BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

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Yıl 2015, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 104 - 119, 27.02.2015

Tendü Göktuğ , Nihan Arpa , Tendü Göktuğ

Öz

Today, the areas that are protected in the context of the idea to develop sustainability and the national parks are among the most important recreated areas of usage. The objectives of national park management are to protect natural and cultural resources and to offer the visitors opportunity for the good quality of recreational experience, as well. Within this scope, in order to develop sound planning and management approaches, it is essential to define recreational carrying capacity in terms of providing ideal physical, social and ecological conditions. The aim of this study is to analyze physic-social capacity of Ilgaz Winter Sports Tourism Center to compare with the current situation and to develop of alternative management strategies. In this study, the methods of Comfortable Carrying Capacity (CCC) and Density Analysis (Cahill and Larson, 2002) were used. The physic-social capacity of Ilgaz Winter Sports Tourism Center was found to be 1191 visitor/day and the existing lifts are used with a 100 % occupancy rate. The results demonstrated that actual average visitation of the ski center is higher than the carrying capacity, which is calculated Yurduntepe Ski Center was incorporated into the capacity analyses and the results were re-calculated in an attempt to reduce the recreational usage that is higher than the capacity in Ilgaz Winter Sports Tourism Center The results of the re-calculation demonstrated that the capacity would increase to 1814 skier/day. Based on these results, it has been proposed to provide transportation between two ski resorts in order to limit the number of visitors, which is above the physic-social carrying capacity and has become a prominent management problem

Anahtar Kelimeler

National Park Visitor Management Recreational Carrying Capacity Comfortable

Kaynakça

  • (Anonim, 2014). Ilgaz Dağı Milli Park Müdürlüğü, Kastamonu.
  • (Anonim, 1983). Milli Parklar Kanunu, No: 2873. Resmi Gazete Sayı: 18132.
  • Akten S., Gül A., Akten M., 2009. Korunan doğal alanların katılımcı yönetim planında ziyaretçi etki yönetimi yaklaşımı modeli. International Davraz Congress on Social and Economic Issues Shaping The World's Future: New Global Isparta.
  • Balcı V., ve Koçak F., 2014. Spor ve rekreasyon alanlarının tasarımında ve kullanımında çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi,5(2), 46-58.
  • Beat von Allmen, P. E., 2002. How To Measure Trail Capacity. http://www.alpentech.net /downloads/How-to-measure-trail-capacity.pdf.
  • Cahill D., Larson M., 2002. Finding elbow room, Ski Area Management, January, pp. 49–50.
  • Cahill K.L., Marion J.L., Lawson S.R., 2007. Enhancing the interpretation of stated choice tradeoff analysis through the application of a verbal protocol assessment. Journal of Leisure Research;Second Quarter.39, 2.
  • Clydesdale G., 2007. Ski development and strategy. Tourism and Hospitality Planning ve Development, 4(1), 1-23.
  • Cumberbatch J., Moses, J., 2011. Social carrying capacity in beach management in Barbados. Journal of Coastal Research, 14-23
  • Daniels M. L., Marion J. L., 2006. Visitor evaluations of management actions at a highly impacted Appalachian Trail camping area.
  • Environmental Management, 38(6), 1006-1019.
  • Dudley N., Mulongoy K.J., Cohen S., Stolton, S., Barberve Gidda, S. B., 2005. Etkin Korunan Alan Sistemlerine Doğru. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi Korunan Alanlar İş Programı Uygulama Kılavuzu. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi Sekreteryası, Montreal, Teknik Seriler No. 18,108 sayfa.
  • Ferguson M. A., Keith L. B., 1982. Influence of Nordic skiing on distribution of noose and elk in Elk Island National Park, Alberta.
  • Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa ON,96(1), 69-78.
  • Ferreira S. L., Harmse, A. C., 1999. The social carrying capacity of Kruger National Park, South Africa: policy and practice. Tourism geographies, 1(3), 325-342.
  • Fleishman L., Feitelson E., 2009. An application of the recreation level of service approach to forests in Israel. Landscape and Urban Planning, 89(3), 86-97.
  • Göktuğ T.H., Yıldız N. D., Demir M Bulut,Y., 2013. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Atatürk Üniversitesi. Ziraat Fakültesi. Dergisi., 44 (2).
  • Grabherr G., 1985. Damage to vegetation by recreation in the Austrian and German Alps. In: The ecological impacts of outdoor recreation on mountain areas in Europe and North America (Edited by NG Bayfield and GC Barrow).RERG Report, Recreation Ecology Research Group, UK, (9), 74-91.
  • Graymore M. L., Sipe N. G., Rickson R. E., 2010. Sustaining human carrying capacity: a tool for regional sustainability assessment. Ecological economics, 69(3), 459-468.
  • Hammitt W. E., Brown Jr, G. F., 1984. Functions of privacy in wilderness environments. Leisure Sciences, 6(2), 151-166.
  • Heberlein T. A., Alfano G., 1983. Social carrying capacity for boating at Apostle Island National Lakeshore. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program.
  • Ismert M., Petrick J. F., 2004. Indicators and standards of quality related to seasonal employment in the ski industry. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 46-56.
  • Jurado E. Dantas A. G. Silva C. P. D., 2009. Coastal zone management: Tools for establishing a set of indicators to assess beach carrying capacity (Costa del Sol—Spain). Journal of Coastal Research, 1125-1129.
  • Kalaycı Ş., 2006. SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Vol. 2.
  • Karaküçük S., 1999. Rekreasyon boş zamanları değerlendirme. Bağırgan Yayımevi ISBN:975-581-048-X, 413 s, Kızılay- Ankara.
  • Lawson S.R., Manning R.E., Valliere W.A., Wang B., 2003. Proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity in arches national park: an Application of Computer Simulation Modeling. Journal of Environmental Management 68: 305-313.
  • Lawson S. R., Manning R. E., 2003. Research to guide management of backcountry camping at Isle Royale National Park: Part II–Prescriptive Research. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(3), 43-56.
  • Manning R., 2001. Programs that work. Visitor experience and resource protection: a framework for managing the carrying capacity of National Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(1), 93-108.
  • Manning R.E., Lime D.W., 2000. Defining and managing the quality of wilderness recreation experiences. In Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference Vol. 4, pp. 13-52.
  • Manning R.E., 2002. How much is too much? Carrying Capacity of National Parks And Protected Areas. In: Arnberger, A., Branderburg, A. ve Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30–February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University Vienna. p. 306–313.
  • Müderrisoğlu H., Yerli Ö., Turan A. A., Duru N., 2005. ROS (Rekreasyonel Fırsat Dağılımı) yöntemi ile Abant Tabiat Parkı’nda kullanıcı memnuniyetinin belirlenmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 397-405.
  • Needham M. D., Rollins R. B., Wood C. J., 2004. Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(6), 421-437.
  • Needham M. D., Rollins R. B., 2005. Interest group standards for recreation and tourism impacts at ski areas in the summer. Tourism Management, 26(1), 1-13.
  • Newman P., Manning R., Dennis D., McKonly W., 2005. Informing carrying capacity decision making in Yosemite National Park, USA using stated choice modeling. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 23(1), 75-89.
  • Nilsen, P. ve Tayler, G. 1997. A comparative analysis of protected area planning and management frameworks. 1997. Proceedings Limits of Acceptable Change And Related Planning Processes: Progress And Future Directions; 1997 May 20-22; Missoula, MT. Gen.Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-371. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 49-57.
  • Ormiston D., Gilbert A., Manning R. E., 1998. Indicators and standards of quality for ski resort management. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 35‐41.
  • Özkan M. B., 2001. Kentsel Rekreasyon Alan Planlaması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 73s, Bornova- İzmir.
  • Papageorgiou K., Brotherton I., 1999. A management planning framework based on ecological, perceptual and economic carrying capacity: the case study of Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece. Journal of Environmental Management 56: 271-284.
  • Patthey P., Wirthner S., Signorell N., Arlettaz, R., 2008. Impact of outdoor winter sports on the abundance of a key indicator species of alpine ecosystems. Journal of applied ecology, 45(6), 1704-1711.
  • Pickering C. M., Hill W., 2003. Ecological change as a result of winter tourism: snow manipulation in the Australian Alps Nature-Based Tourism. Environment And Land Management, 137-149.
  • Pickering C. M., Bear R., Hill W., 2007. Indirect impacts of nature based tourism and recreation: the association between infrastructure and the diversity of exotic plants in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. Journal of Ecotourism, 6(2), 146-157.
  • Prato T., 2001. Modeling carrying capacity for national parks. Ecological economics, 39(3), 321-331.
  • Progressive A. E., 2005. Little long lake-recreational and environmental carrying capacity study. Prepared for: Four Township Water Resources Council. Project, (51830108).
  • Sağlam, C. (2007). Davras Dağı (Isparta) ve çevresinin orman ve çalı vejetasyonu. Süleyman Demirel Üniv Fen Bil Ens Derg, 11, 140-157.
  • Saveriades A., 2000. Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of the East Coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Tourism Management 21: 147-156.
  • Sayan M. S., Atik M., 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimates for protected areas: a study of Termessos National Park. Ekoloji, 20(78), 66-74.
  • Shelby B., Heberlein T. A., 1984. A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 433-451.
  • Silva C.P., 2002. Beach carrying capacity assessment: How Important is it? Journal of Coastal Research 36: 190-197.
  • Silva C.P., Alves F.L., Rocha R., 2007. The management of beach carrying capacity: The Case of Northern Portugal. Journal of Coastal Research 50: 135-139.
  • Stankey G.H. McCool S.F., 1984. Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, Appraisal, and Application. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 453-473.
  • Sterl P., Wagner S., Arnberger A., 2004. Social carrying capacity of Canoeists in Austria's Danube Floodplains National Park. MMV Second: Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management, 261-268.
  • Tarrant M. A., English D. B., 1996. A crowding-based model of social carrying capacity: Application for whitewater boating use. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 155.
  • Thompson D. B. A., Galbraith H., Horsfield D., 1987. Ecology and resources of Britain's mountain plateaux: land use conflicts and impacts. Agriculture and Conservation in the Hills and Uplands, 22-31.
  • Tseng Y. P., Kyle G. T., Shafer C. S., Graefe A. R., Bradle T. A., Schuett M. A., 2009. Exploring the crowding–satisfaction relationship in recreational boating. Environmental management, 43(3), 496-507.
  • Wagar J.A., 1964. The Carrying Capacity of Wild Lands for Recreation. Forest Science Monograph 7. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 24p.
  • Warzecha C., Manning R., Lime D., Freimund W., 2001. Diversity in outdoor recreation: planning and managing a spectrum of visitor opportunities in and among parks. The George Wright Forum, 18(3), 99-112.
  • Wemple B., Shanley J., Denner J., Ross D., Mills K., 2007. Hydrology and water quality in two mountain basins of the northeastern US: assessing baseline conditions and effects of ski area development. Hydrological Processes, 21(12), 1639-1650.
  • Williams P., Lemckert C., 2007. Beach Carrying Capacity: has it been exceeded on the Gold Coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 50, 21-24.
  • Zacarias D. A., Williams A. T., Newton A., 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal.Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075-1081.

Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 104 - 119, 27.02.2015

Tendü Göktuğ , Nihan Arpa , Tendü Göktuğ

Öz

Gelişen sürdürülebilirlik düşüncesi kapsamında korunan alanlar ve milli parklar, günümüzde en önemli rekreatif kullanım alanı biçimlerinden birini oluşturmaktadır. Milli parklar yönetiminin amacı, doğal ve kültürel kaynak değerlerinin korunması ve beraberinde ziyaretçilere kaliteli bir rekreasyonel deneyim imkânı sunabilmektir. Bu çerçevede doğru planlama ve yönetim yaklaşımı geliştirebilmek için ideal fiziksel, sosyal ve ekolojik şartların sağlanması yönünde rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesinin tanımlanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi'nin fiziksel ve sosyal kapasitesinin analiz edilerek, mevcut durumla karşılaştırılması ve alternatif bir yönetim stratejinin geliştirilmesidir. Çalışmada, Konforlu Taşıma Kapasitesi (KTK) ve Yoğunluk Analizi (Cahill ve Larson 2002) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi’nin fiziko-sosyal kapasitesinin 1191 ziyaretçi/gün olduğu, mevcut liftler ile pistlerin %100 doluluk oranında kullanılabildiği, mevcut kullanımların ise kapasitenin üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezinde kapasite üstü kullanımların azaltılması yönünde Yurduntepe kayak merkezi kapasite analizlerine dahil edilerek yeniden hesaplanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, günlük kayakçı kapasitesinin 1814 kayakçı/gün olacağı tespit edilmiştir. Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi'nde belirgin bir yönetim sorunu haline gelen fiziko-sosyal kapasitenin üzerindeki ziyaretçi yoğunluğunun sınırlandırılması yönünde iki kayak merkezi arasında ulaşımın sağlanması önerilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Milli Park Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesi Konforlu

Kaynakça

  • (Anonim, 2014). Ilgaz Dağı Milli Park Müdürlüğü, Kastamonu.
  • (Anonim, 1983). Milli Parklar Kanunu, No: 2873. Resmi Gazete Sayı: 18132.
  • Akten S., Gül A., Akten M., 2009. Korunan doğal alanların katılımcı yönetim planında ziyaretçi etki yönetimi yaklaşımı modeli. International Davraz Congress on Social and Economic Issues Shaping The World's Future: New Global Isparta.
  • Balcı V., ve Koçak F., 2014. Spor ve rekreasyon alanlarının tasarımında ve kullanımında çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi,5(2), 46-58.
  • Beat von Allmen, P. E., 2002. How To Measure Trail Capacity. http://www.alpentech.net /downloads/How-to-measure-trail-capacity.pdf.
  • Cahill D., Larson M., 2002. Finding elbow room, Ski Area Management, January, pp. 49–50.
  • Cahill K.L., Marion J.L., Lawson S.R., 2007. Enhancing the interpretation of stated choice tradeoff analysis through the application of a verbal protocol assessment. Journal of Leisure Research;Second Quarter.39, 2.
  • Clydesdale G., 2007. Ski development and strategy. Tourism and Hospitality Planning ve Development, 4(1), 1-23.
  • Cumberbatch J., Moses, J., 2011. Social carrying capacity in beach management in Barbados. Journal of Coastal Research, 14-23
  • Daniels M. L., Marion J. L., 2006. Visitor evaluations of management actions at a highly impacted Appalachian Trail camping area.
  • Environmental Management, 38(6), 1006-1019.
  • Dudley N., Mulongoy K.J., Cohen S., Stolton, S., Barberve Gidda, S. B., 2005. Etkin Korunan Alan Sistemlerine Doğru. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi Korunan Alanlar İş Programı Uygulama Kılavuzu. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi Sekreteryası, Montreal, Teknik Seriler No. 18,108 sayfa.
  • Ferguson M. A., Keith L. B., 1982. Influence of Nordic skiing on distribution of noose and elk in Elk Island National Park, Alberta.
  • Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa ON,96(1), 69-78.
  • Ferreira S. L., Harmse, A. C., 1999. The social carrying capacity of Kruger National Park, South Africa: policy and practice. Tourism geographies, 1(3), 325-342.
  • Fleishman L., Feitelson E., 2009. An application of the recreation level of service approach to forests in Israel. Landscape and Urban Planning, 89(3), 86-97.
  • Göktuğ T.H., Yıldız N. D., Demir M Bulut,Y., 2013. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum - Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Atatürk Üniversitesi. Ziraat Fakültesi. Dergisi., 44 (2).
  • Grabherr G., 1985. Damage to vegetation by recreation in the Austrian and German Alps. In: The ecological impacts of outdoor recreation on mountain areas in Europe and North America (Edited by NG Bayfield and GC Barrow).RERG Report, Recreation Ecology Research Group, UK, (9), 74-91.
  • Graymore M. L., Sipe N. G., Rickson R. E., 2010. Sustaining human carrying capacity: a tool for regional sustainability assessment. Ecological economics, 69(3), 459-468.
  • Hammitt W. E., Brown Jr, G. F., 1984. Functions of privacy in wilderness environments. Leisure Sciences, 6(2), 151-166.
  • Heberlein T. A., Alfano G., 1983. Social carrying capacity for boating at Apostle Island National Lakeshore. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program.
  • Ismert M., Petrick J. F., 2004. Indicators and standards of quality related to seasonal employment in the ski industry. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 46-56.
  • Jurado E. Dantas A. G. Silva C. P. D., 2009. Coastal zone management: Tools for establishing a set of indicators to assess beach carrying capacity (Costa del Sol—Spain). Journal of Coastal Research, 1125-1129.
  • Kalaycı Ş., 2006. SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Vol. 2.
  • Karaküçük S., 1999. Rekreasyon boş zamanları değerlendirme. Bağırgan Yayımevi ISBN:975-581-048-X, 413 s, Kızılay- Ankara.
  • Lawson S.R., Manning R.E., Valliere W.A., Wang B., 2003. Proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity in arches national park: an Application of Computer Simulation Modeling. Journal of Environmental Management 68: 305-313.
  • Lawson S. R., Manning R. E., 2003. Research to guide management of backcountry camping at Isle Royale National Park: Part II–Prescriptive Research. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(3), 43-56.
  • Manning R., 2001. Programs that work. Visitor experience and resource protection: a framework for managing the carrying capacity of National Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(1), 93-108.
  • Manning R.E., Lime D.W., 2000. Defining and managing the quality of wilderness recreation experiences. In Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference Vol. 4, pp. 13-52.
  • Manning R.E., 2002. How much is too much? Carrying Capacity of National Parks And Protected Areas. In: Arnberger, A., Branderburg, A. ve Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30–February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University Vienna. p. 306–313.
  • Müderrisoğlu H., Yerli Ö., Turan A. A., Duru N., 2005. ROS (Rekreasyonel Fırsat Dağılımı) yöntemi ile Abant Tabiat Parkı’nda kullanıcı memnuniyetinin belirlenmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 397-405.
  • Needham M. D., Rollins R. B., Wood C. J., 2004. Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(6), 421-437.
  • Needham M. D., Rollins R. B., 2005. Interest group standards for recreation and tourism impacts at ski areas in the summer. Tourism Management, 26(1), 1-13.
  • Newman P., Manning R., Dennis D., McKonly W., 2005. Informing carrying capacity decision making in Yosemite National Park, USA using stated choice modeling. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 23(1), 75-89.
  • Nilsen, P. ve Tayler, G. 1997. A comparative analysis of protected area planning and management frameworks. 1997. Proceedings Limits of Acceptable Change And Related Planning Processes: Progress And Future Directions; 1997 May 20-22; Missoula, MT. Gen.Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-371. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 49-57.
  • Ormiston D., Gilbert A., Manning R. E., 1998. Indicators and standards of quality for ski resort management. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 35‐41.
  • Özkan M. B., 2001. Kentsel Rekreasyon Alan Planlaması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 73s, Bornova- İzmir.
  • Papageorgiou K., Brotherton I., 1999. A management planning framework based on ecological, perceptual and economic carrying capacity: the case study of Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece. Journal of Environmental Management 56: 271-284.
  • Patthey P., Wirthner S., Signorell N., Arlettaz, R., 2008. Impact of outdoor winter sports on the abundance of a key indicator species of alpine ecosystems. Journal of applied ecology, 45(6), 1704-1711.
  • Pickering C. M., Hill W., 2003. Ecological change as a result of winter tourism: snow manipulation in the Australian Alps Nature-Based Tourism. Environment And Land Management, 137-149.
  • Pickering C. M., Bear R., Hill W., 2007. Indirect impacts of nature based tourism and recreation: the association between infrastructure and the diversity of exotic plants in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. Journal of Ecotourism, 6(2), 146-157.
  • Prato T., 2001. Modeling carrying capacity for national parks. Ecological economics, 39(3), 321-331.
  • Progressive A. E., 2005. Little long lake-recreational and environmental carrying capacity study. Prepared for: Four Township Water Resources Council. Project, (51830108).
  • Sağlam, C. (2007). Davras Dağı (Isparta) ve çevresinin orman ve çalı vejetasyonu. Süleyman Demirel Üniv Fen Bil Ens Derg, 11, 140-157.
  • Saveriades A., 2000. Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of the East Coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Tourism Management 21: 147-156.
  • Sayan M. S., Atik M., 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimates for protected areas: a study of Termessos National Park. Ekoloji, 20(78), 66-74.
  • Shelby B., Heberlein T. A., 1984. A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 433-451.
  • Silva C.P., 2002. Beach carrying capacity assessment: How Important is it? Journal of Coastal Research 36: 190-197.
  • Silva C.P., Alves F.L., Rocha R., 2007. The management of beach carrying capacity: The Case of Northern Portugal. Journal of Coastal Research 50: 135-139.
  • Stankey G.H. McCool S.F., 1984. Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, Appraisal, and Application. Leisure Sciences, 6(4), 453-473.
  • Sterl P., Wagner S., Arnberger A., 2004. Social carrying capacity of Canoeists in Austria's Danube Floodplains National Park. MMV Second: Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management, 261-268.
  • Tarrant M. A., English D. B., 1996. A crowding-based model of social carrying capacity: Application for whitewater boating use. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 155.
  • Thompson D. B. A., Galbraith H., Horsfield D., 1987. Ecology and resources of Britain's mountain plateaux: land use conflicts and impacts. Agriculture and Conservation in the Hills and Uplands, 22-31.
  • Tseng Y. P., Kyle G. T., Shafer C. S., Graefe A. R., Bradle T. A., Schuett M. A., 2009. Exploring the crowding–satisfaction relationship in recreational boating. Environmental management, 43(3), 496-507.
  • Wagar J.A., 1964. The Carrying Capacity of Wild Lands for Recreation. Forest Science Monograph 7. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 24p.
  • Warzecha C., Manning R., Lime D., Freimund W., 2001. Diversity in outdoor recreation: planning and managing a spectrum of visitor opportunities in and among parks. The George Wright Forum, 18(3), 99-112.
  • Wemple B., Shanley J., Denner J., Ross D., Mills K., 2007. Hydrology and water quality in two mountain basins of the northeastern US: assessing baseline conditions and effects of ski area development. Hydrological Processes, 21(12), 1639-1650.
  • Williams P., Lemckert C., 2007. Beach Carrying Capacity: has it been exceeded on the Gold Coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 50, 21-24.
  • Zacarias D. A., Williams A. T., Newton A., 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal.Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075-1081.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tendü Göktuğ

Nihan Arpa

Tendü Göktuğ

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Şubat 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Göktuğ, T., Arpa, N., & Göktuğ, T. (2015). Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 15(1), 104-119.
AMA Göktuğ T, Arpa N, Göktuğ T. Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. Haziran 2015;15(1):104-119.
Chicago Göktuğ, Tendü, Nihan Arpa, ve Tendü Göktuğ. “Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 15, sy. 1 (Haziran 2015): 104-19.
EndNote Göktuğ T, Arpa N, Göktuğ T (01 Haziran 2015) Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 15 1 104–119.
IEEE T. Göktuğ, N. Arpa, ve T. Göktuğ, “Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 15, sy. 1, ss. 104–119, 2015.
ISNAD Göktuğ, Tendü vd. “Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 15/1 (Haziran 2015), 104-119.
JAMA Göktuğ T, Arpa N, Göktuğ T. Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2015;15:104–119.
MLA Göktuğ, Tendü vd. “Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 15, sy. 1, 2015, ss. 104-19.
Vancouver Göktuğ T, Arpa N, Göktuğ T. Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2015;15(1):104-19.
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