Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 19, 245 - 265, 29.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.1366755

Öz

Soğuk Savaşın sona ermesi ile birlikte Karadeniz Bölgesi bir bölge olarak yeniden keşfedilmiş ve bölgeselleşme tartışmalarının ve girişimlerinin ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. Karadeniz bölgeselleşmesine dair öngörüler ekonomik iş birliği sayesinde bölgenin ekonomik kalkınma ve refah seviyesinin artacağı, bölge ülkeleri arasında karşılıklı bağlılık ve dayanışmanın gelişeceği ve böylelikle bölge ülkeleri arasında tarihsel ve siyasi ihtilaflarının çözüleceği şeklinde idi. Ancak Karadeniz’in stratejik önemine ve bölgeselleşme hedefi etrafında atılan önemli adımlara rağmen Karadeniz bölgeselleşmesi gerçekleşememiştir. Karadeniz’in siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel olarak heterojen bir yapıya sahip olması ve bölge ülkelerinin ekonomik, siyasi ve jeostratejik önceliklerinin örtüşmemesi ekonomik iş birliği girişimlerini gölgelemekte ve bölgeselleşme girişimlerini engellemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alçelik, T. (1998), Transport in the Black Sea Region, PABSEC. http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Atasuntsev, Alexander (2023), How Far Will the Thaw in Russia-Georgia Relations Extend? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/89796 (18 Ağustos 2023).
  • Aydın, Mustafa (2005a), “Europe’s new region: The Black Sea in the wider Europe neighbourhood”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 5/2, 257-283.
  • Aydın, Mustafa (2005b), “Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea and the Role of Institutions”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 10/3, 57-83.
  • Aydın, Mustafa (2009), “Geographical blessing versus geopolitical curse: great power security agendas for the Black Sea region and a Turkish alternative”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9/3, 271-285.
  • Balcer, Adam (2015), A Polish-Romanian-Turkish Triangle and the Black Sea Region – A New Driving Force of Regional Integration, Neighbourhood Policy Paper, 14 Haziran, 1-11, https://www.khas.edu.tr/cms/cies/dosyalar/files/NeighbourhoodPolicyPaper(14).pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • Bhutia, Sam (2019), How has conflict with Russia affected Ukraine’s trade? Ukraine’s trade with Russia and other ex-Soviet republics shows no sign of bouncing back six years after the Euromaidan Revolution began, Eurasianet, https://eurasianet.org/how-has-conflict-with-russia-affected-ukraines-trade
  • Bittner, Victoria Ariel ve Ibrahimli, Minavvar (2018), Baku-Tbilisi-Kars: Regional Implications and Perspectives, Center for Economic and Social Development, https://cesd.az/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/CESD_Research_Paper_BTK.pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • Bolukbasi, Tolga, ve Ertugral, Ebru (2008), Regionalism and Regionalization in the Black Sea Region and Turkey, Black Sea Discussion Papers, Istanbul: EDAM. BSEC (2020a), Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) https://trade.gov.tr/data/5b8e935813b8761b8471c11b/Organization%20of%20Black%20Sea%20Cooperation.pdf (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSEC (2020b), Transport, http://www.bsec-organization.org/areas-of-cooperation/transport/information (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSEC-URTA (2016), BSEC Outlook 2015: BSEC-URTA International Road Transport Industry Performance Report, http://www.bsec-urta.org/content/files/29GA/G4522_Outlook%20Report.pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSEC-URTA (2018), Report on Results of the Activities of the BSEC-URTA Ad Hoc Working Party on Border Crossing Problems in BSEC Region, http://www.bsec-urta.org/content/files/34%20GA/G5080_EN_Report_WPBC_Updated.pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSTDB (1999), Annual Report 1999, https://www.bstdb.org/AnnualBSTDB_1999.pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSTDB (2008), Annual Report 2008, https://www.bstdb.org/annualBSTDB_2008.pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSTDB (2009), Annual Report 2009, https://www.bstdb.org/annualBSTDB_2009.pdf (5 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSTDB (2015). Annual Report 2015, https://www.bstdb.org/BSTDB_Annual_Report_2015.pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSTDB (2018), Annual Report 2018, https://www.bstdb.org/BSTDB_Annual_Report_2018.pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSTDB (2019), Annual Report 2019, https://www.bstdb.org/BSTDB_Annual_Report_2019.pdf (3 Temmuz 2023). BSTDB (2020), Our Projects, https://www.bstdb.org/our-projects (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • BSTDB (2022), Annual Report 2022, https://www.bstdb.org/BSTDB_Annual_Report_2022.pdf (3 Temmuz 2023).
  • Celac, Sergiu ve Manoli, Panagiota (2006) “Towards a New Model of Comprehensive Regionalism in the Black Sea Area”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 6/2, 193-205.
  • Ciută, Felix (2008), “Region? Why Region? Security, Hermeneutics, and the Making of the Black Sea Region”, Geopolitics, 13/1, 120-147.
  • Civil Ge (2023), TI Georgia: Georgia’s Economic Dependence on Russia Increased in 2022, https://civil.ge/archives/526770 (17 Ağustos 2023).
  • Çelikpala, Mitat (2010), “Escalating rivalries and diverging interests: prospects for stability and security in the Black Sea region”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10/3, 287-302.
  • Çelikpala, Mitat (2015), Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey Relations: An Example of a Successful Regional Cooperation, Centre for European Studies Policy Brief, 4, 1-25 (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • Cohen, Ariel ve Irwin, Conway (2006), U.S. Strategy in the Black Sea Region, Heritage Foundation Paper, No. 1990, https://www.heritage.org/europe/report/us-strategy-the-black-sea-region (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Commission on the Black Sea. 2010. A 2020 Vision for the Black Sea Region, https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/GP_A_2020_Vision_for_the_Black_Sea_Region.pdf (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • Darvas, Zsolt, Demertzis, Maria, Martıns, Catarina, Poitiers, Niclas Frederic, Moffat, Luca Léry, Ribakova, Elina ve Mcwilliams, Ben (2023) EU trade and investment following Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine, European Parliament, Haziran https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2023/702591/EXPO_STU(2023)702591_EN.pdf (18 Ağustos 2023).
  • Dediu, I. (1997), The BSEC Free Trade Area: Part of the New European Architecture, PABSEC, http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • DEİK (2018c), Türkiye Ukrayna Ticari ve Ekonomik İlişkileri, https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/ukrayna-bilgi-notu-ekim-2018.pdf (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Dellenbrant, J.A. ve Olsson, M.-O. (1994), “Regionalization and security in the European North”, The Barents Region: Security and Economic Development in the European North (Ed. J.A. Dellenbrant ve M.-O. Olsson), Umea: CERUM.
  • Dimadama, Zefi ve Chantzi, Georgia (2014), “A New Era for Tourism in the Black Sea Area”, International Journal of Cultural and Digital Tourism, 1/2, 23-29.
  • Dragneva, Rilka ve Wolczuk, Kataryna (2016), “Between Dependence and Integration: Ukraine”s Relations with Russia”, Europe-Asia Studies, 68/4, 678-698.
  • Emerson, M. (2008), The EU’s New Black Sea Policy: What kind of regionalism is this?, CEPS Working Document No. 297.
  • Fawcett, L. (2005), “Regionalism from an Historical Perspective”, Global Politics of Regionalism (Ed. Haz. M. Farrell, B. Hettne, L.K. Langehove), L.K. Pluto Press.
  • Fernandez, Rafael (2011), “Nabucco and the Russian gas strategy vis-à-vis Europe”, Post-Communist Economies, 23/01, 69-85.
  • Gavras, Panayotis (2009), The Current State of Economic Development in the Black Sea Region Policy Report 1, https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/GP_Current_State_of_Economic_Development_in_the_Black_Sea_Region.pdf (3 Mart 2020)
  • Gavras, Panayotis (2010), “The Current State of Economic Development in the Black Sea region”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10/3, 263-285. Ghica, Luciana Alexandra (2012), “Regionalism at the Margins: East Central European and Black Sea Regional Cooperation Initiatives in Comparative Perspective”, New Regionalism or No Regionalism? Emerging Regionalism in the Black Sea Area (Ed. Ruxandra Ivan), NY: Routledge. Goulas, Apostolos. 2009. The Black Sea Ring Highway, BSEC. https://unece.org/DAM/trans/doc/2009/wp5/ECE-TRANS-WP5-GE2-03-pres05e.pdf (18 Ağustos 2023).
  • Hettne, Björn (2002), “The Europeanization of Europe: Endogenous and Exogenous Dimensions”, Journal of European Integration, 24/4, 325-340.
  • Hurrell, Andrew (1995), “Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics”, Review of International Studies, 21/4, 331- 358.
  • Hürriyet (26 Haziran 2012), Members Set to Build Highways, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/members-set-to-build-highways-24061
  • Ioffe, Y. (1999), Trade Development in the Black Sea Region, PABSEC. http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • ISPI (2023), Turkey’s Neutral Stance in Ukraine: How Sustainable Will It Be? Ukraine: The War That Changed the World, One Year On, https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/turkeys-neutral-stance-in-ukraine-how-sustainable-will-it-be-116700 (18 Ağustos 2023).
  • Jacobs, Karin (2022), Russia's war on Ukraine: Maritime logistics and connectivity, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/733603/EPRS_ATA(2022)733603_EN.pdf (11 Ağustos 2023).
  • Kalnic, V. (1996), Development of Cooperation in the Field of Trade and Business among the BSEC Member States, PABSEC, http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (7 Temmuz 2020).
  • Karagöz, Kadir ve Karagöz, Murat (2009), “Determinig Factors of Trade Flows in Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) Region: A Panel Gravity Model”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 1/1, 63-75.
  • Kassimis, T. (1999), Development of Tourism in the Black Sea Region, PABSEC, http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Kereselidze, David (2013), A Perspective on Tourism in the BSEC Countries, ICBSS Policy Brief No 27. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/162937/973_original.pdf (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Kobrinskaya, Irina (2008), The Black Sea Region in Russia’s Current Foreign Policy Paradigm, PONARS, Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 41, https://www.ponarseurasia.org/wp-content/uploads/attachments/pepm_041.pdf (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • KFU (2018), Romanya Ülke Raporu, http://bolutso.org.tr/dosyalar/romanya_ur.PDF (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • Latschan, Thomas (13 Ağustos 2023), The Black Sea's role in Russia's war on Ukraine, DW, https://www.dw.com/en/the-black-sea-plays-a-key-role-in-russias-war-on-ukraine/a-66517223
  • Lussac, Samuel (2008), “The Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railroad and Its Geopolitical Implications for the South Caucasus”, Caucasian Review of International Affairs, 2/4, 212-224.
  • Manoli, Panagiota (2014), Building an inclusive, innovative, and integrated region, BSTDB.
  • Muliava, O. D. vd. (2018), “Tourism in the Black Sea Region through the Eyes of Tourists and Locals”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 204, 1-3.
  • Novinite (2018), Черноморский регион генерирует 5% мирового дохода от туризма, http://www.novinite.ru/articles/28637/Черноморский+регион+генерирует+5+мирового+дохода+от+туризма (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • OECD (2008), Black Sea and Central Asia Promoting Work and Well-Being: An OECD Development Centre Economic Outlook, https://www.oecd.org/dev/blackseaandcentralasianeconomicoutlookofficiallaunchofthereport.htm (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • Öztürk, C. (2019), Conclusion of Preferential Trade Agreements with a View to Eliminate Double Taxation between the BSEC Member States, PABSEC, http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • Özveren, Y. Eyüp (1997), “A Framework for the Study of the Black Sea World, 1789-1915”, Fernand Braudel Center, 20/1, 77-113. Papava. Vladimer (2010), The Economic Development Complex in the Black Sea Area, Xenophon Working Paper, 9, 1-96.
  • Petersen, Alexandros (2004), Black Sea Security: The NATO Imperative, Wilson Center, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/black-sea-security-the-nato-imperative (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Pirani, Simon, Stern, Jonathan ve Yafimava, Katya (2009), The Russo–Ukrainian Gas Dispute of January 2009: A Comprehensive Assessment, OIES Paper 27 (Oxford, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies).
  • Ponomarenko, Illia (19 Mayıs 2018) Ukraine withdraws all envoys from CIS bodies, Kyiv Post, https://www.kyivpost.com/post/8960
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2020), Bilateral Relations Serbia: General Information, https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/rs (3 Temmuz 2020).
  • Russian Government (2015), Introducing a ban on the import of agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs from Ukraine, 21 Aralık, http://government.ru/en/docs/21185/ (11 Ağustos 2023).
  • Saganelidze, D. (2005), Development of Transport Infrastructure in the Black Sea Region, PABSEC, http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Sandalcılar, Ali Rıza ve Ayran Cihan, Kezban (2018), “Türkiye ile Gürcistan arasındaki Dış Ticaretin Sektörel Analizi”, UİİİD-IJEAS (Prof. Dr. Harun Terzi Özel Sayısı), 361-378.
  • Schulz, Dante (2022), China-Georgia Bilateral Relations, Caspian Policy Center, https://caspianpolicy.com/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-georgia-bilateral-relations (18 Ağustos 2023).
  • Siddi, Marco (2018) “The Role of Power in EU–Russia Energy Relations: The Interplay between Markets and Geopolitics”, Europe-Asia Studies, 70/10, 1552-1571.
  • Statista (2021), Export value of goods from Russia in 2021, by major country of destination, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1002015/russia-leading-export-partners/ (11 Ağustos 2023).
  • T.C. Sofya Büyükelçiliği Ticaret Müşavirliği (2019), Bulgaristan”ın Genel Ekonomik Durumu ve Türkiye ile Ekonomik-Ticari İlişkileri (2018-2019), https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/2018_2019-bulgaristan-yillik-ulke-raporu.pdf (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • The Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (2019), Black Sea Bulletin Tourism in the Black Sea Region, 3.
  • Trading Economics (2022a), GDP, https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/gdp (11 Ağustos 2023).
  • Trading Economics (2022b), Turkey Imports By Country, https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/imports-by-country (11 Ağustos 2023).
  • UNWTO (t.y.), Impact of the Russian Offensive in Ukraine on International Tourism, https://www.unwto.org/impact-russian-offensive-in-ukraine-on-tourism (22 Eylül 2023).
  • Üzümcü, Adem ve Akdeniz, Sıdıka (2014), “Yeni İpek Yolu: TRACECA ve Bakü-Tiflis-Kars Demiryolu Projesi”, Avrasya Etüdleri, 45/1, 171-199.
  • Van Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası (2018), Azerbaycan Ülke Raporu 2018, http://www.vantso.org.tr/u/files/azerbaycan%281%29.pdf (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Vulpescu, I. 2018. Current and Future Perspectives in the Development of Tourism in the BSEC Region”, PABSEC, http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Wang, Philip (7 Haziran 2023) China sees biggest trade increase with Russia in 2023, Chinese customs data shows, CNN Business, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/07/business/china-russia-trade-increase-intl/index.html
  • WITS (2020), Trade Summary for Turkey 2020, The World Bank, https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/TUR (18 Ağustos 2023).
  • WTO (2020), Participation in Regional Trade Agreements, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/rta_participation_map_e.htm?country_selected=BGR&sense=b (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Zachmann, Georg, Dabrowski, Marek ve Domínguez-Jiménez, Mart (2020), Ukraine: trade reorientation from Russia to the EU, Bruegel, 13 Haziran https://www.bruegel.org/blog-post/ukraine-trade-reorientation-russia-eu
  • Zaimoğlu, R. (1996), Coperation in Transportation among the BSEC Member Countries, PABSEC, http://www.pabsec.org/documents.asp?id=3&hl=en (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Zankina, Emilia (2023), Pro-Russia or anti-Russia: Political dilemmas and dynamics in Bulgaria in the context of the war in Ukraine, European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), https://www.populismstudies.org/pro-russia-or-anti-russia-political-dilemmas-and-dynamics-in-bulgaria-in-the-context-of-the-war-in-ukraine/ (18 Ağustos 2023).
  • Zhelev, Paskal (2021), Building a Closer Black Sea: Promoting Trade and Economic Interdependence, Frontier Europe Initiative, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3914197 (9 Eylül 2023).
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hurıye Gokten Dogangun 0000-0002-7541-9477

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

APA Dogangun, H. G. (2023). KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(19), 245-265. https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.1366755
AMA Dogangun HG. KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR. KAREN. Eylül 2023;9(19):245-265. doi:10.31765/karen.1366755
Chicago Dogangun, Hurıye Gokten. “KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 9, sy. 19 (Eylül 2023): 245-65. https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.1366755.
EndNote Dogangun HG (01 Eylül 2023) KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 9 19 245–265.
IEEE H. G. Dogangun, “KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR”, KAREN, c. 9, sy. 19, ss. 245–265, 2023, doi: 10.31765/karen.1366755.
ISNAD Dogangun, Hurıye Gokten. “KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 9/19 (Eylül 2023), 245-265. https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.1366755.
JAMA Dogangun HG. KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR. KAREN. 2023;9:245–265.
MLA Dogangun, Hurıye Gokten. “KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 19, 2023, ss. 245-6, doi:10.31765/karen.1366755.
Vancouver Dogangun HG. KARADENİZ BÖLGESELLEŞMESİNİN EKONOMİK BOYUTU: İMKÂN VE KISITLAR. KAREN. 2023;9(19):245-6.

The Journal of Institute of Black Sea Studies is an Open Access journal and provides immediate open access to its contents. The Journal aims to promote the development of global Open Access to scientific information and research. The Publisher provides copyrights of all online published papers (except where otherwise noted) for free use of readers, scientists, and institutions (such as link to the content or permission for its download, distribution, printing, copying, and reproduction in any medium, except change of contents and for commercial use), under the terms oCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License, provided the original work is cited. Written permission is required from the publisher for use of its contents for commercial purposes.

 

Creative Commons Lisansı
The Journal of Institute of Black Sea Studies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).