FARKLI MERHAMET DÜZEYLERİNE SAHİP ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE DEPRESYON, ANKSİYETE, STRES VE DUYGUSAL ZEKANIN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı farklı merhamet düzeylerine sahip üniversite öğrencilerinde depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve duygusal zekâyı incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi’nin Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi; Selçuk Üniversitesi’nin İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, Hukuk Fakültesi ve Fen-Edebiyat Fakültelerinde öğrenim görmekte olan 1., 2., 3. ve 4. sınıf öğrencileri arasından küme örnekleme ve büyüklüğe orantılı örnekleme yoluyla seçilmiştir. Çalışma grubu 322’sı kız, 254’ü erkek olmak üzere toplam 576 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres Ölçeği, Duygusal Zekâ Özelliği ÖlçeğiKısa Formu ve Merhamet Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve duygusal zekâ puan ortalamalarının öğrencilerin merhamet düzeylerine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı tek yönlü varyans analizi ile test edilmiş, farklılaşma gözlenen durumlarda farklılaşmanın kaynağının belirlenmesi için ileri analiz olarak Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre düşük ve orta düzeyde merhamet düzeyine sahip olan öğrencilerin depresyon puan ortalamaları yüksek merhamet düzeyine sahip olan öğrencilerinkinden daha yüksektir. Farklı düşük, orta, yüksek merhamet düzeylerine sahip üniversite öğrencilerinin anksiyete ve stres düzeyleri arasında anlamlı derecede farklılaşma olmadığı bulunmuştur. Düşük ve orta merhamet düzeyine sahip olan öğrencilerin duygusal zekâ puan ortalamaları yüksek merhamet düzeyine sahip olan öğrencilerin duygusal zekâ puan ortalamalarından daha düşüktür

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Merhamet
• depresyon
• anksiyete
• stres
• duygusal zekâ

INVESTIGATION OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, STRESS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT COMPASSION LEVELS

Öz

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of depression, anxiety, stress and emotional intelligence of university students with different level of compassion low, medium, high . Research sample was composed of students from Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Education, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Literature and Science. Participants of the research were 1st, 2nd, 3rdand 4th year university students from Selçuk and Necmettin Erbakan University chosen by convenience sampling method. Participants were made up of 576 students of whom 322 were females and 254 males. In order to determine the depression anxiety stress scores of the students, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale for emotional intelligence scores Trait Emotional Intelligence Scale for compassion scores Compassion Scale, Turkish adaptation made by the researcher. One-way Anova was employed to determine if depression anxiety stress emotional intelligence mean scores differentiate with respect to compassion levels. Tukey test was used as further analysis to determine the source of differentiation. According to the findings of the research, the students with low and medium compassion levels have more depression, anxiety and stress levels than students with high level of compassion. It was found that there is no significant differentiation between the levels of anxiety and stress on the students with different level of compassion low, medium, high . The students with low and medium compassion levels have less emotional intelligence levels than students with high compassion

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Compassion
• depression
• anxiety
• stress
• emotional intelligence

Kaynakça

1. ABOUSERİE, R., bk. FONTANA, D.
2. ABRAHAM, L., bk. LAİTHWAİTE, H., M.
3. ADAME, D. D., bk. PACE, T. W.
4. ADAMS, E. M., “Emotional intelligence and wisdom”, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 36 (1998), s. 1-14.
5. AKİN, A.- B. Çetin, “The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS): The Study of Validity and Reliability”, Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 7 (2007), s. 260-268.
6. ALLEN, N. B.-W. Knight, “Mindfulness, compassion for self, and compassion for others”, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, In P. Gilbert (Ed.), London 2005, s. 239-262.
7. AOUN, S., bk. HEGNEY, D. G.
8. BALSAMO, M., “Personality and depression: evidence of a possible mediating role for anger trait in the relationship between cooperativeness and depression”, Comprehensive psychiatry, 54 (2013), s. 46-52.

9. BARLOW, D. H., “Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory”, American Psychologist, 55 (2000), s. 1247-1263.
10. BATSON, C. D.-L. L. Shaw, “Evidence for altruism: Toward a pluralism of prosocial motives”, Psychological Inquiry, 2 (1991), s. 107-122.
11. BERGLUND, P., bk. KESSLER, R. C.
12. BERKSUN, O. E., Anksiyete ve Anksiyete Bozuklukları, Turgut, Ankara 2003.
13. BREFCZYNSKİ LEWİS, T., bk. LUTZ, A.
14. BROWN, G. W.-T. O. Harris-M. J. Eales, “Social factors and comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders” The British Journal of Psychiatry, (1996), s. 50- 57.
15. BROWN, T. D., bk. PACE, T. W.
16. CANEVELLO A., bk. CROCKER, J.
17. CHERNİSS, C., “Emotional intelligence and the good community”, American Journal of Community Psychology, 30 (2002), s. 1-11.
18. CHİN, J. M., bk. MONGRAİN, M.
19. COFFEY, K. A., bk. FREDRİCKSON, B. L.
20. COHN, M. A., bk. FREDRİCKSON, B. L.
21. COLE, S. P., bk. PACE, T. W.
22. COLLİNS, P., bk. LAİTHWAİTE, H., M.
23. CRAİGİE, M., bk. HEGNEY, D. G.
24. CROCKER, J.-A. Canevello, “Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: the role of compassionate and self-image goals”, Journal of personality and social psychology, 95 (2008), s. 555.
25. CROUCHER, R., bk. PAU, A. K. H.
26. ÇETİN, B., bk. AKİN, A.
27. DAVİDSON, R. J., bk. LUTZ, A.
28. DEMLER, O., bk. KESSLER, R. C.
29. DENİZ, M. E., E. Özer- E. Işık, “Duygusal Zekâ Özellik Ölçeği-Kısa Formu (TEIQue-SF) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması” Eğitim ve Bilim, 38 (2013), s. 407-419.
30. DOYLE, P., bk. LAİTHWAİTE, H., M.
31. EALES, M. J., bk. BROWN, G. W.
32. EARLEYWİNE, M., bk. VAN DAM, N. T.
33. ERİCSSON, K., bk. FRATİGLİONİ, L.
34. FEHR, B., bk. SPRECHER, S.
35. FİNKEL, S. A., bk. FREDRİCKSON, B. L.
36. FİTZPATRİCK, J. J., bk. HEFFERNAN, M.
37. FONTANA, D.-R. Abouserie, “Stress levels, gender and personality factors in teachers”, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63 (1993), s. 261-270.
38. FORSYTH, J. P., bk. VAN DAM, N. T.
39. FRANCİS, K., bk. HEGNEY, D. G.
40. FRATİGLİONİ, L.-H. X. Wang-K. Ericsson-M. Maytan-B. “Winblad, Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal study”, The lancet, 355 (2000), s. 1315-1319.
41. FREDRİCKSON, B. L.-M. A. Cohn-K. A. Coffey-J. Pek-S.A. Finkel, “Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness mediation, build consequential personal resources”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95 (2008), s. 1045–1062.
42. FURNHAM, A.-Petrides, K. V., “Trait emotional intelligence and happiness”, Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 31 (2003), s. 815-823.
43. FURNHAM, A., bk. PETRİDES, K. V.
44. GİLBERT, P.-S. Procter, “Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study”, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13 (2006), s. 353–379.
45. GİLBERT, P., “Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach”, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, In P. Gilbert (Ed.), London 2005, s. 9-74.
46. GİLBERT, P., K. McEwan-M. Matos-A. Rivis, “Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures”, Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84 (2011), s. 239-255.
47. GİLBERT, P., The compassionate mind: A new approach to life’s challenges, Constable & Robinson, London 2009.
48. GOLEMAN, D., Destructive Emotions and How We Can Overcome Them: A Dialogue with the Dalai Lama, Bloomsbury, London 2003.
49. GOLEMAN, D., Emotional intelligence, Bantam, New York 2005.
50. GRİMES, M. G., bk. MİLLER, T. L.
51. HARRİS, T. O., bk. BROWN, G. W.
52. HEFFERNAN, M.-M. T. Quinn Griffin-S. R. McNulty-J.J. Fitzpatrick, “Self‐compassion and emotional intelligence in nurses”, International journal of nursing practice, 16 (2010), s. 366-373.
53. HEGNEY, D. G.- M. Craigie-D. Hemsworth- R. Osseiran‐Moisson- S. Aoun-K. Francis-et al., “Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, depression and stress in registered nurses in Australia: study 1 results”, Journal of nursing management, 22 (2014), s. 506-518.
54. HEMSWORTH, D., bk. HEGNEY, D. G.
55. HESSON, M., bk. OLPİN, M.
56. IŞIK, E., bk. DENİZ, M. E.
57. JİN, R., bk. KESSLER, R. C.
58. JOHNSTONE, T., bk. LUTZ, A.
59. KESSLER, R. C., P. Berglund- O. Demler- R. Jin- K. R. Merikangas- E. E. Walters, “Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM- IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication”, Archives of general psychiatry, 62 (2005), s. 593-602.
60. KNİGHT, W., bk. ALLEN, N. B.
61. LAİTHWAİTE, H., M. O'Hanlon- P. Collins, P. Doyle, L. Abraham- S. Porter, et al., “Recovery after psychosis (RAP): A compassion focused programme for individuals residing in high security settings”, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37 (2009), s. 511-526.
62. LECRUBİER, Y., bk. SARTORİUS, N.
63. LUTZ, A., J. Brefczynski-Lewis-T. Johnstone-R. J. Davidson, “Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of the meditative expertise”, Public Library of Science, 3 (2008), s.1- 5.
64. MARTİN, P., The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: a review. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 5 (2003), s. 281–298.
65. MASTERS, K. S., bk. STEFFEN, P. R.
66. MASTERS, K. S., bk. STEFFEN, P.R.
67. Matos, M., bk. GİLBERT, P.
68. MATTHEWS, G., bk. ZEİDNER, M.
69. MAYTAN, M., bk. FRATİGLİONİ, L.
70. MCEWAN, K., bk. GİLBERT, P.
71. MCMULLEN, J. S., bk. MİLLER, T. L.
72. MCNULTY, S. R., bk. HEFFERNAN, M.
73. MERİKANGAS, K. R., bk. KESSLER, R. C.
74. MİLLER, T. L., M. G. Grimes, J. S. McMullen- T. J. Vogus, “Venturing for others with heart and head: How compassion encourages social entrepreneurship”, Academy of management review, 37 (2012), s. 616-640.
75. MONGRAİN, M., J. M. Chin-L. B. Shapira, “Practicing compassion increases happiness and self-esteem”, Journal of Happiness Studies, 12 (2011), s. 963-981.
76. NEFF, K. D.-E. Pommier, “The relationship between self- compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators”, Self and Identity, 12 (2013), s. 160–176.
77. NEFF, K. D., The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2 (2003), s. 223–250.
78. NEGİ, L. T., bk. PACE, T. W.
79. O’HANLON, M., bk. LAİTHWAİTE, H., M.
80. OLPİN, M.- M. Hesson, Stress management for life: A research based experiential approach, Thomson Learning, Belmont 2012.
81. OSSEİRAN MOİSSON, R., bk. HEGNEY, D. G.
82. ÖZER, E., bk. DENİZ, M. E.
83. ÖZTÜRK M.O., Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara 1997.
84. PACE, T. W.- L. T. Negi- D. D. Adame-S. P. Cole-T. I. Sivilli- T. D. Brown, et al., “Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34 (2009), s. 87-98. responses to psychosocial stress”
85. PAU, A. K. H- R. Croucher, “Emotional intelligence and perceived stress in dental undergraduates”, Journal of Dental Education, 67 (2003), s. 1023-1028.
86. PEK, J., bk. FREDRİCKSON, B. L.
87. PETRİDES, K. V.-A. Furnham, “Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction”, European Journal of Personality, 17 (2003), s. 39-57.
88. PETRİDES, K. V., bk. FURNHAM, A.
89. POMMİER, E., bk. NEFF, K. D.
90. PORTER, S., bk. LAİTHWAİTE, H., M.
91. PROCTER, S., bk. GİLBERT, P.
92. QUİNN GRİFFİN, M. T., bk. HEFFERNAN, M.
93. RİVİS, A., bk. GİLBERT, P.
94. ROBERTS, R. D., bk. ZEİDNER, M.
95. SELYE, H., Stress without distress, Lippincott, Phialdelphia 1974.
96. SHAPİRA, L. B., bk. MONGRAİN, M.
97. SHAW, L. L., bk. BATSON, C. D.
98. SHEPPARD, S. C., bk. VAN DAM, N. T.
99. SİVİLLİ, T. I., bk. PACE, T. W.
100. SPRECHER, S.-B. Fehr, “Compassionate love for close others and humanity”, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22 (2005), s. 629- 651.
101. STEFFEN, P. R.-K. S. Masters, “Does compassion mediate the intrinsic religion-health relationship?”, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30 (2005), s. 217-224.
102. STEFFEN, P. R.-K. S. Masters, “Does compassion mediate the intrinsic religion-health relationship?”, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30 (2005), s. 217-224.
103. ÜSTÜN, T. B., bk. SARTORİUS, N.
104. VAN DAM, N. T.-S. C. Sheppard-J. P. Forsyth-M. Earleywine, “Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression”, Journal of anxiety disorders, 25 (2011), s. 123-130.
105. VOGUS, T. J., bk. MİLLER, T. L.
106. WALTERS, E. E., bk. KESSLER, R. C.
107. WANG, H. X., bk. FRATİGLİONİ, L.
108. WANG, S., “A conceptual framework for integrating research related to the physiology of compassion and the wisdom of Buddhist teachings”, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Routledge, London 2005, s. 75-120.
109. WİLLİAMSON, J. R., “Addressing Self-Reported Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in College Students via Web-Based Self-Compassionate Journaling”, Dissertation Abstracs International, 76 (2014), (UMI No. 3582995)
110. WİTTCHEN, H. U., bk. SARTORİUS, N.
111. ZEİDNER, M.-G. Matthews-R. D. Roberts, What we know about emotional intelligence: How it affects learning, work, relationships, and our mental health, MA: MIT, Cambridge 2009.