BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 1 - 14, 01.06.2011

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adamo, P., Giordano S., Vingiani S., Castaldo Cobianchi R., Violante P. 2003. Trace element accumulation by moss and lichen exposed in bags in the city of Naples (Italy). Environ. Pollut., 122: 91–103.
  • Azároff, LV., Kaplow R., Kato N., Weiss RJ., Wilson AJC., Young RA. 1974. X-ray diffraction. McGraw-Hill.
  • Bari, A., Rosso A., Minciardi MR., Troiani F., Piervittori R. 2001. Analysis of heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in relation to their bioaccumulation in explanted Pseudevernia furfuracea thalli. Environ. Monit. Assess., 69: 205– 220.
  • Bock, E., Sand, W., 1993. The microbiology of masonry biodeterioration. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 74: 503-514.
  • Brown, DA., Beveridge TJ., Keevil, CW., Sheriff, BL., 1998. Evaluation of microscopic techniques to observe iron precipitation in natural microbial biofilm. FEMS Microb. Ecol., 26: 297-310.
  • Caneva, G., Salvadori, O. 1989. Biodeterioration of stone. In: Larraini, L., Pieper, R. (Eds.), The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. UNESCO, Paris, 182-234.
  • Castle, JE., Salvi, AM. 2001. Chemical state information from the near-peak region of the X- ray photoelectron background. J. Electron Spectrosc., 114-116, 1103-1113, and citations.
  • Cecchia, G., Pantania, L., R.aimondi, V., Tomaselli, L., Lamenti, G., Tiano, P., Chiari, R. 2000. Fluorescence lidar technique for the remote sensing of stone monuments. J. Cultur. Herit., 1: 29–36.
  • De los Ríos, A., Wierzchos, J., Ascaso, C. 2002. Microhabitats and chemical microenvironments under saxicolous lichens growing on granite. Microb. Ecol., 43:181-188.
  • Duran, A., Herrera LK., Jimenez de Haro, MC., Justo, A., Perez-Rodriguez, JL. 2008. Non- destructive analysis of cultural heritage artefacts from Andalusia, Spain, by X-ray diffraction with Gobel mirrors. Talanta, 76. 183–188.
  • Goldstein, J. 2003. Scanning electron microscopy and Adacemic/Plenum Publishers, 689 p. Kluwer
  • Grant, JT., Briggs, D. (eds). 2003. Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, IM Publications, Chichester, UK.
  • Griffin, PS., Indicator, N., Koestler, RJ. 1991. The biodeterioration of stone: a review of deterioration mechanisms, conservation case, histories and treatment. Intern. Biodet., 28: 187- 208.
  • Harter, P. 1986. Acidic Deposition - Materials and Health Effects. IEA Coal Research TR36.
  • Jozic, M., Peer, T., Türk, R. 2008. The impact of the tunnel exhausts in terms of heavy metals to the surrounding ecosystem. Environ. Monit. Assess., 150: 261–271.
  • Kirkitsos, P., Sikiotis, D. 1996. Deterioration of Pentelic marble, Portland limestone and Baumberger sandstone in laboratory exposures to NO2: a comparison with exposures to gaseous HNO3. Atmos. Environ., 30: 941–950.
  • Koestler, RJ., Brimblecomb, P., Camuo D., Ginell W., Graedel, T., Leavengood, P., Petushkova, J., Steiger, M., Urzi, C., Verges-Belmin, V., Warscheid, Th. 1994. Group report: How do external environmental factors accelerate change? In: Krumbein W.K., Brimblecombe P., Cosgrove D.E., Staniforth S. (Eds.), Durability and Change. Wiley, Chichester, 149-163.
  • Lipfert, FW. 1987. Effects of Acidic deposition on the atmospheric deterioration of materials. Materials Performance, 12, National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
  • Lipfert, FW. 1989. Atmospheric damage to calcareous stones: comparison and reconciliation of recent findings. Atmos. Envir., 23: 415-419.
  • Lisci, M., Monte, M., Pacini, E. 2003. Lichens and higher plants on stone: a review. Int. Biodet. Biodeg., 51, 1-17
  • May, E., Lewis, FJ., Pereira, S., Tayler, S., Seaward, MRD., Allsopp, D. 1993. Microbial deterioration of building stone: a review. Biodet. Abstracts, 7: 109-123. NAPAP, 1990. National programme. Integrated assessment Assessment Report. NAPA, Washington D.C. 1990
  • Paine, SG., Linggood, FV., Schimmer, F., Thrupp, TC. 1933. The Relationship of micro-organisms to the decay of stone. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Vol. CCXXII-B486, B: 97-127.
  • Papida, S., Murphy, W., May, E. 2000. Enhancement of physical weathering of building stones by microbial populations. Intern. Biodet. & Biodeg., 46: 305-317.
  • Piervittori, R., Laccisaglia, A. 1993. Lichens as biodeterioration Aerobiologia, 9: 181-186. and biomonitors.
  • Piervittori, R., Salvadori, O., Laccisaglia, A. 1996. Literature on Lichens and biodeterioration of stonework. The Lichenologist, 28: 471-483.
  • Schaffer, RJ. 1932. The weathering of natural building stones, in Building Research Special Report, n.18, London.
  • Shirakawa, MA., Beech IB., Tapper R., Cincotto MA., Gambale, W. 2003. The development of a method to evaluate bioreceptivity of indoor mortar plastering to fungal growth. Intern. Biodet. & Biodeg., 51: 83-92.
  • Sorbo, S., Aprile G., Strumia S., Castaldo, Cobianchi, R., Leone, A., Basile, A. 2008. Trace element acumulation in Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf exposed in Italy's so called Triangle of Death. Sci. Total Environ., 407: 647–654.
  • Sterflinger, K., Prillinger, H. 2001. Molecular taxonomy and biodiversity of rock fungal communities in an urban environment (Vienna, Austria). Ant. Leeuw, 80: 275-286.
  • Strzelczyk, AB. 1981. Microbial biodeterioration: stone. In: Rose, A.H. (Ed.), Economic Microbiology, Vol. 6. Academic Press, London, 62-80.
  • Ukberg, K. 1990. The Effects of acid deposition on buildings and building materials. UK Building Effects Review Group. HMSO, London.
  • Vingiani, S., Adamo, P., Giordano, S. 2004. Sulphur, nitrogen and carbon content of Sphagnum capillifolium and Pseudevernia furfuracea exposed in bags in the Naples urban area. Environ. Pollut., 129: 145–158.
  • Warscheid, T., Braams, J. 2000. Biodeterioration of stone: a review. Intern. Biodet. & Biodeg, 46: 343- 368.
  • Welton, RG., Cuthbert, SJ., Mclean, R., Hursthouse, A., Hughes, J. 2003. Preliminary Study of the phycological degradation of natural stone masonry. Geochem. Hlth., 25: 139–145.

Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 1 - 14, 01.06.2011

Öz

The deterioration process of historical building is progressive and irreversible, and the timing and mode of impact are different depending on the characteristics of building materials used, local microclimate, air pollution, presence of specific flora and fauna. The surface structural characterisation of building materials is mandatory in preventing and eventually recovering degradation effects. Ideally, the analysis of structural stones should be complete, efficient, rapid, and non destructive when dealing with a precious or unique construction.For this purpose a building sample ca. 1m3 was constructed by using calcarenite stones 33x15cm , collected from a local quarry, and placed between the archaeological site of Lavello, a little town located in the Basilicata Region Italy , and the industrial area surrounding this town.In this case study in progress on the degradation of stone materials, we set as an objective the characterization of the state of conservation of stone surfaces.The intact calcarenite stone was characterised by using different methods of surface analysis XRD, XPS, SEM , and exposed to outdoor conditions. The analyses of the stone material were repeated after three and six months to early evaluate the progression of alterations and the forward modifications of calcarenite structure. Results obtained by using all the applied surface analysis methods were compared. Climatic parameters temperature, light irradiation, wind intensity, humidity , and air pollutants SO2, CO, NO2, NO, O3, and heavy metals were determined. Biological attacks on the surface of calcarenite stones were also investigated.After only three months of the stone sample exposures, the adopted analytical methods were able to provide a series of data, which as in the arrangement of a simple jigsaw puzzle, allowed the assessment of the incipient modification of the stone surfaces confirmed by observations performed on six months replicates, given that climatic conditions and air pollution undermined the structure and the compactness of stones favouring the biological colonization especially in the South–East direction of prevailing winds.

Kaynakça

  • Adamo, P., Giordano S., Vingiani S., Castaldo Cobianchi R., Violante P. 2003. Trace element accumulation by moss and lichen exposed in bags in the city of Naples (Italy). Environ. Pollut., 122: 91–103.
  • Azároff, LV., Kaplow R., Kato N., Weiss RJ., Wilson AJC., Young RA. 1974. X-ray diffraction. McGraw-Hill.
  • Bari, A., Rosso A., Minciardi MR., Troiani F., Piervittori R. 2001. Analysis of heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in relation to their bioaccumulation in explanted Pseudevernia furfuracea thalli. Environ. Monit. Assess., 69: 205– 220.
  • Bock, E., Sand, W., 1993. The microbiology of masonry biodeterioration. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 74: 503-514.
  • Brown, DA., Beveridge TJ., Keevil, CW., Sheriff, BL., 1998. Evaluation of microscopic techniques to observe iron precipitation in natural microbial biofilm. FEMS Microb. Ecol., 26: 297-310.
  • Caneva, G., Salvadori, O. 1989. Biodeterioration of stone. In: Larraini, L., Pieper, R. (Eds.), The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. UNESCO, Paris, 182-234.
  • Castle, JE., Salvi, AM. 2001. Chemical state information from the near-peak region of the X- ray photoelectron background. J. Electron Spectrosc., 114-116, 1103-1113, and citations.
  • Cecchia, G., Pantania, L., R.aimondi, V., Tomaselli, L., Lamenti, G., Tiano, P., Chiari, R. 2000. Fluorescence lidar technique for the remote sensing of stone monuments. J. Cultur. Herit., 1: 29–36.
  • De los Ríos, A., Wierzchos, J., Ascaso, C. 2002. Microhabitats and chemical microenvironments under saxicolous lichens growing on granite. Microb. Ecol., 43:181-188.
  • Duran, A., Herrera LK., Jimenez de Haro, MC., Justo, A., Perez-Rodriguez, JL. 2008. Non- destructive analysis of cultural heritage artefacts from Andalusia, Spain, by X-ray diffraction with Gobel mirrors. Talanta, 76. 183–188.
  • Goldstein, J. 2003. Scanning electron microscopy and Adacemic/Plenum Publishers, 689 p. Kluwer
  • Grant, JT., Briggs, D. (eds). 2003. Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, IM Publications, Chichester, UK.
  • Griffin, PS., Indicator, N., Koestler, RJ. 1991. The biodeterioration of stone: a review of deterioration mechanisms, conservation case, histories and treatment. Intern. Biodet., 28: 187- 208.
  • Harter, P. 1986. Acidic Deposition - Materials and Health Effects. IEA Coal Research TR36.
  • Jozic, M., Peer, T., Türk, R. 2008. The impact of the tunnel exhausts in terms of heavy metals to the surrounding ecosystem. Environ. Monit. Assess., 150: 261–271.
  • Kirkitsos, P., Sikiotis, D. 1996. Deterioration of Pentelic marble, Portland limestone and Baumberger sandstone in laboratory exposures to NO2: a comparison with exposures to gaseous HNO3. Atmos. Environ., 30: 941–950.
  • Koestler, RJ., Brimblecomb, P., Camuo D., Ginell W., Graedel, T., Leavengood, P., Petushkova, J., Steiger, M., Urzi, C., Verges-Belmin, V., Warscheid, Th. 1994. Group report: How do external environmental factors accelerate change? In: Krumbein W.K., Brimblecombe P., Cosgrove D.E., Staniforth S. (Eds.), Durability and Change. Wiley, Chichester, 149-163.
  • Lipfert, FW. 1987. Effects of Acidic deposition on the atmospheric deterioration of materials. Materials Performance, 12, National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
  • Lipfert, FW. 1989. Atmospheric damage to calcareous stones: comparison and reconciliation of recent findings. Atmos. Envir., 23: 415-419.
  • Lisci, M., Monte, M., Pacini, E. 2003. Lichens and higher plants on stone: a review. Int. Biodet. Biodeg., 51, 1-17
  • May, E., Lewis, FJ., Pereira, S., Tayler, S., Seaward, MRD., Allsopp, D. 1993. Microbial deterioration of building stone: a review. Biodet. Abstracts, 7: 109-123. NAPAP, 1990. National programme. Integrated assessment Assessment Report. NAPA, Washington D.C. 1990
  • Paine, SG., Linggood, FV., Schimmer, F., Thrupp, TC. 1933. The Relationship of micro-organisms to the decay of stone. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Vol. CCXXII-B486, B: 97-127.
  • Papida, S., Murphy, W., May, E. 2000. Enhancement of physical weathering of building stones by microbial populations. Intern. Biodet. & Biodeg., 46: 305-317.
  • Piervittori, R., Laccisaglia, A. 1993. Lichens as biodeterioration Aerobiologia, 9: 181-186. and biomonitors.
  • Piervittori, R., Salvadori, O., Laccisaglia, A. 1996. Literature on Lichens and biodeterioration of stonework. The Lichenologist, 28: 471-483.
  • Schaffer, RJ. 1932. The weathering of natural building stones, in Building Research Special Report, n.18, London.
  • Shirakawa, MA., Beech IB., Tapper R., Cincotto MA., Gambale, W. 2003. The development of a method to evaluate bioreceptivity of indoor mortar plastering to fungal growth. Intern. Biodet. & Biodeg., 51: 83-92.
  • Sorbo, S., Aprile G., Strumia S., Castaldo, Cobianchi, R., Leone, A., Basile, A. 2008. Trace element acumulation in Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf exposed in Italy's so called Triangle of Death. Sci. Total Environ., 407: 647–654.
  • Sterflinger, K., Prillinger, H. 2001. Molecular taxonomy and biodiversity of rock fungal communities in an urban environment (Vienna, Austria). Ant. Leeuw, 80: 275-286.
  • Strzelczyk, AB. 1981. Microbial biodeterioration: stone. In: Rose, A.H. (Ed.), Economic Microbiology, Vol. 6. Academic Press, London, 62-80.
  • Ukberg, K. 1990. The Effects of acid deposition on buildings and building materials. UK Building Effects Review Group. HMSO, London.
  • Vingiani, S., Adamo, P., Giordano, S. 2004. Sulphur, nitrogen and carbon content of Sphagnum capillifolium and Pseudevernia furfuracea exposed in bags in the Naples urban area. Environ. Pollut., 129: 145–158.
  • Warscheid, T., Braams, J. 2000. Biodeterioration of stone: a review. Intern. Biodet. & Biodeg, 46: 343- 368.
  • Welton, RG., Cuthbert, SJ., Mclean, R., Hursthouse, A., Hughes, J. 2003. Preliminary Study of the phycological degradation of natural stone masonry. Geochem. Hlth., 25: 139–145.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Sabino Bufo Bu kişi benim

Laura Scrano Bu kişi benim

Laura Fraddosio-boccone Bu kişi benim

Fausto Langerame Bu kişi benim

Rocco Laviano Bu kişi benim

Zbigniew Adamski Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bufo, S., Scrano, L., Fraddosio-boccone, L., Langerame, F., vd. (2011). Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration. Karaelmas Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 1(2), 1-14.
AMA Bufo S, Scrano L, Fraddosio-boccone L, Langerame F, Laviano R, Adamski Z. Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. Haziran 2011;1(2):1-14.
Chicago Bufo, Sabino, Laura Scrano, Laura Fraddosio-boccone, Fausto Langerame, Rocco Laviano, ve Zbigniew Adamski. “Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration”. Karaelmas Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi 1, sy. 2 (Haziran 2011): 1-14.
EndNote Bufo S, Scrano L, Fraddosio-boccone L, Langerame F, Laviano R, Adamski Z (01 Haziran 2011) Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 1 2 1–14.
IEEE S. Bufo, L. Scrano, L. Fraddosio-boccone, F. Langerame, R. Laviano, ve Z. Adamski, “Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration”, Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 2, ss. 1–14, 2011.
ISNAD Bufo, Sabino vd. “Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration”. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 1/2 (Haziran 2011), 1-14.
JAMA Bufo S, Scrano L, Fraddosio-boccone L, Langerame F, Laviano R, Adamski Z. Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. 2011;1:1–14.
MLA Bufo, Sabino vd. “Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration”. Karaelmas Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 2, 2011, ss. 1-14.
Vancouver Bufo S, Scrano L, Fraddosio-boccone L, Langerame F, Laviano R, Adamski Z. Application of Different Methods of Surface Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Art-Stone Calcarenite Deterioration. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. 2011;1(2):1-14.