KAPİTALİZM ÇAĞINDA RODOS’TA TİCARET VE TOPLUM

Öz

19. yüzyılda küresel kapitalizmin genişlemesi ve İngiliz serbest ticaret emperyalizminin etkisi altında Rodos adasının Osmanlı Devleti’nin idari ve iktisadi bakımdan bilhassa Dersaadet’in iaşe ağlarında konumlandırdığı lojistik üs vasfın-dan çıkarak küresel sisteme bağımlı bir çevre ekonomisine dönüşümü bu çalışmanın konusudur. Çalışma, 1838 Balta Limanı Antlaşması’nın adanın iktisadi yapısında yarattığı yapısal kırılmayı ve İngiliz finansal kapitalizminin Levant bölgesindeki yerel ticaret ağlarına nüfuzunu tartışmaktadır. 1850’lerde kurulan İngiliz Rodos Konsolosluk Bölgesi’nin idari inşası ve Konsolos Niven Kerr ile halefi Robert Campbell’in resmi raporları aracılığıyla Osmanlı taşra idaresindeki bürokratik yozlaşma, keskinleşen toplumsal ayrışma, Osmanlı tebaasına patenta satışının ve kapitülasyonların yarattı-ğı sosyo-politik krizler mercek altına alınmaktadır. Adanın tarımsal kısıtlılıklarına karşın, sünger ticareti ve nakit ürün ihracatıyla küresel pazarlara entegrasyonu, üretim ilişkilerindeki kapitalist dönüşüm bağlamında değerlendirilmekte-dir. Ayrıca 1838-1858 dönemine ait Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi gümrük, nüfus, evkaf ve sıhhiye defterleri ile İngiliz konsolosluk istatistikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiş, Kırım Savaşı’nın yarattığı suni lojistik büyüme, 1857 Küresel Finansal Krizi’nin ve ekolojik felaketlerin yıkıcı etkileri ile buharlı gemi teknolojisinin yelkenli taşımacılığına karşı yarattığı erken dönemli rekabet dinamikleri incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Osmanlı İktisat Tarihi
• İngiliz Serbest Ticaret Emperyalizmi
• Rodos
• 19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Ticareti
• Kapitalizm

Trade and Society in Rhodes in the Age of Capitalism

Öz

This study examines the transformation of the island of Rhodes from a logistical base—positioned by the Ottoman Empire, particularly within the supply networks of Constantinople, for administrative and economic purposes—into a peripheral economy dependent on the global system, under the influence of the expansion of global capitalism and British free-trade imperialism in the 19th century. The study examines the structural rupture in the island’s economic structure caused by the 1838 Treaty of Balta Limanı and the penetration of British financial capitalism into local trade networks in the Levant region. Through the administrative establishment of the British Consular District of Rhodes in the 1850s and the official reports of Consul Niven Kerr and his successor Robert Campbell, the study examines the bureaucratic corruption within the Ottoman provincial administration, the intensifying social division, and the socio-political crises caused by the sale of patents to Ottoman subjects and the capitulations. Despite the island’s agricultural limitations, its integration into global markets through the sponge trade and the export of cash crops is assessed within the context of capitalist transformation in production relations. Furthermore, customs, population, waqf and health registers from the Prime Ministry’s Ottoman Archive for the period 1838–1858 have been compared with British consular statistics, The artificial logistical growth caused by the Crimean War, the destructive effects of the 1857 Global Financial Crisis and ecological disasters, and the early-stage competitive dynamics created by steamship technology against sail-powered shipping have been examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ottoman Economic History
• British Free Trade Imperialism
• Rhodes
• 19th Century Ottoman Trade
• Capitalism

Kaynakça

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