Araştırma Makalesi

Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet

Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1 24 Haziran 2026
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Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet

Öz

The external-ballistic behaviour of a projectile is governed by the drag forces acting on it throughout flight; accurate prediction of the drag coefficient (Cd) is therefore critical for trajectory and range calculations. However, the drag coefficient of the .40 S&W JHP bullet has not been reported in the literature and its open hollow-point nose is not represented by the standard drag-law families that assume conventional ogival profiles. This gap is compounded by the operating velocity of the round (352 m/s, Mach ≈ 1.02), which lies in the transonic regime, where shock formation and base separation make the drag coefficient particularly difficult to estimate. To address this gap, this study determines the drag coefficient of the .40 S&W JHP bullet through a three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) external-flow analysis based on NIJ 0101.06 reference conditions. The simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent under the ideal-gas assumption, using the k-ω SST turbulence model with a wall-resolved near-wall mesh (y⁺ ≈ 0.94) and a grid-independence study. The numerical analysis yielded a drag coefficient of Cd = 0.255. The flow field exhibited a pronounced pressure difference between the high-pressure stagnation region at the nose cavity (≈ 1.09×10⁵ Pa) and the low-pressure wake behind the base (≈ 4.39×10⁴ Pa), while the local Mach number reached 1.39 at the nose, indicating shock-wave formation; these results show that pressure drag is the dominant component of the total aerodynamic resistance. The original contribution of this work is that it provides, for the first time, a geometry-specific Cd for this widely used round in the transonic regime and quantifies the influence of the hollow-point cavity on its drag behaviour. The reported value provides a reference for external-ballistic trajectory prediction and for the design of ballistic test setups relevant to body-armour evaluation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

There are no ethical violations in this study.

Kaynakça

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  6. Al‐Haidari, S. R., & Al‐Obaidi, A. R. (2025). Extensive investigation of hydrothermal flow and heat performance improvement in a 3D tube based on varying concavity dimple and corrugation turbulator configurations. Heat Transfer. 54(5): 3134-3162.
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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Balistik Sistemleri, Dinamikler, Titreşim ve Titreşim Kontrolü, Makine Mühendisliğinde Sayısal Yöntemler

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

24 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

22 Nisan 2026

Kabul Tarihi

15 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Kılıç, R. C., Cellek, F., & Kantaroğlu, E. (2026). Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 12(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.55385/kastamonujes.1936094
AMA
1.Kılıç RC, Cellek F, Kantaroğlu E. Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences. 2026;12(1):32-42. doi:10.55385/kastamonujes.1936094
Chicago
Kılıç, Rıza Cem, Fatih Cellek, ve Emrah Kantaroğlu. 2026. “Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet”. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 12 (1): 32-42. https://doi.org/10.55385/kastamonujes.1936094.
EndNote
Kılıç RC, Cellek F, Kantaroğlu E (01 Haziran 2026) Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 12 1 32–42.
IEEE
[1]R. C. Kılıç, F. Cellek, ve E. Kantaroğlu, “Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet”, Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, c. 12, sy 1, ss. 32–42, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.55385/kastamonujes.1936094.
ISNAD
Kılıç, Rıza Cem - Cellek, Fatih - Kantaroğlu, Emrah. “Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet”. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 12/1 (01 Haziran 2026): 32-42. https://doi.org/10.55385/kastamonujes.1936094.
JAMA
1.Kılıç RC, Cellek F, Kantaroğlu E. Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences. 2026;12:32–42.
MLA
Kılıç, Rıza Cem, vd. “Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet”. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, c. 12, sy 1, Haziran 2026, ss. 32-42, doi:10.55385/kastamonujes.1936094.
Vancouver
1.Rıza Cem Kılıç, Fatih Cellek, Emrah Kantaroğlu. Numerical Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a .40 S&W JHP Bullet. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences. 01 Haziran 2026;12(1):32-4. doi:10.55385/kastamonujes.1936094