Hogwarts’tan Büyücüler Cemiyeti’ne: Harry Potter ve Arabistan Bahçeleri Romanlarındaki Heterotopik Mekânlar ve Mekânsal Yabancılaşmanın Bir Dünya Kurma Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Bu karşılaştırmalı çalışma, J.K. Rowling’in Harry Potter serisi ile Usame Almuslim’in Arabistan Bahçeleri serisi kapsamında kullanılan dünya inşa tekniklerini incelemektedir. Çalışma, her iki serinin ilk romanı olan Harry Potter ve Felsefe Taşı (1997) ile Arabistan Bahçeleri (2015) üzerinden Batı ve Arap fantezi geleneklerinde büyülü mekânların inşası ve işlevine odaklanmaktadır. Michel Foucault’nun heterotopya kavramı fantezi edebiyatına uygulanarak, anlatı ve tematik gelişimde mekânsal yabancılaşma üzerine bir bakış açısı sunulmaktadır. Hogwarts Okulu, El‑Yamamah Rezidansı ve Takht‑Süleyman Vadisi gibi heterotopik mekânların incelenmesi, bu fantastik ortamların gerçek dünya normlarını nasıl yansıttığını ve altüst ettiğini ortaya koyarken, aynı zamanda daha geniş sosyal ve kültürel meseleleri ele alma biçimlerini de açıklamaktadır. Çalışma, Batı fantezisinin Arap fantezisi üzerindeki etkisini de araştırmaktadır. Heterotopya, mekânsal yabancılaşma ve Çok Sistem Kuramı’nı bütünleştiren yedi kategorili bir çerçeve önerilmiş ve bu çerçeve iki romanın analizi ve karşılaştırılmasında kullanılmıştır. Kategoriler; mekânsal dinamikler ve alternatif mekânlar, zamansal evrim ve sınır etkileri, fantastik diyarların bir arada varoluşu ve tuhaflığı, kurgusal dünyaların zamansal boyutları ve karakterlerin tepkileri, fantezi ile gerçeklik arasındaki sınırlar ve mekânsal paradigmaları kapsamaktadır. Araştırma, Batı ve Arap kültürel bağlamlarında büyülü mekânların tasvirindeki benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları ortaya koyarak, dünya inşa teknikleri ve Batı fantezisinin tür geleneklerini şekillendirmedeki küresel etkisi hakkında içgörüler sunmakta; böylece fantastik edebiyat çalışmaları ve kültürlerarası edebi analiz alanlarına katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fantastik Edebiyat
• Heterotopya
• Çok Sistem Kuramı
• Harry Potter
• Arabistan Bahçeleri

Destekleyen Kurum

Suudi Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyat Derneği

Proje Numarası

2025/01

Etik Beyan

Etik Beyan: Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur. Etik Kurul İzni: Makale etik kurul izni gerektirmemektedir.

Teşekkür

Yazar, Suudi Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyat Derneği tarafından yönetilen Rafid Programı'nın (hibe no. 2025/01) desteğini minnettarlıkla kabul eder.

From Hogwarts to Sorcerers’ Covens: Heterotopic Places and Spatial Estrangement in the World‑Building of Fantasy Novels Harry Potter and Arabistan Orchards

Öz

This comparative study investigates the world‑building techniques employed in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series and Osama Almuslim’s Arabistan Orchards series, with a focus on the construction and function of magical landscapes within Western and Arabic fantasy traditions as exemplified in the first novel of each series: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (1997) and Arabistan Orchards (2015). By applying Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia to fantasy literature, this study provides a perspective on spatial estrangement in narrative and thematic development. The examination of heterotopic locations such as the Hogwarts School, Al‑Yamamah Residence, and Takht‑Sulayman Valley elucidates how these fantastical settings reflect and subvert real‑world norms while addressing broader social and cultural issues. The paper also explores the influence of Western fantasy on Arabic literature. A seven‑category framework integrating heterotopia, spatial estrangement, and Polysystem Theory is proposed and employed in the analysis and comparison of the two novels. The categories examine spatial dynamics and alternate spaces, temporal evolution and boundary effects, fantasy realm coexistence and strangeness, temporal aspects of fictional worlds and characters’ responses, the boundaries between fantasy and reality, and spatial paradigms. This study identifies the similarities and differences in the portrayal of magical landscapes in Western and Arabic cultural contexts. It can, thus, contribute to the fields of fantasy literature studies and cross‑cultural literary analysis by offering insights into world‑building techniques and the global prominence of Western fantasy in shaping genre conventions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fantasy Literature
• Heterotopia
• Polysystem Theory
• Harry Potter
• Arabistan Orchards

Destekleyen Kurum

The Saudi Society for Comparative Literature

Proje Numarası

2025/01

Etik Beyan

Ethical Statement: It is declared that scientific, ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study, and that all the sources used have been properly cited. Ethics Committee Permission: The article does not require ethics committee permission.

Teşekkür

The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Rafid Program (grant no. 2025/01), administered by the Saudi Society for Comparative Literature.

Kaynakça

1. Albandar, Abdullah. بودكاست مخيال [Mekhyal Podcast]. Accessed March 5, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo6yi7NL99Q.
2. Almuslim, Osama. بساتين عربستان [Arabistan Orchards]. Cairo: Arabic Literature Center, 2015.
3. Alqahtani, Ali S. “Are Fantasy Novels Trivial?” Al‑Jazirah Cultural, Accessed April 25, 2025. https://www.al‑jazirah.com/2025/20250425/cm1.html.
4. Alqalyan, Amal Hamad. “المكان والزمان في رواية (بساتين عربستان) لأسامة المسلم دراسة تحليلية نقدية [‘Space and Time in Osama Al‑Muslim’s Novel Arabistan Gardens: An Analytical and Critical Study’].” College of Arts Journal, Tanta University 59 (2025): 264–500.
5. Beher, Kate. “Philosopher’s Stone to Resurrection Stone.” In Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter, ed. Elizabeth E. Heilman, 257–271. New York: Routledge, 2009.
6. Bell, Christopher E. “Introduction.” In From Here to Hogwarts, ed. Christopher E. Bell, 1–6. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2016.
7. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.
8. Borah, Rebecca Sutherland. “Apprentice Wizards Welcome.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 343–364. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.

9. Bosworth, C. E. “The Persian Impact on Arabic Literature.” In Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, ed. A. Beeston, T. M. Johnstone, R. B. Serjeant, and G. R. Smith, 483–476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
10. Cepe, Rachel. “Harry Potter and the Pedagogy of Hogwarts.” Harry Potter and the Pedagogy of Hogwarts. University of San Diego, 2024.
11. Cockrell, Amanda. “Harry Potter and the Secret Password.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 15–26. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
12. Doughty, Terri. “Locating Harry Potter in the ‘Boys’ Book’ Market.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 243–257. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
13. Dresang, Eliza T. “Hermione Granger and the Heritage of Gender.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 211–242. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
14. Even‑Zohar, Itamar. “The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem.” Poetics Today 11, no. 1 (1990): 45–51.
15. Finley, Mark‑Elliot. “Harry Potter and the Goblet of Beowulf: Rowling’s Beowulfian Allusions, Analogues, and Inversions.” Mythlore 43, no. 2 (2025): 137–159.
16. Foucault, Michel. “Of Other Spaces.” Diacritics 16, no. 1 (1986): 22–27.
17. Goldman, William. The Princess Bride. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.
18. Grimal, Pierre. The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Translated by A. R. Maxwell‑Hyslop. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
19. Grimes, M. Katherine. “Harry Potter: Fairy Tale Prince.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 89–122. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
20. Gupta, Suman. Re‑Reading Harry Potter. 2nd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
21. Heilman, Elizabeth E. “Fostering Insight Through Multiple Critical Perspectives.” In Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter, ed. Elizabeth E. Heilman, 1–9. New York: Routledge, 2009.
22. Hones, Sheila. “Literary Geography: Setting and Narrative Space.” Social & Cultural Geography 12, no. 7 (2011): 685–699.
23. Horcher, Ann‑Marie, and Michele Weigel Bartosek. “Authentication at Hogwarts: Lessons in Security Usability from the Wizarding World of Harry Potter.” Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS) (2017): 12–16.
24. Hornblower, Simon, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
25. James, Edward, and Farah Mendlesohn. “Introduction.” In The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature, ed. Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn, 1–3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
26. Jentsch, Nancy K. “Harry Potter and the Tower of Babel.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 285–301. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
27. Johnson, Peter. “The Geographies of Heterotopia.” Geography Compass 7, no. 11 (2013): 790–803.
28. Knight, Kelvin T. “Placeless Places: Resolving the Paradox of Foucault’s Heterotopia.” Textual Practice (2016): 1–18.
29. Lacoss, Jann. “Of Magicals and Muggles.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 67–88. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
30. Layoun, Mary N. Travels of a Genre: The Modern Novel and Ideology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990/2014.
31. Meerzon, Yana. “The Ideal City: Heterotopia or Panopticon? On Joseph Brodsky’s Play Marbles and Its Fictional Spaces.” Modern Drama 50, no. 2 (2007): 184–209.
32. Meezan, Mofeeda. “The Temptations of the Magical Worlds of a Thousand and One Nights and Keeping Pace with Science Fiction in Light of the Globalization of the World of the Child: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone as a Model.” Journal of Arabic Language 26, no. 65 (2024): 251–270.
33. Mendlesohn, Farah. Rhetorics of Fantasy. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2008.
34. Nel, Philip. “You Say ‘Jelly,’ I Say ‘Jell‑O’?” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 261–284. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
35. Nikolajevs, Maria. “Harry Potter and the Secrets of Children’s Literature.” In Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter, ed. Elizabeth E. Heilman. New York: Routledge, 2009.
36. Pennington, John. “From Elfland to Hogwarts, or the Aesthetic Trouble with Harry Potter.” The Lion and the Unicorn 26, no. 1 (2002): 78–97.
37. Pharr, Mary. “In Medias Res: Harry Potter as Hero‑in‑Progress.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 53–66. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
38. Pinsent, Pat. “The Education of a Wizard.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 27–50. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
39. Puxan‑Oliva, Marta. “Assessing Narrative Space: From Setting to Narrative Environments.” Poetics Today 45, no. 1 (2024): 79–103.
40. Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. New York: Scholastic Press, 1997.
41. Saida, Kausar. “A Literary Analysis of Teaching and Learning at Hogwarts.” International Journal of Education and Knowledge Management 5, no. 1 (2022): 1–10.
42. Saldanha, Arun. “Heterotopia and Structuralism.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40, no. 9 (2008): 2080–2096.
43. Sengupta, Urmi. “Ruptured Space and Spatial Estrangement: (Un)making of Public Space in Kathmandu.” Urban Studies 55, no. 12 (2018): 2780–2800.
44. Serjeant, R. B. “Early Arabic Prose.” In Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, ed. A. F. Beeston, T. M. Johnstone, R. B. Serjeant, and G. R. Smith, 114–153. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
45. Shaban, Yousif. “تحولات الفانتازيا في الأدب العربي” [Fantasy Shits in Arabic Literature].” Arabic Affairs, December 5, 2019. https://arabaffairsonline.com.
46. Shklovsky, Viktor. “Art as Technique.” In Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays, translated and with an introduction by Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis, 3–24. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965.
47. Steege, David K. “Harry Potter, Tom Brown, and the British School Story.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 140–156. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
48. Stojilkov, Andrea. “Life (and) Death in ‘Harry Potter’: The Immortality of Love and Soul.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal 48, no. 2 (2015): 133–148.
49. Teare, Elizabeth. “Harry Potter and the Technology of Magic.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 329–342. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
50. Tolkien, J. R. R. The Lord of the Rings. London: Allen & Unwin, 1954–55.
51. Topinka, Robert. “Foucault, Borges, Heterotopia: Producing Knowledge in Other Spaces.” Foucault Studies 9 (2010): 54–70.
52. Vidler, Anthony. “Agoraphobia: Spatial Estrangement in Georg Simmel and Siegfried Kracauer.” New German Critique 54 (1991): 31–45.
53. Walsh, Erinn K., Edward J. O’Brien, and Anne E. Cook. “Processing Real‑World Violations Embedded within a Fantasy‑World Narrative.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (2018): 2282–2294.
54. Westman, Karin E. “Specters of Thatcherism: Contemporary British Culture in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter Series.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 305–328. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
55. Whban, Islam. “‘Arabistan Orchards’: An Attempt to Build a Mythical World.” Riyadh Review of Books, Acceseed February 12, 2024. https://riyadhrb.com/reviews/arabistan‑orchards‑an‑attempt‑to‑build‑a‑mythical‑world.
56. Whited, Lana A. “Harry Potter: From Craze to Classic?” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 1–17. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
57. Whited, Lana A., and M. Katherine Grimes. “What Would Harry Do? J. K. Rowling and Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theories of Moral Development.” In The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter, ed. Lana A. Whited, 182–208. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.