Evaluation and Analysis of Fire Risk Elements within the Visibility Zones of Lookout Towers: The Case of Izmir Regional Forest Directorate

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 341 - 364, 25.12.2025

Kamber Can Alkiş , Remzi Eker

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1845376

Öz

Aim of study: Evaluate the effectiveness of fire lookout towers in İzmir by integrating viewshed and network analyses with key fire-risk layers.
Area of study: İzmir Regional Forest Directorate (western Türkiye), with fire incident records from 2009-2023.
Material and method: DEM-based GIS viewshed mapping of tower visibility; road-network/vehicle-speed–based service-area (5-30 min) network analysis; overlay with fire susceptibility/severity maps, WUI, 2009-2023 incidents, and water sources; spatial intersections and summary statistics.
Main results: Towers see 72.1% of the area (27.9% blind spots); 75.9% of very-high susceptibility and 73.2% of high-severity zones are visible; 85.7% of 5-min reachable areas are visible but non-visible shares grow with longer times; in WUI, visibility = 72-78% while accessibility rises from 35.4-43.5% (5 min) to ~70% (15 min); 79% of past fires occurred in visible areas and >60% were accessible within 15 min; only 50.6% of 405 water sources are reachable in 10 min.
Research highlights: Considering visibility and accessibility together provides site-specific, action-oriented indicators; blind spots and limited short-term accessibility within the WUI are the primary gaps. Restricted access to water sources reduces operational efficiency. Optimizing tower siting and improving road/water infrastructure can increase coverage and response capacity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Accessibility , Fire Lookout Towers , Fire Severity , Visibility Analysis , WUI Zones

Yangın Gözetleme Kulelerinin Görünürlük Alanları İçindeki Yangın Risk Unsurlarının Değerlendirilmesi ve Analizi: İzmir Bölge Orman Müdürlüğü Örneği

Öz

Çalışmanın Amacı: İzmir’deki yangın gözetleme kulelerinin etkinliğini, görüş alanı (viewshed) ve ağ (network) analizlerini yangın riski katmanları ile bütünleştirerek değerlendirmek.
Çalışma Alanı: Batı Türkiye’de İzmir Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü; 2009-2023 dönemine ait yangın olay kayıtları kullanılmaktadır.
Materyal ve yöntem: DEM tabanlı CBS viewshed analiziyle kule görünürlüğünün haritası üretilmiş; yol ağı/araç hızlarına dayalı 5-30 dakikalık hizmet alanı (service area) ağ analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş; sonuçların yangın duyarlılığı/şiddeti, WUI, 2009-2023 yangın olayları ve su kaynaklarıyla bindirilerek mekânsal kesişimler ve özet istatistiklerle değerlendirilmiştir.
Temel sonuçlar: Kuleler alanın %72,1’ini görmekte, %27,9’u kör alan kalmaktadır; çok yüksek duyarlılığın %75,9’u ve yüksek şiddetin %75,9’si görünürdür. Beş dakikada erişilebilir alanların %85,7’si görünürken, süre uzadıkça görünmeyen pay artar. WUI’de görünürlük %72-78, erişilebilirlik ise 5 dakikada %35,4-43,5’ten 15 dakikada ~%70’e çıkar. Geçmiş yangınların %79’u görünür alanlarda meydana gelmiş; >%60’ına 15 dakikada erişilmiştir. 405 su kaynağının yalnızca %50,6’sına 10 dakikada ulaşılabilmektedir.
Araştırma vurguları: Görünürlük ve erişilebilirliğin birlikte ele alınması, sahaya özgü eyleme dönük göstergeler sunmaktadır; kör alanlar ve kısa sürede WUI erişilebilirliğinin sınırlı oluşu temel boşluklardır. Su kaynaklarına sınırlı erişim operasyonel verimliliği azaltır. Kule yer seçiminin optimizasyonu, yol/su altyapısının iyileştirilmesi kapsama ve müdahale kapasitesini artırabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Erişilebilirlik , Yangın Gözlem Kuleleri , Yangın Şiddeti , Görünürlük Analizi , OKA Bölgeleri

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