Adli Analizde Malathion ve 4F-MDMB-BUTICA'nın Eşzamanlı Tanımlanması için GC-MS Uygulaması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 96 - 103, 25.12.2025

Ebru Gökmeşe , Melike Küyük , Faruk Gokmeşe

Öz

Sentetik kannabinoidler, doğal esrarın (THC) etkilerini taklit etmek üzere geliştirilmiş kimyasallar olup, THC’den çok daha güçlü ve tehlikelidirler. Bu tip maddeler “bonzai” gibi isimler ile bilinen bitkisel karışımlara püskürtülerek yasa dışı uyuşturucu pazarına sürülür. Malathion, tarımda zararlıların yok edilmesi ve kontrolü için kullanılan organofosforlu (OP) bir insektisittir. İnsanlar için düşük toksisitede bile malathiona maruz kalmanın solunum yolları ve sinir sistemi üzerinde olumsuz etkileri vardır. Bu çalışmada, sedatif etkiye sahip sentetik kannabinoidler ile birlikte kullanılan tarım ilacı kalıntılarının numunelerde eş zamanlı tespit edilmesine yönelik bir GC-MS metodu geliştirilmiştir. Organofosfatlı insektisitlerden Malathion ve yeni nesil sentetik kannabinoidlerden 4-Fluoro-MDMB-BUTICA, bitkisel numuneler üzerinde kalitatif olarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler neticesinde sedatif etkide bitkisel otların içerisine emdirilen Malathion tarım ilacı tespit edilerek analizine olanak sağlanacaktır. Bu çalışmada tarım ilaçlarının kalitatif analizi, Gaz Kromatografi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GC-MS) cihazı ile optimize edilen deney metodu kullanılarak yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Malathion , kanabinoid , Adli Analiz , GC-MS

Destekleyen Kurum

Jandarma Kriminal Başkanlığı, Merkez Laboratuvarı

Teşekkür

Deneysel çalışmaların yürütülmesinde destek veren Jandarma Kriminal Başkanlığı Merkez Laboratuvar Amirliği'ne teşekkür ederiz.

Application of GC-MS for Simultaneous Identification of Malathion and 4F-MDMB-BUTICA in Forensic Analysis

Öz

Synthetic cannabinoids are chemicals developed to mimic the effects of natural marijuana (THC), and they are much more powerful and dangerous than THC. These types of substances are sprayed into herbal mixtures known as "bonzai" and put into the illegal drug market. Malathion is an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide used for the destruction and control of pests in agriculture. Even with low toxicity to humans, exposure to malathion has adverse effects on the respiratory tract and nervous system. In this study, a GC-MS method was developed for the simultaneous detection of pesticide residues used with synthetic cannabinoids with sedative effects in samples. Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, and 4-Fluoro-MDMB-BUTICA, a new generation synthetic cannabinoid, were qualitatively analyzed on plant samples. As a result of the data obtained, Malathion pesticide, which has a sedative effect and is absorbed into herbs, will be detected and analyzed. In this study, qualitative analysis of pesticides was performed using the experimental method optimized with the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) device.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Malathion , Cannabinoid , Forensic Analysis , GC-MS

Destekleyen Kurum

Gendarmerie Criminal Directorate, Central Laboratory

Teşekkür

We would like to thank the Gendarmerie Criminal Directorate, Central Laboratory Directorate, for their support in carrying out the experimental studies.

Kaynakça

• Muñoz, P.; Antón, A.; Núñez, M., Paranjpe, A., Ariño, J., Castells, X., Montero, J., Rieradevall, J. (2008). Comparing the Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Versus Open-Field Tomato Production in The Mediterranean Region. Acta Horticulturae, 801: 1591–1596.
• Ehrlich, P.R. (2011). A Personal View: Environmental Education—Its Content and Delivery. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences. 1: 6–13.
• Aktar, M. W., Sengupta, D., Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of Pesticides use in Agriculture: Their Benefits and Hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2(1): 1–12.
• Carvalho, F. P. (2017). Pesticides, Environment, and Food Safety. Food and Energy Security. 6 (2): 48–60.
• FAO. (2022). The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Sanchez-Bayo, F., Wyckhuys, K. A. G. (2019). Worldwide Decline of the Entomofauna: A Review of its Drivers. Biological Conservation. 232: 8–27.
• Silva, V., Mol, H. G. J., Zomer, P., Tienstra, M., Ritsema, C. J., Geissen, V. (2019). Pesticide Residues in European Agricultural Soils – A Hidden Reality Unfolded. Science of the Total Environment. 653: 1532–1545.
• Ozsoy A.Z., Nursal A.F., Karsli M.F., et al. (2016). Protective Effect of intravenous Lipid Emulsion Treatment on Malathion-induced Ovarian Toxicity in Female Rats. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 20: 2425–2434.
• Uysal M., Karaman S., (2018). Invivoeffects ofintravenous Lipid Emulsion on Lung Tissue in an Experimental Model of Acute Malathion intoxication. Toxicol Ind Health. 34:110–118.
• Varol S., Başarslan S.K., Fırat U., et al. (2015). Detection of Borderline Dosage of Malathion intoxication in a rat’s brain. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 19: 2318–2323.
• Kassiri, H., Rabbani, D., Mohebi, F., Dehghani, R., Takhtfiroozeh, S. (2021). A Review on the Removal Methods of Organophosphate Insecticide. Journal of Entomological Research. 45 (1) : 145-152.
• Schroeder-Spain, K., Fisher, L.L. and Smee, D.L. (2018). Uncoordinated: Effects of Sublethal Malathion and Carbaryl Exposures on Juvenile and Adult Blue Crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 504: 1-9.
• Bokulıć Petrıć, A., Stipičević, S., Mešić, A. (2023). Stability of Malathion, Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos in Different Water Types –a review. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 24 (4): 873-887.
• Porrini, C., Sabatini, A. G., Girotti, S., Fini, F., Monaco, L., Celli, G., Bortolotti, L., Ghini, S. (2003). The Death of Honey Bees and Environmental Pollution by Pesticides: The Honey Bees as Biological Indicators. Bulletin of Insectology. 56 (1): 147-152.
• Guo, D., Liu, W., Yao, T., et al, (2021). Combined Endocrine Disruptive Toxicity of Malathion and Cypermethrin to Gene Transcription and Hormones of the HPG Axis of Male Zebrafish (Daniorerio). Chemosphere. 267: 128864.
• Gurdal F., Asirdizer M., Aker R.G., Korkut S., Gocer Y., Kucukibrahimoglu E.E. et al. (2013). Review of Detection Frequency and Type of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Herbal Compounds Analyzed by Istanbul Narcotic Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Turkey. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 20: 667-672.
• Liechti, M. (2015). Novel Psychoactive Substances (designer drugs): Overview and Pharmacology of Modulators of Monoamine Signaling. Swiss Medical Weekly. 14 (145): 14043.
• Alzubi, A., Almahasneh, F., Khasawneh, R., Abu-El Rub, E., Baker, W.B., Zaoubi, R.M. (2024). The Synthetic Cannabinoids Menace: A Review of Health Risks and Toxicity. European Journal of Medical Research. 29: 49.
• Diao X., Huestis M.A. (2017). Approaches, Challenges, and Advances in Metabolism of New Synthetic Cannabinoids and Identification of Optimal Urinary Marker Metabolites. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 101: 239–253.
• Krotulski, A.J., Papsun, D.M., Walton, S.E., Logan, B.K. (2023). Positivity of New Synthetic Cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BICA Increasing in U.S. as Prevalence of 5-MDMB-PICA Wanes. CFSRE, Redefining Excellence in Forensic Science. NCJ Number 307389.
• Diao X., Huestis M.A. (2019). New Synthetic Cannabinoids Metabolism and Strategies to Best Identify Optimal Marker Metabolites. Frontiers in Chemistry. 7: 109.
• Kovács K., Kereszty É., Berkecz R., Tiszlavicz L., Sija É., Körmöczi T., et al. (2019). Fatal Intoxication of a Regular Drug User Following N-ethyl-hexedrone and ADB-FUBINACA Consumption. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 65: 92–100.
• Cannaert, A., Sparkes, E., Pike, E., Luo, J. L., Fang, A., Kevin, R. C., Ellison, R., Gerona, R., BANISTER, S. D., Stove, C. P. (2020). Synthesis and in Vitro Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Activity of Recently Detected Synthetic Cannabinoids 4F-MDMB-BICA, 5F-MPP-PICA, MMB-4enPICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, ADB-BINACA, APP-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, A-CHMINACA, 5F-AB-P7AICA, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA, and 5F-AP7AICA. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 11: 4434-4446.
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, (2021). Risk Assessment Report on a New Psychoactive Substance: methyl 2-{[1-(4- fluorobutyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dime- thylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BICA) in Accordance with Article 5c of Regulation (EC) No 1920/2006.
• Dryburgh, L. M., Bolan, N. S., Rout, P. R., Manevski, K., Halim, A., & Sarkar, B. (2021). Cannabis contaminants: Sources, distribution, human toxicity and regulatory considerations. Environmental Pollution, 287, 117562.