KONFEDERAL BİRLİK: GÜRCÜ-ABHAZ İHTİLAFININ ÇÖZÜMÜ İÇİN YENİ ANAYASAL DÜZEN

Yıl 2021, , 377 - 408, 30.12.2021

Hakan Kolçak , Osman Ercan

https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.907307

Cited By: 1

Öz

Disiplinlerarası bir çalışma olan bu makale, Gürcü-Abhaz ihtilafını güncel gelişmeler çerçevesinde analiz etmekte ve ihtilafın çözümüne dair bir öneri sunmaktadır. Çalışmamıza göre; koronavirüs salgını sürecinde iki toplum arasında beliren ılımlı atmosfer, kökleşmiş husumetler ve kurumsallaşmış güvensizliklerin giderilmesini sağlayacak yeni bir döneme kapı aralamıştır. Gürcistan ve Abhazya tarafından bu dönem kapsamında anayasal düzlemde ete kemiğe büründürülecek konfederal düzen, var olan husumetlerin ve güvensizliklerin bertaraf edilmesine katkı sunabilir. Konfederalleşmenin kısa vadede Abhazya’nın menfaatine bir durum olacağını kabul eden çalışmamız, uzun vadede tezahür edecek pek çok potansiyel gelişmeyle beraber konfederalleşme adımlarının iki toplum için birlikte yaşamı sürdürebilecekleri kamusal alanı inşa edeceğini savunmaktadır. Gürcü ve Abhaz otoritelerince konfederal uygulamalar eşliğinde pratiğe dökülecek birçok iş birliği ve entegrasyoncu operasyon, kökleşmiş husumetlerin ve kurumsallaşmış güvensizliklerin kademeli olarak yok olmasını ve nihayetinde bölgesel veya ulusal bağlılıkların konfederal bağlılıklara dönüşmesini sağlayabilir. Konfederal bağlılıkların doğal bir uzantısı olarak şekillenen karşılıklı güven atmosferi içerisinde hareket edecek olan iki topluluk, siyasi devlet teşkilatlanmalarını federal yahut üniter bir yapıya evirebilirler. Birliktelikçi ve bütünselci evrilme süreci, hem tarihi konfederasyonlarca izlenmiş hem de benzeri güncel yapılanmalar tarafından takip edilmektedir. Güncel Gürcü ve Abhaz pozisyonlarını değerlendirerek konfederalleşme önerisini dile getiren çalışmamız; (i) küresel salgın döneminde Gürcü ve Abhaz otoritelerince sergilenen karşılıklı ılımlı tavırlar, (ii) yeni Abhaz yönetiminin Gürcistan ile pek çok alanda ortak politika geliştirme arzusu, (iii) Gürcü devletinin mevcut siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri kabiliyetleri ve (iv) Gürcü halkının barışçıl müzakerelerle ihtilafı çözme istemi gibi çeşitli dinamikleri hesaba katarak konfederalleşme önerisini ciddi bir alternatif olarak sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gürcistan, Abhazya, Konfederalleşme, Egemenlik, Donmuş İhtilaf

CONFEDERAL UNION: A NEW CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER FOR THE RESOLUTION OF THE GEORGIAN-ABKHAZ CONFLICT

Öz

This study is an interdisciplinary article analysing the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict by taking into account recent developments and coming up with a formula for the resolution of the conflict. According to the study, the moderate atmosphere between the two communities created during the coronavirus pandemic has opened a new era that would provide an opportunity to cease the rooted hostilities and to eliminate the institutionalised doubts. The article argues that a new confederal order taking its shape at the constitutional level would contribute to the cessation of the hostilities and the elimination of the doubts. It is true that Abkhazia would benefit from the confederal order in the short run; however, the order would, in the long run, establish a public realm where the two communities would coexist in a peaceful manner. Collaborationist and integrationist strides made by the Georgian and Abkhaz authorities just after the establishment of the confederal order would gradually cease the hostilities and eliminate the doubts, ultimately resulting in the transformation of regional or national loyalties into confederal allegiances. These allegiances would create an environment of mutual trust stimulating the communities to turn their confederal union into a federation or unitary state. Such unionist and holistic transformation processes have been completed not only by historical confederations, but present confederal organisations are also carrying out these processes. The article scrutinising the present Georgian and Abkhaz perspectives in shaping its confederalist resolution formula recognises the confederalist formula as a worth-examining alternative by considering several current matters, including (i) moderate Georgian and Abkhaz attitudes recorded during the global pandemic, (ii) the willingness of the new Abkhaz administration to cooperate with its Georgian counterpart to develop common policies in many areas, (iii) the current political, financial and military capabilities of the Georgian state and (iv) the demand of the Georgian people to resolve the conflict via peaceful negotiations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Georgia, Abkhazia, Confederalism, Sovereignty, Frozen Conflict

Kaynakça

• Treaty between Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands Concerning the Establishment and the Statute of a Benelux Court of Justice (31 March 1965) 924 U.N.T.S. 13176.
• Treaty Establishing the Benelux Union (3 February 1958) 381 U.N.T.S. 5471 (as revised by the Treaty Revising the Treaty Establishing the Benelux Economic Union, 17 June 2008).
• The Constitution of Georgia (adopted on 24 August 1995 and entered into force on 17 October 1995).
• The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (adopted on 18 April 1999 and entered into force on 1 January 2000).
• Allen, William Edward, (1971), A History of the Georgian People, London: Routledge.
• Allison, Roy, (2008), “Moscow Resurgent? Moscow’s Campaign to ‘Coerce Georgia to Peace’”, International Affairs, 84/6, 1145-1172.
• Anckar, Dag, (2020), “Small States: Politics and Policies”, Handbook on the Politics of Small States, (Ed. Godfrey Baldacchino-Anders Wivel), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 38-54.
• Anjaparidze, Zaal, (2020), “Changes in the Separatist Abkhazian Government and Implications for Relations With Tbilisi”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 17/85, https://jamestown.org/program/chan-ges-in-the-separatist-abkhazian-government-and-implications-for-relations-with-tbilisi/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2021).
• Artman, Vincent, (2013), “Documenting Territory: Passportization, Territory, and Exception in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, Geopolitics, 18/3, 682-704.
• Aublaa, Madina, (2018), “Possible Challenges to the Republic of Abkhazia in the Focus of Trump Administration’s Geopolitical Interests in the South Caucasus”, Kafkasya Çalışmaları, 3/6, 307-324.
• Bagdasaryan, Susanna-Petrova, Svetlana, (2017), “The Republic of Abkhazia as an Unrecognized State”, Russian Law Journal, 5/1, 98-118.
• Bajon, Theò, (2018), “Liechtenstein and the European Union: A Micro-Switzerland?”, Journal of Political Science and Public Affairs, 6/4, 1-5.
• Baldacchino, Godfrey, (2018), “Mainstreaming the Study of Small States and Territories”, Small States & Territories, 1/1, 3-16.
• Baldacchino, Godfrey-Wivel, Anders, (2020), “Small States: Concepts and Theories”, Handbook on the Politics of Small States, (Ed. Godfrey Baldacchino-Anders Wivel), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2-19.
• Bayar, Murat, (2021), “National Identity, Foreign Policy and Conflicts in Georgia”, The Changing Perspectives and ‘New’ Geopolitics of the Caucasus in the 21st Century, (Ed. Serdar Yılmaz-Murat Yorulmaz), Ankara: Astana Yayınları, 35-48.
• Belkahla, Mehdi, (2017), Benelux Court of Justice, Luxembourg: Max Planck Institute.
• Benedikter, Thomas, (2009), The World’s Modern Autonomy Systems: Concepts and Experiences of Regional Territorial Autonomy, Bolzano: EURAC Institute of Minority Rights.
• Bennigsen, Alexandre-Wimbush, Enders, (1986), Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Bhandari, Surendra, (2014), “From External to the Internal Application of the Right to Self-determination: The Case of Nepal”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 21/3, 330-370.
• Biscop, Sven-Coelmont, Jo-Drent, Margriet-Zandee, Dick, (2013), The Future of the Benelux Defence Cooperation, The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
• Bowker, Mike, (2011), “The War in Georgia and the Western Response”, Central Asian Survey, 30/2, 197-211.
• Braund, David, (1994), Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC- AD 562, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Bursens, Peter-Crum, Ben, (2010), “The Benelux Countries: How Politicization Upset a Pro-integration Coalition”, National Politics and European Integration: From the Constitution to the Lisbon Treaty, (Ed. Maurizio Carbone), Cheltenham: Edward Edgar Publishing, 144-163.
• Casier, Tom, (2011), “The Bilateral Relations of the Benelux Countries with Russia: Between Rhetorical EU Engagement and Competitive Business Interests”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 19/2, 237-248.
• Cherkasov, Aleksandr-Koroleva, Larisa-Bratanovskii, Sergei-Valleau, Annick, (2018), “The Abkhazian and Mingrelian Principalities: Historical and Demographic Research”, Bulletin of St. Petersburg University, 63/4, 1001-1016.
• Coene, Frederik, (2010), The Caucasus: An Introduction, Oxon: Routledge.
• Cogen, Marc, (2015), An Introduction to European Intergovernmental Organizations, Surrey: Ashgate.
• Conversi, Daniele, (2016), “Sovereignty in a Changing World: From Westphalia to Food Sovereignty”, Globalizations, 13/4, 484-498.
• Coppieters, Bruno, (2002), “In Defence of the Homeland: Intellectuals and the Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict”, Secession, History and the Social Sciences, (Ed. Bruno Coppieters-Michel Huysseune), Brussels: VUB Brussels University Press, 89-116.
• ________, (2003), “War and Secession: A Moral Analysis of the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict”, Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative Perspective, (Ed. Bruno Coppieters-Richard Sakwa), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 187-212.
• Corbett, Jack-Connell, John, (2020), “Small States in the Pacific”, Handbook on the Politics of Small States, (Ed. Godfrey Baldacchino-Anders Wivel), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 343-360.
• Cornell, Svante, (2001), “Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, London: Routledge.
• ________, (2007), Georgia after the Rose Revolution: Geopolitical Predicament and Implications for U.S. Policy, Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute.
• Cornell, Svante-Nilsson, Niclas, (2009), “Georgian Politics since the August 2008 War”, Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 17/3, 251-268.
• Crawford, James, (1976), “The Criteria for Statehood in International Law”, British Yearbook of International Law, 48/1, 93-182.
• ________, (2006), The Creation of States in International Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2. Baskı.
• Cutts, Noelle, (2007), “Enemies through the Gates: Russian Violations of International Law in the Georgia/Abkhazia Conflict”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 40/1, 281-310.
• de Vries, Jochem, (2008), “Venturing into Unknown Territory: The Preparation and Formulation of the Second Benelux Structural Outline”, European Planning Studies, 16/6, 853-876.
• de Wall, Thomas, (2020), “Can the Coronavirus Reset the Abkhazia Conflict?”, Carnegie Europe, https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/81436 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2021).
• Drent, Margriet, (2014), Sovereignty, Parliamentary Involvement and European Defence Cooperation, The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
• Drent, Margriet-Homan, Kees-Zandee, Dick, (2013), Bold Steps in Multinational Cooperation: Taking European Defence Forward, The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
• Drent, Margriet-Zandee, Dick-Casteleijn, Lo, (2014), Defence Cooperation in Clusters: Identifying the Next Steps, The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
• Ducháček, Ivo, (1982), “Consociations of Fatherlands: The Revival of Confederal Principles and Practices”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 12/4, 129-177.
• ________, (1985), “Consociational Cradle of Federalism”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 15/2, 35-49.
• Dugard, John, (1987), Recognition and the United Nations, Cambridge: Grotius Publications.
• Dugard, John-Raič, David, (2006), “The Role of Recognition in the Law and Practice of Secession”, Secession: International Law Perspective, (Ed. Marcelo Kohen), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 94-137.
• Dumbadze, Ana, (2020), “Georgian President Thanks WHO for Assisting Population in Abkhazia”, Georgia Today, http://www.georgiatoday.ge/news/20055/Georgian-President-Thanks-WHO-for-Assisting-Population-in-Abkhazia (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2021).
• Dumieński, Zbigniew, (2014), Microstates as Modern Protected States: Towards a New Definition of Micro-Statehood, Auckland: Institute of International Affairs.
• Eissler, Eric, (2013), “Can Turkey De-isolate Abkhazia?”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, 12/3, 125-135.
• Ekinci,Didem, (2019), “İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 16/61, 97-109.
• Elazar, Daniel, (1982), “Confederation and Federal Liberty”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 12/4, 1-14.
• ________, (1987), Exploring Federalism, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
• ________, (1995a), Federalism: An Overview, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Publishers.
• ________, (1995b), “From Statism to Federalism: A Paradigm Shift”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 25/2, 5-18.
• ________, (1996), “Introduction: Using Federalism Today”, International Political Science Review, 17/4, 349-351.
• ________, (1997), “Contrasting Unitary and Federal Systems”, International Political Science Review, 18/3, 237-251.
• Ercan, Ayşe Beyza, (2020), “XI. Yüzyıl Gürcistan Kralları ve Gürcistan’ın Siyasi Durumuna Genel Bir Bakış”, International Online Conference on Social Sciences Researches (10-11 Aralık 2020, Trabzon), Trabzon: Avrasya Üniversitesi Yayınları, 250-265.
• Erşan, Mesut, (2017), “I. Dünya Harbinde Osmanlı Devleti ve Abhazya”, Vakanüvis: Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2/3, 144-162.
• Fuller, Liz, (2020), “Abkhazia’s Divisive De Facto President Steps Down”, Abkhaz World, https://abkhazworld.com/aw/analysis/1602-abkhazia-s-divisive-de-facto-president-steps-down-by-liz-fuller (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
• Gamakharia, Cemal-Akhaladze, Lia, (2016), Abhazya/Gürcistan: Tarih-Siyaset-Kültür, İstanbul: Abhazya Bilim Adamları Desteği Vakfı.
• Garb, Paula, (2012), “Civil Society and Conflict Transformation in the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict: Accomplishments and Challenges”, European Security, 21/1, 90-101.
• Gerrits, Andre-Bader, Max, (2016), “Russian Patronage over Abkhazia and South Ossetia Implications for Conflict Resolution”, East European Politics, 32/3, 297-313.
• Gözler, Kemal, (2018), Devletin Genel Teorisi: Bir Genel Kamu Hukuku Ders Kitabı, Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi, 9. Baskı.
• Groenendijk, Kees, (2004), “Reinstatement of Controls at the Internal Borders of Europe: Why and Against Whom?”, European Law Journal, 10/2, 150-170.
• Hakyemez, Yusuf Şevki, (2004), Mutlak Monarşilerden Günümüze Egemenlik Kavramı: Doğuşu, Gelişimi, Kavramsal Çerçevesi ve Dönüşümü, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Hanf, Theodor-Nodia, Ghia, (2001), Georgia: Lurching to Democracy, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
• Hauer, Neil, (2020), “Abkhazia, Georgia and COVID: An Opportunity from Crisis”, Middle East Institute, https://www.mei.edu/publications/abkhazia-georgia-and-covid-opportunity-crisis (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2021).
• Hewitt, George, (1993), “Abkhazia: A Problem of Identity and Ownership”, Central Asian Survey, 12/3, 267-323.
• ________, (1999), “Abkhazia, Georgia and the Circassians (NW Caucasus)”, Central Asian Survey, 18/4, 463-499.
• ________, (2009), “Abkhazia and Georgia: Time for a Reassessment”, Brown Journal of World Affairs, 16/2, 183-196.
• ________, (2013), Discordant Neighbours: A Reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South Ossetian Conflicts, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
• Hopf, Ted, (2005), “Identity, Legitimacy, and the Use of Military Force: Russia’s Great Power Identities and Military Intervention in Abkhazia”, Review of International Studies, 31, 225-243.
• Hunter, Shireen, (2001), “Turkey, Central Asia, and the Caucasus: Ten Years after Independence”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 1/2, 1-16.
• Ichijo, Atsuko, (2009), “Sovereignty and Nationalism in the Twenty-first Century: The Scottish Case”, Ethnopolitics, 8/2, 155-172.
• Istrate, Dominik, (2020), “Four Takeaways from Abkhazia’s so-called Presidential Election”, Emerging Europe, https://emerging-europe.com/news/key-takeaways-from-abkhazias-so-called-presidential-election/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2021).
• Jones, Erik, (2003), The Benelux Countries: Identity and Self-interest, Bologno: John Hopkins Bologna Centre.
• Keating, Michael, (2012), “Rethinking Sovereignty: Independence-lite, Devolution-max and National Accommodation”, Revista d’Estudis Autonòmics i Federals, 16/1, 9-29.
• Kohen, Marcelo, (2006), “Introduction”, Secession: International Law Perspective, (Ed. Marcelo Kohen), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-20.
• Kolçak, Hakan, (2017), “Associate Statehood for Scotland as the Way to Stay in both the United Kingdom and the European Union: The Liechtenstein Example”, Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 17/1, 40-58.
• ________, (2020a), “Confederal Agreements: A Proposal to Resolve Secession-related Minority Issues”, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 3/1, 208-232.
• ________, (2020b), “Secession as Undesirable Scenario: Reasons for Unity”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2/2, 147-163.
• ________, (2021), “A Confederalist Demand to Transform the Liberal Discourse: A Comprehensive Analysis of International Minority Protection Regimes”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7/1, 3-41.
• Kolstø, Pål, (2020), “Biting the Hand That Feeds Them? Abkhazia-Russia Client-Patron Relations”, Post-Soviet Affairs, 36/2, 140-158.
• Kucera, Joshua, (2020a), “Abkhazia Leader Meets Putin Hoping for Russian Bailout”, Eurasianet, https://eurasianet.org/abkhazia-leader-meets-putin-hoping-for-russian-bailout (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
• Kucera, Joshua, (2020b), “Russian Tourists Flood into Newly Reopened Abkhazia”, Eurasianet, https://eurasianet.org/russian-tourists-flood-into-newly-reopened-abkhazia (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
• Kucera, Joshua, (2020c), “Abkhazia Calls for Volunteers to Help with COVID Outbreak”, Eurasianet, https://eurasianet.org/abkhazia-calls-for-volunteers-to-help-with-covid-outbreak (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
• Kurt, Selim, (2021), “Donmuş Çatışma Çözümüne İki Farklı Yaklaşım: Azerbaycan ve Gürcistan”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7/1, 138-161.
• Kymlicka, Will-Raviot, Jean-Lee, Steve, (1997), “Living Together: International Aspects of Federal Systems”, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 5/1, 1-50.
• Lang, David Marshall, (1966), The Georgians, London: Thames and Hudson.
• Lapidoth, Ruth, (1992), “Sovereignty in Transition”, Journal of International Affairs, 45/2, 325-346.
• ________, (1997), Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts, Washington: United States Institute for Peace Press.
• Lister, Frederick, (1996), The European Union, the United Nations, and the Revival of Confederal Governance, London: Greenwood Press.
• Lynch, Dov, (2004), Engaging Eurasia’s Separatist States: Unresolved Conflicts and De Facto States, Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
• Maass, Matthias, (2020), “Small States: Surviving, Perishing and Proliferating through History”, Handbook on the Politics of Small States, (Ed. Godfrey Baldacchino-Anders Wivel), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 20-37.
• MacCormick, Neil, (1999), Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State and Practical Reason, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Maes, Ivo-Verdun, Amy, (2005), “Small States and the Creation of EMU: Belgium and the Netherlands, Pace-setters and Gate-keepers”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 43/2, 327-348.
• Manz-Christ, Gerlinde, (2009), The Principality of Liechtenstein – Encounter with a Small State, Vaduz: Government Spokesperson’s Press and Information Office.
• Mautner, Menachem, (1981), “West Bank and Gaza: The Case for Associate Statehood”, Yale Journal of International Law, 6/2, 297-360.
• McNeill, Terry, (1997), “Humanitarian Intervention and Peacekeeping in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe”, International Political Science Review, 18/1, 95-113.
• Mehmed, Ayten, (2021), “Arap Devletlerinin İkinci Karabağ Savaşı’na Yönelik Tutumu”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7/1, 124-137.
• Meijer, Erik, (2015), “The Radical Left in Benelux”, Socialism and Democracy, 29/3, 71-80.
• Mikhelidze, Nona, (2009), “After the 2008 Russia‐Georgia War: Implications for the Wider Caucasus”, The International Spectator, 44/3, 27‐42.
• Mitchell, Lincoln, (2006), “Democracy in Georgia since the Rose Revolution”, Orbis, 50/4, 669-676.
• Nagashima, Toru, (2019), “Russia’s Passportization Policy toward Unrecognized Republics: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria”, Problems of Post-Communism, 66/3, 186-199.
• Natoli, Kristopher, (2010), “Weaponizing Nationality: An Analysis of Russia’s Passport Policy in Georgia”, Boston University International Law Journal, 28/2, 389-417.
• Noutcheva, Gergana, (2020), "Contested Statehood and EU Actorness in Kosovo, Abkhazia and Western Sahara", Geopolitics, 25/2, 449-471.
• Öğütçü, Büşra-Yılmaz, Muzaffer Ercan, (2021), “Dağlık Karabağ Sorununda Uluslararası Arabuluculuk”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7/1, 162-191.
• Özdaşlı, Esme, (2021), “İkinci Karabağ Savaşı’nda Ermenilerin Sivillere Yönelik Saldırılarının Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7/1, 51-83.
• Özgen, Cenk, (2021), “44 Günün Ardından: 2020 Karabağ Savaşı’nın Askeri Açıdan Analizi”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7/1, 104-123.
• Özsağlam, Muhittin Tolga, (2020), “Sınırlı Tanınan Abhazya Cumhuriyeti ve Rusya’nın Abhazya’daki Rolü”, Kafkasya Çalışmaları, 6/11, 1-22.
• Öztopal, Mustafa Kemal, (2021), “Azerbaycan ile İlişkileri Bağlamında Türkistan Devletlerinin Dağlık Karabağ Konusundaki Tutum ve Tepkileri”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7/1, 216-232.
• Panke, Diana-Gurol, Julia, (2020), “Small States: Challenges and Coping Strategies in the UN General Assembly”, Handbook on the Politics of Small States, (Ed. Godfrey Baldacchino-Anders Wivel), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 83-97.
• Paşa, Elnur, (2021), “Karabağ Sorunu: Tarihi Gerçekler, Jeopolitik Çıkarlar ve Çözüm Süreci”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7/1, 192-215.
• Pavković, Aleksandar, (2011), “Recursive Secession of Trapped Minorities: A Comparative Study of the Serb Krajina and Abkhazia”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 17/3, 297-318.
• Pavković, Aleksandar-Radan, Peter, (2007), Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession, Hampshire: Ashgate.
• Perry, Valery, (2015), “Constitutional Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Does the Road to Confederation Go through the EU?”, International Peacekeeping, 22/5, 490-510.
• Popescu, Nicu, (2011), “The EU and Civil Society in the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict”, The European Union, Civil Society and Conflict, (Ed. Nathalie Tocci), London: Routledge, 28-49.
• Potier, Tim, (2001), Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal, The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
• Raič, David, (2002), Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
• Rayfield, Donald, (2012), Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, London: Reaktion Books.
• Rezvani, David, (2014), Surpassing the Sovereign State: The Wealth, Self-rule and Security Advantages of Partially Independent Territories, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• ________, (2015), “Partial Independence Beats Full Independence”, Territory, Politics, Governance, 4/3, 269-296.
• Rigamonti, Cyrill, (2011), “The New Swiss Patent Ligitation System”, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and E-Commerce Law, 2/1, 3-17.
• Sarapuu, Külli-Randma-Liiv, Tiina, (2020), “Small States: Public Management and Policy-making”, Handbook on the Politics of Small States, (Ed. Godfrey Baldacchino-Anders Wivel), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 55-69.
• Sarıkaya, Yalçın, (2011), “Georgian Foreign Policy after the August 2008 War”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 31, 1-16.
• ________, (2021), “İran’ın İkinci Karabağ Savaşı Tutumu: Takke Düştü Kel Göründü”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7/1, 84-103.
• Sichinava, David, (2020), “Georgians Increasingly Open to Compromise with Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, Open Caucasus Media, https://oc-media.org/features/datablog-georgians-increasingly-open-to-compromise-with-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
• Silverström, Sören, (2008), “The Competence of Autonomous Entities in the International Arena: With Special Reference to the Aland Islands in the European Union”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 15/2, 259-271.
• Souleimanov, Emil, (2013), Understanding Ethnopolitical Conflict: Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Souleimanov, Emil-Abrahamyan, Eduard-Aliyev, Huseyn, (2018), “Unrecognized States as a Means of Coercive Diplomacy? Assessing the Role of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Russia’s Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 18/1, 73-86.
• Sönmezoğlu, Faruk-Güneş, Hakan-Keleşoğlu, Erhan, (2017), Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 7. Baskı.
• Stepan, Alfred, (2013), “A Revised Theory of Federacy and a Case Study of Civil War Termination in Aceh, Indonesia”, Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places, (Ed. Joanne McEvoy-Brendan O’Leary), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 231-252.
• Stevens, Michael, (1977), “Asymmetrical Federalism: The Federal Principle and the Survival of the Small Republic”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 7/4, 177-203.
• Stewart, Susan, (2003), “The Role of the United Nations in the Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict”, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 4/2, 1-31.
• Suksi, Markku, (2013), “Explaining the Robustness and Longevity of the Aland Example in Comparison with Other Autonomy Solutions”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 20/1, 51-66.
• Trier, Tom-Lohm, Hedvig-Szakonyi, David, (2010), Under Siege: Inter-ethnic Relations in Abkhazia, London: Hurst.
• Tsurtsumia, Zaza, (2020), “Gürcistan’da Rus ‘Yumuşak Gücü’ Tarihi (XIX-XX. Yüzyıl)”, Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, 94-115.
• Tsvizhba, Asmat, (2020), “Abkhaz State Employees may not Receive Salaries in June and July”, Sputnik, https://sputnik-abkhazia.ru/Abkhazia/20200611/1030308423/Abkhazskie-byudzhetni-ki-mogut-ne-poluchit-zarplatu-v-iyune-i-iyule.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2021).
• Tüysüzoğlu, Göktürk, (2017), “Rusya Dış Politikası’nın Etkin Silahı: Donmuş Çatışma Bölgeleri”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 13/26, 185-219.
• van Nimwegen, Stephan, (2017), “The Need for the Netherlands and Belgium to Further Integrate Police Cooperation: An Example for Europe?”, New Journal of European Criminal Law, 8/3, 323-333.
• Veenendaal, Wouter, (2015), “A Big Prince in a Tiny Realm: Smallness, Monarchy, and Political Legitimacy in the Principality of Liechtenstein”, Swiss Political Science Review, 21/2, 333-349.
• ________, (2020), “Politics of the Four European Microstates: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino”, Handbook on the Politics of Small States, (Ed. Godfrey Baldacchino-Anders Wivel), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 150-167.
• Venema, Agnes, (2020), “The Sum of All Friends: Improving Cross-border Intelligence Sharing in Europe – The Case of the Benelux”, The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs, 22/1, 5-19.
• Wakizaka, Keisuke, (2020), “Rogers Brubaker’in Diaspora-Anayurt-Konuk Eden Ülke İlişkileri Teorisi Çerçevesinde Gürcistan’daki Osetler, Abhazlar ve Çeçen-Kistleri Yorumlamak”, Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, 116-143.
• Watts, Ronald, (1998), “Federalism, Federal Political Systems, and Federations”, Annual Review of Political Science, 1/1, 117-137.
• Wirt, Frederick, (1982), “The Tenacity of Confederacy: Local Service Agreements in the Family of Governments”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 12/4, 103-127.
• Witlox, Frank-Dullaert, Wout-Jourquin, Bart, (2007), “Fostering Transport and Logistics Research in the Benelux Countries”, Transportation Planning and Technology, 30/4, 325-329.
• Wivel, Anders, (2020), “Small States in Europe”, Handbook on the Politics of Small States, (Ed. Godfrey Baldacchino-Anders Wivel), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 99-112.
• Wolff, Stefan, (2011), “Post-conflict State Building: The Debate on Institutional Choice”, Third World Quarterly, 32/10, 1777-1802.
• ________, (2013), “Conflict Management in Divided Societies: The Many Uses of Territorial Self-governance”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 20/1, 27-50.
• Wouters, Jan-Vidal, Maarten, (2008), Towards a Rebirth of Benelux?, Leuven: Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies.
• Zonneveld, Wil-Faludi, Andreas, (1997), “Vanishing Borders: The Second Benelux Structural Outline”, Built Environment, 23/1, 4-13.
• Zürcher, Christoph, (2007), The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus, New York: New York University Press.