BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Effect Factors on Transition from Surface Fire to Crown Fire

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 80 - 85, 01.06.2009

Ömer Küçük Ertuğrul Bilgili Bahar DİNÇ Durmaz Bülent Sağlam İsmail Baysal

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • Alexander ME. 1982. Calculating and interpreting forest fire intensities. Can. J. Bot. 60, 349-357.
  • Alexander ME. 1988. Help with making crown fire hazard assessments. In Proc. Symp. and workshop on protecting people and homes from wildfire in the Interior west, Fischer, W.C., and S.F. Arno (comps) USDA For.Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-251, p. 147-156.
  • Alexander ME. 1998. Crown fire thresholds in exotire pine plantations of Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, Austral. Natl. Unv., Canberra, ACT, Australia, 228p.
  • Alexander ME, Stefner CN, Mason JA, Stocks BJ, Hartly GR, Maffey ME, Wotton BM, Taylor SW, Lavoie N, Dalrymple GN, 2004. Characterizing the jack pine –black spruce fuel complex of the international crown fire modelling experiment (ICFME). Can. For. Serv. Northern For. Cent. Inf. Report NOR-X-393.
  • Alexander ME. 2006. Models for predicting crown fire behavior –in V Short Course on Fire Behaviour, 25-26 November 2006, Figueira da Foz, Portugal. Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics, Forest Fire Research Centre, P. 173- 225 Coimbra, Portugal.
  • Brown JK. 1978. Weight and density of crowns of Rocky Mountain conifers. Res. Pap. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 56p.
  • Butler BW., Cohen JD. 1998. Firefighter safety zones: a theoretical model based on radiative heating. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 8(2), 73– 77.
  • Call PT, Albini FA. 1997. Aerial and surface fuel consumption in crown fires. Int. J. Wildland Fire 7, 259–264.
  • Chrosciewicz Z. 1986. Foliar moisture content variations in four coniferous tree species of central Alberta. Can. J. For. Res, 16, 157-162.
  • Cruz MG. 1999. Modeling the initiation and spread of crown fires. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Montana, Missoula, MT. 162p.
  • Cruz MG., Alexander ME., Wakimoto RH. 2003. Assessing the probability of crown fire initiation based on fire danger indices. The Forestry Chronicle, 79(5), 976-983.
  • Cruz MG., Alexander ME., Wakimoto RH. 2004. Modeling the likelihood of crown fire occurrence in conifer forest stands. Forest Science, 50(5), 640-658.
  • Cruz MG., Butler BW., Alexander ME. 2006. Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part II: model evaluation. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 15, 61-72.
  • de Mestre NJ., Catchpole EA., Anderson DH., Rothermel RC. 1989. Uniform propagation of a planar fire front without wind. Combust. Sci. Tech, 65, 231–244.
  • Dimitrakopoulos AP., Mitsopoulos ID., Rapits DI. 2007. Nomographs for predicting crown fire ignition in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests. Eur. J. Forest Re, DOI 10.1007/s10342- 007-0176-4.
  • Finney MA. 1998. FARSITE: fire area simulator-Model development and evaluation. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-4, 47p.
  • Forest Canada Fire Danger Group. 1992. Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. Forestry Canada, Ottawa, Ont. Inf. Rep. ST-X-3.
  • Fuglem PL., Murphy PJ. 1980. Foliar moisture content and crown fires in Alberta conifers. Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Edmonton, AB. ENR Report No. 158. 47p.
  • Keane R E., Garner JL., Schmidt KM., Long DG., Menakis JP., Finney MA. 1998. Development of input data layers for the FARSITE fire growth model for the Selway- Bitterroot Wilderness complex, USA. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-3. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 66p.
  • Kilgore, B. M.; Sando, R. W. 1975. Crown- fire potential in a Sequoia forest after prescribed burning. Forest Science. 21(1): 83–87.
  • Neyişci, T. 1996. Kolay ve Güç Yanan Bitki Türleri. Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, Yıl:33, Sayı:5, Ankara.
  • Neyiçci T, Şirin G, Sarıbaşak H. 2002. Batı Akdeniz bölgesinde orman yangın tehlikesinin düşürülmesinde denetimli yakma tekniğinin uygulanması. Türkiye Ormancılar Derneği, yayın no:2, Ankara.
  • Rothermal RC. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA Forest service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station research, General Technical Report, INT-115.
  • Rothermal RC. 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. USDA Forest service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station research, General Technical Report, INT-143.
  • Rothermal RC. 1991. Predicting behavior and size crown fires in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station research, General Technical Report, INT-438.
  • Reinhardt ED., Brown JK., Fischer WC., Graham RT. 1991. Woody fuel and duff consumption by prescribed fire in northern Idoha mixed conifer logging slash. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-443.
  • Reinhardt ED., Keane RE., Brown JK. 1997. First order fire effects model: FOFEM 4.0 user’s guide. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT- 344.
  • Scott JH., Reinhardt ED. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-RP-29.
  • Stocks BJ., Alexander ME., Wotton BM., Stefner CN., Flannigan MD, et al. 2004. Crown fire behavior in a northern jack pine-black spruce forest. Can. J. For. Res, 34, 1548–1560.
  • Springer EA., Van Wagner CE. 1984. The seasonal foliar moisture trend of black spruce at Kapuskasing, Ontario. Can. For. Serv. Res. Note. 4, 39–42.
  • Van Wagner C E. 1974. A spread index for crown fires in spring. Inf. Rep. PI-X-55. Canadian Forest Service, Petawawa Nat. For. Inst.
  • Van Wagner CE. 1977. Conditions for the Start and Spread of Crown Fire. Can. J. For. Res, 7, 23-34.
  • Van Wagner CE. 1989. Prediction of Crown fire Behavior in Conifer Stands, in Proc. 10th Conf. Fire and For. Meteor. (17-21 April 1989, Ottawa, Ontario), For. Can. and Environ. Can., p 207-212, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Van Vagner C.E. 1993. Prediction of Crown fire behavior in two stands of Jack pine. Can. J. For. Res, 23: 442-449.
  • Xanthopoulos G. 1990. Development of a wildland crown fire initiation model. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Montana, Missoula, Montana, 152p.

Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 80 - 85, 01.06.2009

Ömer Küçük Ertuğrul Bilgili Bahar DİNÇ Durmaz Bülent Sağlam İsmail Baysal

Öz

Orman yangınları, vejetasyon dinamiklerini etkileyen ana faktörlerden birisidir. Orman yangınları genellikle ölü örtü tabakasından başlar ve gelişir. Uygun yanıcı madde ve hava halleri koşulları altında tepe yangınına dönüşür. Örtü yangınının tepe yangınına dönüşmesi orman zeminindeki ara ve alt tabakadaki yanıcı maddenin durumu (miktarı, dağılımı, yatay ve dikey sürekliliği, nem içeriği), tepedeki, yanıcı madde miktarı, nem içeriği, tepe altı yüksekliği eğim ve rüzgara bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada örtü yangınının tepe yangınına dönüşmesinde etkili olan temel faktörler açıklanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Örtü yangını Tepe yangını Yanıcı madde nemi Rüzgar Tepe altı yüksekliği

Kaynakça

  • Alexander ME. 1982. Calculating and interpreting forest fire intensities. Can. J. Bot. 60, 349-357.
  • Alexander ME. 1988. Help with making crown fire hazard assessments. In Proc. Symp. and workshop on protecting people and homes from wildfire in the Interior west, Fischer, W.C., and S.F. Arno (comps) USDA For.Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-251, p. 147-156.
  • Alexander ME. 1998. Crown fire thresholds in exotire pine plantations of Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, Austral. Natl. Unv., Canberra, ACT, Australia, 228p.
  • Alexander ME, Stefner CN, Mason JA, Stocks BJ, Hartly GR, Maffey ME, Wotton BM, Taylor SW, Lavoie N, Dalrymple GN, 2004. Characterizing the jack pine –black spruce fuel complex of the international crown fire modelling experiment (ICFME). Can. For. Serv. Northern For. Cent. Inf. Report NOR-X-393.
  • Alexander ME. 2006. Models for predicting crown fire behavior –in V Short Course on Fire Behaviour, 25-26 November 2006, Figueira da Foz, Portugal. Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics, Forest Fire Research Centre, P. 173- 225 Coimbra, Portugal.
  • Brown JK. 1978. Weight and density of crowns of Rocky Mountain conifers. Res. Pap. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 56p.
  • Butler BW., Cohen JD. 1998. Firefighter safety zones: a theoretical model based on radiative heating. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 8(2), 73– 77.
  • Call PT, Albini FA. 1997. Aerial and surface fuel consumption in crown fires. Int. J. Wildland Fire 7, 259–264.
  • Chrosciewicz Z. 1986. Foliar moisture content variations in four coniferous tree species of central Alberta. Can. J. For. Res, 16, 157-162.
  • Cruz MG. 1999. Modeling the initiation and spread of crown fires. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Montana, Missoula, MT. 162p.
  • Cruz MG., Alexander ME., Wakimoto RH. 2003. Assessing the probability of crown fire initiation based on fire danger indices. The Forestry Chronicle, 79(5), 976-983.
  • Cruz MG., Alexander ME., Wakimoto RH. 2004. Modeling the likelihood of crown fire occurrence in conifer forest stands. Forest Science, 50(5), 640-658.
  • Cruz MG., Butler BW., Alexander ME. 2006. Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part II: model evaluation. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 15, 61-72.
  • de Mestre NJ., Catchpole EA., Anderson DH., Rothermel RC. 1989. Uniform propagation of a planar fire front without wind. Combust. Sci. Tech, 65, 231–244.
  • Dimitrakopoulos AP., Mitsopoulos ID., Rapits DI. 2007. Nomographs for predicting crown fire ignition in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests. Eur. J. Forest Re, DOI 10.1007/s10342- 007-0176-4.
  • Finney MA. 1998. FARSITE: fire area simulator-Model development and evaluation. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-4, 47p.
  • Forest Canada Fire Danger Group. 1992. Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. Forestry Canada, Ottawa, Ont. Inf. Rep. ST-X-3.
  • Fuglem PL., Murphy PJ. 1980. Foliar moisture content and crown fires in Alberta conifers. Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Edmonton, AB. ENR Report No. 158. 47p.
  • Keane R E., Garner JL., Schmidt KM., Long DG., Menakis JP., Finney MA. 1998. Development of input data layers for the FARSITE fire growth model for the Selway- Bitterroot Wilderness complex, USA. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-3. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 66p.
  • Kilgore, B. M.; Sando, R. W. 1975. Crown- fire potential in a Sequoia forest after prescribed burning. Forest Science. 21(1): 83–87.
  • Neyişci, T. 1996. Kolay ve Güç Yanan Bitki Türleri. Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, Yıl:33, Sayı:5, Ankara.
  • Neyiçci T, Şirin G, Sarıbaşak H. 2002. Batı Akdeniz bölgesinde orman yangın tehlikesinin düşürülmesinde denetimli yakma tekniğinin uygulanması. Türkiye Ormancılar Derneği, yayın no:2, Ankara.
  • Rothermal RC. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA Forest service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station research, General Technical Report, INT-115.
  • Rothermal RC. 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. USDA Forest service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station research, General Technical Report, INT-143.
  • Rothermal RC. 1991. Predicting behavior and size crown fires in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station research, General Technical Report, INT-438.
  • Reinhardt ED., Brown JK., Fischer WC., Graham RT. 1991. Woody fuel and duff consumption by prescribed fire in northern Idoha mixed conifer logging slash. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-443.
  • Reinhardt ED., Keane RE., Brown JK. 1997. First order fire effects model: FOFEM 4.0 user’s guide. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT- 344.
  • Scott JH., Reinhardt ED. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-RP-29.
  • Stocks BJ., Alexander ME., Wotton BM., Stefner CN., Flannigan MD, et al. 2004. Crown fire behavior in a northern jack pine-black spruce forest. Can. J. For. Res, 34, 1548–1560.
  • Springer EA., Van Wagner CE. 1984. The seasonal foliar moisture trend of black spruce at Kapuskasing, Ontario. Can. For. Serv. Res. Note. 4, 39–42.
  • Van Wagner C E. 1974. A spread index for crown fires in spring. Inf. Rep. PI-X-55. Canadian Forest Service, Petawawa Nat. For. Inst.
  • Van Wagner CE. 1977. Conditions for the Start and Spread of Crown Fire. Can. J. For. Res, 7, 23-34.
  • Van Wagner CE. 1989. Prediction of Crown fire Behavior in Conifer Stands, in Proc. 10th Conf. Fire and For. Meteor. (17-21 April 1989, Ottawa, Ontario), For. Can. and Environ. Can., p 207-212, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Van Vagner C.E. 1993. Prediction of Crown fire behavior in two stands of Jack pine. Can. J. For. Res, 23: 442-449.
  • Xanthopoulos G. 1990. Development of a wildland crown fire initiation model. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Montana, Missoula, Montana, 152p.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ömer Küçük Bu kişi benim

Ertuğrul Bilgili Bu kişi benim

Bahar DİNÇ Durmaz Bu kişi benim

Bülent Sağlam Bu kişi benim

İsmail Baysal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçük, Ö., Bilgili, E., Durmaz, B. D., Sağlam, B., vd. (2009). Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 9(2), 80-85.
AMA Küçük Ö, Bilgili E, Durmaz BD, Sağlam B, Baysal İ. Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. Haziran 2009;9(2):80-85.
Chicago Küçük, Ömer, Ertuğrul Bilgili, Bahar DİNÇ Durmaz, Bülent Sağlam, ve İsmail Baysal. “Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 9, sy. 2 (Haziran 2009): 80-85.
EndNote Küçük Ö, Bilgili E, Durmaz BD, Sağlam B, Baysal İ (01 Haziran 2009) Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 9 2 80–85.
IEEE Ö. Küçük, E. Bilgili, B. D. Durmaz, B. Sağlam, ve İ. Baysal, “Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 80–85, 2009.
ISNAD Küçük, Ömer vd. “Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 9/2 (Haziran 2009), 80-85.
JAMA Küçük Ö, Bilgili E, Durmaz BD, Sağlam B, Baysal İ. Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2009;9:80–85.
MLA Küçük, Ömer vd. “Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 9, sy. 2, 2009, ss. 80-85.
Vancouver Küçük Ö, Bilgili E, Durmaz BD, Sağlam B, Baysal İ. Örtü Yangınının Tepe Yangınına Geçişinde Etkili Olan Faktörler. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2009;9(2):80-5.

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