Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 42 - 57, 27.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1916841
https://izlik.org/JA36TX78HR

Öz

Aim of study: This study examines the impact of forest area expansion on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Türkiye, focusing on the roles of industrial production, energy consumption, and economic growth.
Area of study: The analysis covers Türkiye using annual data for the period 1990–2021. Data on GHG emissions, forest areas, industrial production, energy consumption, and economic growth were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) and other official sources.
Material and method: The study employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and Johansen cointegration approach to analyze the long-run relationships among the variables. Unit root tests were conducted to examine the stationarity properties of the series.
Main results: The findings indicate that forest area expansion significantly reduces GHG emissions in the long run, highlighting the role of forests as carbon sinks. In contrast, industrial production, energy consumption, and GDP per capita exert statistically significant positive effects on emissions. The Johansen cointegration results confirm a stable long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables.
Research highlights: Achieving Türkiye’s emission reduction targets requires strengthening forest management policies and aligning industrial production and energy consumption with environmental sustainability.

Kaynakça

  • Alper, F. (2017). Relationship between inflation and unemployment: The ARDL bound testing approach for Türkiye. Journal of International Trade and Economic Researches, 1(2), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.30711/utead.352151
  • Bektaş, S. & Baykuş, O. (2020). Seçilmiş sektörel krediler ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisinin ampirik analizi: Türkiye katılım bankaları örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(10), 244-258. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/57514/803294
  • Dietz, T. & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO₂ emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175-179.
  • Ehrlich, P. R. & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of population growth. Science, 171(3977), 1212-1217.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Erdoğan, A., Yılmaz, H. & Demir, S. (2021). Paris İklim Anlaşması ve Türkiye: Orman alanlarının genişletilmesiyle sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltılması. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre Politikaları Dergisi, 6(2), 45-60.
  • Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2021). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Inanç, S., & Ayaz, H. (2018). The impact of forests in climate change. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB), 3(1), 208-213. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.1.26
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Global Energy Review 2021: CO₂ emissions in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2021
  • IPCC (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/reports/sixth-assessment-report-synthesis-report/
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vector. Journal of Economics Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Karaca, N. & Demirtaş, M. (2020). Türkiye’de orman varlıklarının korunması ve genişletilmesi: Karbon yutakları ve iklim değişikliği. Orman ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 112-130.
  • Keenan, R. J., Reams, G. A., Achard, F., de Freitas, J. V., Grainger, A., et al. (2015). Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management, 352, 9-20.
  • Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iicder/issue/31645/347019
  • Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Pongratz, J., et al. (2018). Global carbon budget 2017. Earth System Science Data, 10(1), 405-448. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018
  • Lobanov, M. M., Zvezdanović Lobanova, J., Milinčić, M., & Zvezdanović, M. (2025). Impact of coal-based electricity generation, land use change, steel and cement production on CO₂ emissions: Evidence from Eastern European and Central Asian countries. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 18(1), 139-151. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2025-3754
  • Magazzino, C. (2016). Economic growth, CO₂ emissions, and energy use in the South Caucasus and Turkey: a PVAR analyses. International Energy Journal, 16(4
  • Magazzino, C., Cerulli, G., Shahzad, U., & Khan, S. (2023). The nexus between agricultural land use, urbanization, and greenhouse gas emissions: Novel implications from different stages of income levels. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 14, 101846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2023.101846
  • Magazzino, C., Cerulli, G., Haouas, I., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2024). The drivers of GHG emissions: A novel approach to estimate emissions using non-parametric analysis. Gondwana Research, 127, 4-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.10.004
  • Mahdavian, S. M., Askari, F., Kioumarsi, H., Harsini, R. N., Dehghanzadeh, H., et al. (2024). Modeling the linkage between climate change, CH₄ emissions, and land use with Iran's livestock production: A food security perspective. Natural Resources Forum, 48(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12532
  • Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. K. (2004). Determinants of demand for Fiji’s exports: An empirical investigation. The Developing Economies, 42(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2004.tb01017.x
  • Pamuk, M. & Bektaş, H. (2014). Türkiye’de eğitim harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Ardl sınır testi yaklaşımı. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 77-90. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/seyad/issue/53403/710216#article_cite
  • Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., et al. (2011). A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science, 333(6045), 988-993.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Raihan, A., & Tuspekova, A. (2022). Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, urbanization, tourism, agricultural value-added, and forested area on carbon dioxide emissions in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 12(4), 794-814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-022-00782-w
  • Sims, R. E. H., Schock, R. N., Adegbululgbe, A., Fenhann, J., Konstantinaviciute, I., et al. (2014). Energy supply. In Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change (pp. 599-670). Cambridge University Press.
  • Stern, N. & Stern, C. (2020). The economics of climate change: The Stern Review revisited. Nature Climate Change, 10(1), 15-24.
  • Şahin, G. & Gökdemir, L. (2016). İnsani gelişme endeksi bileşenlerinin Türkiye ölçeğinde ard l sınır testi ile sınanması. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 2(1), 1-24. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gjeb/issue/22280/239000
  • TurkStat (2022). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Orman Alanları Verileri. Retrieved from https://www.tuik.gov.tr
  • UNFCCC (2021). Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  • Wang, S. & Su, Y. (2020). Carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from the BRICS. Energy Policy, 143, 111569.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2020). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • World Bank (2021). CO₂ Emissions (Metric Tons per Capita). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org
  • Wu, H., Zheng, X., Zhou, L., & Meng, Y. (2024). Spatial autocorrelation and driving factors of carbon emission density of crop production in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(27), 27172-27191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32908-8

Türkiye’de Orman Alanlarının Karbon Yutakları Olarak Rolü: Sanayileşmenin ve Enerji Tüketiminin Sera Gazı Emisyonlarına Etkisi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 42 - 57, 27.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1916841
https://izlik.org/JA36TX78HR

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de orman alanlarının genişlemesinin sera gazı emisyonları üzerindeki etkisini incelemekte; özellikle sanayi üretimi, enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyümenin rolünü analiz etmektedir.
Çalışma alanı: Analiz, 1990–2021 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak Türkiye için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler TÜİK ve diğer resmi kaynaklardan elde edilmiştir.
Materyal ve yöntem: Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönem ilişkileri incelemek amacıyla ARDL modeli ve Johansen eşbütünleşme analizi kullanılmış, serilerin durağanlığı birim kök testleri ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Temel sonuçlar: Bulgular, orman alanlarının genişlemesinin uzun dönemde sera gazı emisyonlarını azalttığını ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliğe katkı sağladığını göstermektedir. Buna karşılık sanayi üretimi, enerji tüketimi ve kişi başına GSYİH emisyonları artıran ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif etkilere sahip faktörlerdir.
Araştırma vurguları: Türkiye’nin emisyon azaltım hedeflerine ulaşabilmesi için orman yönetimi politikalarının güçlendirilmesi ve enerji tüketimi ile sanayi üretiminin çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ilkeleriyle uyumlu hale getirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alper, F. (2017). Relationship between inflation and unemployment: The ARDL bound testing approach for Türkiye. Journal of International Trade and Economic Researches, 1(2), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.30711/utead.352151
  • Bektaş, S. & Baykuş, O. (2020). Seçilmiş sektörel krediler ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisinin ampirik analizi: Türkiye katılım bankaları örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(10), 244-258. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/57514/803294
  • Dietz, T. & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO₂ emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175-179.
  • Ehrlich, P. R. & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of population growth. Science, 171(3977), 1212-1217.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Erdoğan, A., Yılmaz, H. & Demir, S. (2021). Paris İklim Anlaşması ve Türkiye: Orman alanlarının genişletilmesiyle sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltılması. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre Politikaları Dergisi, 6(2), 45-60.
  • Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2021). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Inanç, S., & Ayaz, H. (2018). The impact of forests in climate change. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB), 3(1), 208-213. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.1.26
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Global Energy Review 2021: CO₂ emissions in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2021
  • IPCC (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/reports/sixth-assessment-report-synthesis-report/
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vector. Journal of Economics Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Karaca, N. & Demirtaş, M. (2020). Türkiye’de orman varlıklarının korunması ve genişletilmesi: Karbon yutakları ve iklim değişikliği. Orman ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 112-130.
  • Keenan, R. J., Reams, G. A., Achard, F., de Freitas, J. V., Grainger, A., et al. (2015). Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management, 352, 9-20.
  • Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iicder/issue/31645/347019
  • Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Pongratz, J., et al. (2018). Global carbon budget 2017. Earth System Science Data, 10(1), 405-448. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018
  • Lobanov, M. M., Zvezdanović Lobanova, J., Milinčić, M., & Zvezdanović, M. (2025). Impact of coal-based electricity generation, land use change, steel and cement production on CO₂ emissions: Evidence from Eastern European and Central Asian countries. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 18(1), 139-151. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2025-3754
  • Magazzino, C. (2016). Economic growth, CO₂ emissions, and energy use in the South Caucasus and Turkey: a PVAR analyses. International Energy Journal, 16(4
  • Magazzino, C., Cerulli, G., Shahzad, U., & Khan, S. (2023). The nexus between agricultural land use, urbanization, and greenhouse gas emissions: Novel implications from different stages of income levels. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 14, 101846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2023.101846
  • Magazzino, C., Cerulli, G., Haouas, I., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2024). The drivers of GHG emissions: A novel approach to estimate emissions using non-parametric analysis. Gondwana Research, 127, 4-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.10.004
  • Mahdavian, S. M., Askari, F., Kioumarsi, H., Harsini, R. N., Dehghanzadeh, H., et al. (2024). Modeling the linkage between climate change, CH₄ emissions, and land use with Iran's livestock production: A food security perspective. Natural Resources Forum, 48(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12532
  • Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. K. (2004). Determinants of demand for Fiji’s exports: An empirical investigation. The Developing Economies, 42(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2004.tb01017.x
  • Pamuk, M. & Bektaş, H. (2014). Türkiye’de eğitim harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Ardl sınır testi yaklaşımı. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 77-90. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/seyad/issue/53403/710216#article_cite
  • Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., et al. (2011). A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science, 333(6045), 988-993.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Raihan, A., & Tuspekova, A. (2022). Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, urbanization, tourism, agricultural value-added, and forested area on carbon dioxide emissions in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 12(4), 794-814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-022-00782-w
  • Sims, R. E. H., Schock, R. N., Adegbululgbe, A., Fenhann, J., Konstantinaviciute, I., et al. (2014). Energy supply. In Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change (pp. 599-670). Cambridge University Press.
  • Stern, N. & Stern, C. (2020). The economics of climate change: The Stern Review revisited. Nature Climate Change, 10(1), 15-24.
  • Şahin, G. & Gökdemir, L. (2016). İnsani gelişme endeksi bileşenlerinin Türkiye ölçeğinde ard l sınır testi ile sınanması. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 2(1), 1-24. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gjeb/issue/22280/239000
  • TurkStat (2022). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Orman Alanları Verileri. Retrieved from https://www.tuik.gov.tr
  • UNFCCC (2021). Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  • Wang, S. & Su, Y. (2020). Carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from the BRICS. Energy Policy, 143, 111569.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2020). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • World Bank (2021). CO₂ Emissions (Metric Tons per Capita). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org
  • Wu, H., Zheng, X., Zhou, L., & Meng, Y. (2024). Spatial autocorrelation and driving factors of carbon emission density of crop production in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(27), 27172-27191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32908-8
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ormancılık (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Serkan Şengül

Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1916841
IZ https://izlik.org/JA36TX78HR
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şengül, S. (2026). The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 26(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1916841
AMA 1.Şengül S. The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2026;26(1):42-57. doi:10.17475/kastorman.1916841
Chicago Şengül, Serkan. 2026. “The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 26 (1): 42-57. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1916841.
EndNote Şengül S (01 Mart 2026) The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 26 1 42–57.
IEEE [1]S. Şengül, “The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 26, sy 1, ss. 42–57, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.17475/kastorman.1916841.
ISNAD Şengül, Serkan. “The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 26/1 (01 Mart 2026): 42-57. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1916841.
JAMA 1.Şengül S. The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2026;26:42–57.
MLA Şengül, Serkan. “The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 26, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 42-57, doi:10.17475/kastorman.1916841.
Vancouver 1.Serkan Şengül. The Role of Forest Areas as Carbon Sinks in Türkiye: The Impact of Industrialization and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 01 Mart 2026;26(1):42-57. doi:10.17475/kastorman.1916841