The Feasibility of using Annual Rings to Monitor Changes in Boron Concentrations in Air

Öz

Boron is one of the most important elements on the agenda in recent years, both because it is a micronutrient for plants and because it is used in more than 250 fields in industry. Due to its intensive use and the continuous expansion of these areas of use, the concentrations of boron, which is produced more and more, are constantly increasing in receiving environments. However, boron, one of the important heavy metals, can cause significant health problems when inhaled from the air and taken into the human body. Therefore, monitoring the changes in boron concentration in the air is of great importance. In this study, the change of boron concentration in Pinus pinaster, Cupressus arizonica, Picea orientalis, Cedrus atlantica and Pseudotsuga menziesii species growing in Düzce, which is among the 5 most polluted cities in Europe, was examined on the basis of species, organ, direction and period in the last 40 years. The results of the study generally showed that boron concentrations did not change significantly on the basis of direction and year interval. Similarly, boron concentration in wood did not change significantly by species, whereas the change in boron concentration in bark was found to be statistically significant. According to the mean values, the lowest values were obtained in P. menziesii and the highest values were obtained in C. arizonica.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Heavy metal
• boron
• biomonitor

Kaynakça

1. Koç, İ., & Nzokou, P. (2022). Gas exchange parameters of 8-year-old Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. seedlings under different irrigation regimes. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(12), 2421-2429.
2. Isinkaralar, O. (2023). Discovery of spatial climate parameters and bioclimatic comfort change simulation in Türkiye under socioeconomic pathway scenarios: a basin-scale case study for urban environments. Natural Hazards, 1-11.
3. Goyal, D., Yadav, A., Prasad, M., Singh, T. B., Shrivastav, P., Ali, A., ... & Mishra, S. (2020). Effect of heavy metals on plant growth: an overview. Contaminants in agriculture: sources, impacts and management, 79-101.
4. Noman, A., & Aqeel, M. (2017). miRNA-based heavy metal homeostasis and plant growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 10068-10082.
5. Ullah, A., Heng, S., Munis, M. F. H., Fahad, S., & Yang, X. (2015). Phytoremediation of heavy metals assisted by plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria: a review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 117, 28-40.
6. Angelova, V., Ivanova, R., Todorov, G., & Ivanov, K. (2008). Heavy metal uptake by rape. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 39(3-4), 344-357.
7. Shults, P., Nzokou, P., & Koc, I. (2020). Nitrogen contributions of alley cropped Trifolium pratense may sustain short rotation woody crop yields on marginal lands. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 117(2), 261-272.
8. Khan, A. H. A., Kiyani, A., Mirza, C. R., Butt, T. A., Barros, R., Ali, B., ... & Yousaf, S. (2021). Ornamental plants for the phytoremediation of heavy metals: Present knowledge and future perspectives. Environmental Research, 195, 110780.

9. Wani, P. A., Khan, M. S., & Zaidi, A. (2008). Effects of heavy metal toxicity on growth, symbiosis, seed yield and metal uptake in pea grown in metal amended soil. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 81, 152-158.
10. Işınkaralar, K., & Erdem, R. (2021). Changes of calcium content on some trees in Kocaeli. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(2), 148-154.
11. Pilipović, A., Zalesny Jr, R. S., Rončević, S., Nikolić, N., Orlović, S., Beljin, J., & Katanić, M. (2019). Growth, physiology, and phytoextraction potential of poplar and willow established in soils amended with heavy-metal contaminated, dredged river sediments. Journal of environmental management, 239, 352-365.
12. Cooper, A. M., Felix, D., Alcantara, F., Zaslavsky, I., Work, A., Watson, P. L., ... & Schroeder, J. I. (2020). Monitoring and mitigation of toxic heavy metals and arsenic accumulation in food crops: A case study of an urban community garden. Plant Direct, 4(1), e00198.
13. Işinkaralar, Ö., & Bayraktar, E. P. (2022). Urban Public Spaces, Public Health, and Heavy Metal Pollution Threatening in Ankara City Center: Strategies for Urban Planning. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 8(2), 116-121.
14. Ateya, T. A. A., Bayraktar, O. Y., & Koç, İ. (2023). Havadaki metal kirliliğinin (Ca, M, Mn) tespitinde kent merkezindeki Mavi ladin (Picea pungens) ağacının yaprak ve dallarının biyomonitör olarak kullanılabilirliği. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 255-264.
15. Işınkaralar, Ö., & Şevik, H. (2023). A Statistical Analysis of Traffic-Related Pollution and City Center Dynamics in Ankara: The Cases of Ulus and Kızılay. Journal of Ankara Studies, 11(1), 25-35.
16. Şahin, Ü.A., Onat, B., Akın, Ö., Ayvaz, Ç., Uzun, B., Mangır, N., Doğan, M., & Harrison, R.M. (2020). Temporal variations of atmospheric black carbon and its relation to other pollutants and meteorological factors at an urban traffic site in Istanbul. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 11, 1051–1062.
17. Ghoma, W., Sevik, H. & Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Using indoor plants as biomonitors for detection of toxic metals by tobacco smoke. Air Qual Atmos Health, 15, 415-424.
18. Zhuang, P., Zou, B., Li, N. Y., & Li, Z. A. (2009). Heavy metal contamination in soils and food crops around Dabaoshan mine in Guangdong, China: implication for human health. Environmental geochemistry and health, 31, 707-715.
19. Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M., & Marshall, F. M. (2010). Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food and chemical toxicology, 48(2), 611-619.
20. Khan, S., Rehman, S., Khan, A. Z., Khan, M. A., & Shah, M. T. (2010). Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 73(7), 1820-1827.
21. Isinkaralar, O., Isinkaralar, K., & Yilmaz, D. (2023). Climate-related spatial reduction risk of agricultural lands on the Mediterranean coast in Türkiye and scenario-based modelling of urban growth. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(11), 13199-13217.
22. Isinkaralar, O. (2023). A climate-sensitive approach for determining the urban growth boundaries: Towards a spatial exploration for Bursa, Türkiye. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 149(4), 04023046.
23. Varol, T., Canturk, U., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Sevik, H., & Zeren Cetin, I. (2022). Identifying the suitable habitats for Anatolian boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) for the future regarding the climate change. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 150(1-2), 637-647.
24. Işınkaralar, K., & Erdem, R. (2022). The effect of atmospheric deposition on potassium accumulation in several tree species as a biomonitor. Environmental Research and Technology, 5(1), 94-100.
25. Yadav, S. K. (2010). Heavy metals toxicity in plants: an overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South African journal of botany, 76(2), 167-179.
26. Zeren Cetin, I., Varol, T., Ozel, H. B., & Sevik, H. (2023). The effects of climate on land use/cover: a case study in Turkey by using remote sensing data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5688-5699.
27. Yayla, E. E., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Detection of landscape species as a low-cost biomonitoring study: Cr, Mn, and Zn pollution in an urban air quality. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(10), 1-10.
28. Istanbullu, S. N., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., & Isinkaralar, O. (2023). Spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination in road dust samples from an urban environment in Samsun, Türkiye. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 110(4), 78.
29. Ghoma, W. E. O., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2023). Comparison of the rate of certain trace metals accumulation in indoor plants for smoking and non-smoking areas. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 75768–75776.
30. Kuzmina, N., Menshchikov, S., Mohnachev, P., Zavyalov, K., Petrova, I., Ozel, H. B., Aricak, B., Onat, S. M., & Sevik, H. (2023). Change of aluminum concentrations in specific plants by species, organ, washing, and traffic density, BioResources, 18(1), 792-803.
31. Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., & Isinkaralar, O. (2018). Indoor air quality in hospitals: the case of Kastamonu Turkey. J Chem Biol Phys Sci Sect D, 9(1), 67-73.
32. Kurz, M., Koelz, A., Gorges, J., Carmona, B. P., Brang, P., Vitasse, Y., ... & Csillery, K. (2023). Tracing the origin of Oriental beech stands across Western Europe and reporting hybridization with European beech–Implications for assisted gene flow. Forest Ecology and Management, 531, 120801.
33. Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Some atmospheric trace metals deposition in selected trees as a possible biomonitor. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 27(1), 3227-3236.
34. QAir (2021) 2021 World Air Quality Report. Region & City PM2.5 Ranking, Report (1-43). https://www.iqair.com/us/world-most-polluted-cities
35. Isinkaralar, K., Isinkaralar, O., Koç, İ., Özel, H.B., & Sevik, H. (2023). Assessing the possibility of airborne bismuth accumulation and spatial distribution in an urban area by tree bark: A case study in Düzce, Türkiye. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-12.
36. Onat, B., Şahin, Ü.A., Uzun, B., Akın, Ö., Özkaya, F., & Ayvaz, Ç. (2019) Determinants of exposure to ultrafine particulate matter, black carbon, and PM2.5 in common travel modes in Istanbul. Atmospheric Environment 206, 258–270.
37. Sulhan, O. F., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2023). Assessment of Cr and Zn deposition on Picea pungens Engelm. in urban air of Ankara, Türkiye. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(5), 4365-4384.
38. Bhaduri, A. M., & Fulekar, M. H. (2012). Antioxidant enzyme responses of plants to heavy metal stress. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 11, 55-69.
39. Bayraktar, E. P., Isinkaralar, O., & Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Usability of several species for monitoring and reducing the heavy metal pollution threatening the public health in urban environment of Ankara. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 14(3), 276-283.
40. Isinkaralar, O., Isinkaralar, K., Sevik, H., & Küçük, Ö. (2023). Spatial modeling the climate change risk of river basins via climate classification: a scenario-based prediction approach for Türkiye. Natural Hazards, 1-18.
41. Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Singh, H., & Kumar, N. (2021). Adaptation and mitigation potential of roadside trees with bio-extraction of heavy metals under vehicular emissions and their impact on physiological traits during seasonal regimes. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 58, 126900.
42. Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, R., Zhou, J., & Jiang, Z. (2022). Biomonitoring and phytoremediation potential of the leaves, bark, and branch bark of street trees for heavy metal pollution in urban areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(5), 344.
43. Hussain, J., Wei, X., Xue-Gang, L., Shah, S. R. U., Aslam, M., Ahmed, I., ... & Azam, T. (2021). Garlic (Allium sativum) based interplanting alters the heavy metals absorption and bacterial diversity in neighboring plants. Scientific reports, 11(1), 5833.
44. Ajmal, A. W., Saroosh, S., Mulk, S., Hassan, M. N., Yasmin, H., Jabeen, Z., ... & Mumtaz, S. (2021). Bacteria isolated from wastewater irrigated agricultural soils adapt to heavy metal toxicity while maintaining their plant growth promoting traits. Sustainability, 13(14), 7792.