Eating, Emotional Eating and Body Perception in Healthy Individuals

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 65 - 71, 30.04.2024

İzzet Ülker , Kübra Esin Süleyman Köse Bartu Eren Güneşliol Feride Ayyıldız

Öz

Aim: This study investigated the association between choosy eating, emotional eating, and body image in healthy individuals.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted with 639 people [385(60.3%) women and 254 (39.7%) men] aged 18–60 years through online surveys. The Stunkard Figure Rating Scale assessed how people see their bodies. Adult Picky Eating Questionnaire (APEQ) was used to determine picky eating behaviors and attitudes. The Emotional Eater Scale was also used to assess eating behaviors. Anthropometric measurements of body weight and height were taken on a self-reported basis. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between the groups.
Results: While 23.8% of the participants were satisfied with their body image, 76.2% were unsatisfied with their body image (61.5% wanted to lose body weight, 14.7% wanted to gain body weight). Body image dissatisfaction was found to be associated with emotional eating and its sub-dimensions (p<0.05). According to the body mass index (BMI) classification, a statistically significant difference was discovered between the total score of picky eating and the total score of emotional eating between underweight and obese people (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Picky eating is associated with emotional eating, body weight, and body perception. It is thought that there is a need to evaluate depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of life parameters in future face-to-face studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

picky eating, emotional eating, body image

Kaynakça

• 1. Zwierczyk U, Sowada C, Duplaga M. Eating Choices —The Roles of Motivation and Health Literacy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4026.
• 2. Jackson SE, Llewellyn CH, Smith L. The obesity epidemicNature via nurture: A narrative review of high-income countries. SAGE open medicine. 2020;8:2050312120918265.
• 3. Taylor CM, Wernimont SM, Northstone K, Emmett PM. Picky/fussy eating in children: Review of definitions, assessment, prevalence, and dietary intakes. Appetite. 2015;95:349–59.
• 4. Zickgraf HF, Franklin ME, Rozin P. Adult picky eaters with symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: comparable distress and comorbidity but different eating behaviors compared to those with disordered eating symptoms. J Eat Disord. 2016;4:26.
• 5. Galloway AT, Fiorito L, Lee Y, Birch LL. Parental pressure, dietary patterns, and weight status among girls who are “picky eaters”. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(4):541–8.
• 6. Ellis JM, Galloway AT, Webb RM, Martz DM. Measuring adult picky eating: The development of a multidimensional selfreport instrument. Psychol Assess. 2017;29(8):955.
• 7. Fox G, Coulthard H, Williamson I, Aldridge V. How multiple threats to safety affects quality of life for picky eating adults: A new explanatory model. Appetite. 2023;181:106396.
• 8. Association AP. American Psychiatric Association-Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mentale Disorders, (DMS-V). (V). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing. 2013.
• 9. Stark ML, Katariina. Emotional eating and eating disorder psychopathology. J Eat Disord. 2001;9(3):251–9.
• 10. Annesi JJ. Psychosocial predictors of decay in healthy eating and physical activity improvements in obese women regaining lost weight: translation of behavioral theory into treatment suggestions. Trans Behav Med. 2016;6(2):169–78.
• 11. Song Y-M, Lee K, Sung J. Genetic and environmental relationships between eating behavior and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Eat Weight Disord. 2019;24:887–95.
• 12. Gibson EL. Emotional influences on food choice: sensory, physiological and psychological pathways. Physiol Behav. 2006;89(1):53–61.
• 13. Macht M. How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite. 2008;50(1):1–11.
• 14. Devonport TJ, Nicholls W, Fullerton C. A systematic review of the association between emotions and eating behaviour in normal and overweight adult populations. J Health Psychol. 2019;24(1):3–24.
• 15. Ayyıldız F, Akbulut G, Ermumcu MŞK, Tek NA. Emotional and intuitive eating: an emerging approach to eating behaviours related to obesity. J Nutr Sci. 2023;12:e19.
• 16. Sarwer DB, Thompson JK, Cash TF. Body image and obesity in adulthood. Psychiatr Clin. 2005;28(1):69–87.
• 17. Cash TF, Jakatdar TA, Williams EF. The Body Image Quality of Life Inventory: Further validation with college men and women. Body Image. 2004;1(3):279–87.
• 18. Cakmur H, Anuk T. Frequency awareness and management of obesity among health care providers. Acta Medica Mediterr. 2017;33:1073–9.
• 19. Menghi L, Endrizzi I, Cliceri D, Zampini M, Giacalone D, Gasperi F. Validating the Italian version of the Adult Picky Eating Questionnaire. Food Qual Prefer. 2022;101:104647.
• 20. Stunkard A, Sorensen T, Schulsinger F, Kety S, Rowland L, Sidman R, et al. Use of theDanish Adoption Register for the study of obesity and thinness. Raven Press New York;1983. p. 115–20.
• 21. Ayyildiz F, Esin K. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the adult picky eating questionnaire. Prog Nutr. 2022;24(3).
• 22. Garaulet M, Canteras M, Morales E, López-Guimerà G, Sánchez-Carracedo D, Corbalán-Tutau M. Validation of a questionnaire on emotional eating for use in cases of obesity;the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ). Nutr Hosp. 2012;27(2):645–51.
• 23. Arslantaş H, Dereboy F, Yüksel R, İnalkaç S. Duygusal yeme ölçeği’nin türkçe çevirisinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2019;30:1–10.
• 24. Organization WH. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. 2000.
• 25. Fox G, Coulthard H, Williamson I, Wallis D. “It’s always on the safe list”: Investigating experiential accounts of picky eating adults. Appetite. 2018;130:1–10.
• 26. Kauer J, Pelchat ML, Rozin P, Zickgraf HF. Adult picky eating. Phenomenology, taste sensitivity, and psychological correlates. Appetite. 2015;90:219–28.
• 27. Wildes JE, Zucker NL, Marcus MD. Picky eating in adults: Results of a web‐based survey. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(4):575–82.
• 28. Mond J, Van den Berg P, Boutelle K, Hannan P, NeumarkSztainer D. Obesity, body dissatisfaction, and emotional wellbeing in early and late adolescence: findings from the project EAT study. J Adolesc Health. 2011;48(4):373–8.
• 29. Grogan S, Rothery L, Cole J, Hall M. Posting selfies and body image in young adult women: The selfie paradox. Soc Media. 2018;7(1):15–36.
• 30. Geliebter A, Aversa A. Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eat Behav. 2003;3(4):341–7.
• 31. Barnhart WR, Hamilton L, Jordan AK, Pratt M, MusherEizenman DR. The interaction of negative psychological well-being and picky eating in relation to disordered eating in undergraduate students. Eat Behav. 2021;40:101476.
• 32. Dubois L, Farmer A, Girard M, Peterson K, Tatone-Tokuda F. Problem eating behaviors related to social factors and body weight in preschool children: A longitudinal study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4(1):1–10.
• 33. Ekstein S, Laniado D, Glick B. Does picky eating affect weightfor-length measurements in young children? Clin Pediat. 2010;49(3):217–20.
• 34. Finistrella V, Manco M, Ferrara A, Rustico C, Presaghi F, Morino G. Cross-sectional exploration of maternal reports of food neophobia and pickiness in preschooler-mother dyads. J Am Coll Nutr. 2012;31(3):152–9.
• 35. Cole NC, An R, Lee S-Y, Donovan SM. Correlates of picky eating and food neophobia in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(7):516–32.
• 36. Pereboom J, Thijs C, Eussen S, Mommers M, Gubbels JS. Association of picky eating around age 4 with dietary intake and weight status in early adulthood: A 14-year follow-up based on the KOALA birth cohort study. Appetite. 2023;188:106762.
• 37. Ganley RM. Emotion and eating in obesity: A review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 1989;8(3):343–61.
• 38. Tan CC, Chow CM. Stress and emotional eating: The mediating role of eating dysregulation. Pers Individ Differ. 2014;66:1–4.
• 39. Van Strien T, Engels RC, Van Leeuwe J, Snoek HM. The Stice model of overeating: tests in clinical and non-clinical samples. Appetite. 2005;45(3):205–13.
• 40. Tylka TL. Development and psychometric evaluation of a measure of intuitive eating. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(2):226. 41. Fairburn CG. Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders: Guilford Press;2008