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Structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia species in a disturbed community forest (Benin, West Africa)

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 225 - 237, 27.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.340150

Öz

Abstract

Aim of study: This study focused on the analysis of
structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia
spp stands according to topographic units.

Area of study: Data collection were carried out within the
Zouzounkan forest reserve, located in Southern
Benin.

Material and Methods: Square plots of 1 ha were considered for the
forest inventory in which, geographical coordinates of Isoberlinia individuals were recorded. Ripley’s K function was used
to assess the spatial patterns of the species in the forest whereas
dendrometric and ecological parameters was computed to analyze the structure of
the species populations. Possible impact of topographic units of the forest
reserve on dendrometric and spatial patterns of trees was assessed.

Main results: The results show that Isoberlinia spp. is more abundant on the hill side than on the top
and down hills. Aggregative spatial distribution of trees was found across
topographic units with more aggregation on the hill side. However beyond a
radius of 8 m aggregation decreased. Furthermore, significant difference was
noted on dendrometric patterns of Isoberlinia
trees according to topographic unit.











Research highlights: Results obtained suggest that effective
conservation strategy of Isoberlinia
trees in Zouzoukan forest reserve should take into account topographical
patterns.

Kaynakça

  • Agbahoungba, F. (2009). Recensement des exploitants agricoles des forêts de Zouzoukan, Fita-Agbado et Nonsina-son [Farmer’s census in forests of Zouzoukan, Fita-Agbado and Nonsina-son]. Cotonou, Benin : Projet Bois de Feu Phase II, 46 p.
  • Agresti, A. (1990). Categorical Data Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 558 p.
  • Akoègninou, A., Van Der Burg, W.J., Van Der Maesen, L.J.G., Adjakidjè, V., Essou, J.P., Sinsin, B., Yèdomonhan, H. (Eds). (2006). Flore analytique du Benin [Analytical flora of Benin]. Cotonou & Wageningen: Backuys Publishers, 1034 p.
  • Akpo, L.E., Grouzis, M., Bada, F., Pontanier, R., Floret, C. (2000, December). Effet du couvert sur la structure de la végétation herbacée de jachères soudaniennes [Coverage effect on herbaceous vegetation pattern of sudanian fallows]. Science et changements planétaires/Sécheresse, 10 (4), 253-261.
  • Assogbadjo, A.E., Glèlè Kakaï, R., Sinsin, B., Pelz, D. (2010). Structure of Anogeissus leiocarpa Guill., Perr. natural stands in relation to anthropogenic pressure within Wari-Maro Forest Reserve in Benin. African Journal of Ecology, 48 (3), 644-653. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01160.x
  • Awokou, K.S., Ganglo, C.J., Azontondé, H.E., Adjakidjè, V., De Foucault, B. (2009). Caractéristiques structurales et écologiques des phytocénoses forestières de la forêt classée d’Itchèdè, Département du Plateau, Sud-est Bénin [Strutural and ecological charateristics of plant communities of Itchèdè forest reserve, Plateau department, South-East Benin]. Sciences and Nature, 6 (2), 125-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/scinat.v6i2.48666.
  • Barbier, N., Couteron, P., Lejoly, J., Deblauwe, V., Lejeune, O. (2006). Self-organised vegetation patterning as fingerprint of climate and human impact on semiarid ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 94 (3), 537-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01126.x.
  • Bationo, B.A., Ouedraogo, S.J., Somé, A.N., Pallo, F., Boussim, I.J. (2005). Régénération naturelle d’Isoberlinia doka Craib. et Stapf. dans la forêt classée du Nazinon (Burkina Faso) [Natural regeneration of Isoberlinia doka in Nazinon forest reserve (Burkina Faso)]. Cahiers Agricultures, 14 (3), 297-304.
  • Besag, J. (1977). Contribution to the discussion of Dr. Ripley’s paper. Journal of Royal Statistical Society:Serie B, 39 (2), 193-195.
  • Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Read, J.M. (1998). Edaphic variation and the mesoscale distribution of tree species in a neotropical rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 86 (1), 101-112. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00238.x.
  • Djègo, J., Gibigaye, M., Tente, B., Sinsin, B. (2012). Analyses écologique et structurale de la forêt communautaire de Kaodji au Bénin [Ecological and structural analyses of community forest of Kaodji, Benin]. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6 (2), 705-713. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i2.14
  • Djossa, B.A., Fahr, J., Wiegand, T., Ayihouénou, B.E., Kalko, E.K., Sinsin, B. (2008). Land use impact on Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaerten. stand structure and distribution patterns: a comparison of Biosphere Reserve of Pendjari in Atacora district in Benin. Agroforestry Systems, 72 (3), 205-220.
  • Dohou, O.R. (2006). Contribution méthodologique à l’étude de la répartition spatiale des arbres: détermination de l’aire optimale d’étude de la répartition spatiale des arbres dans un peuplement à dominance Isoberlinia spp dans la forêt classée de Wari-Maro (centre-benin), Benin [Methodological contribution to spatial distribution of trees : determination of optimal area for tree’s spatial distribution study in tree stands dominated by Isoberlina spp in Wari-Maro forest reserve]. Dissertationn thesis, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Benin, 93p.
  • Dourma, M., Guelly, K.A., Kokou, K., Batawila, K., Wala, K., Bellefontaine, R., Akpagana., K. (2006). Multiplication par drageonnage d’Isoberlinia doka et I. tomentosa au sein des formations arborées du Nord-Togo [Propagation of Isoberlinia doka and I. tomentosa by suckering in tree formations in northern Togo]. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 289 (3), 49-57.
  • Fandohan, A.B., Assogbadjo, A.E., Glèlè Kakaï, R., Sinsin, B., Van Damme, P. (2010). Impact of habitat type on the conservation status of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) populations in the W National Park of Benin. Fruits, 65, 11-19. doi: 10.1051/fruits/2009037.
  • Glèlè Kakaï, R., Sinsin, B. (2009). Structural description of two Isoberlinia dominated communities in the Wari-Maro forest reserve (Benin). South African Journal of Botany, 75 (1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.07.003
  • Goreaud, F., Loreau, M., Millier, C. (2002). Spatial structure and the survival of an inferior competitor: a theoretical model of neighborhood competition in plants. Ecological Modelling, 158 (1-2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00058-3.
  • Goreaud, R., Courbaud, B., Collinet, F. (1999). Spatial structure analysis applied to modeling of forest dynamics: a few examples. In: A. Amaro, A. and M. Tomé (Eds), Proceedings of the IUFRO Workshop, Empirical and process based models for forest tree and stand growth simulation (155-172). Novas Tecnologias, Oerias, PT.
  • Guédou, R. (2005). Impacts de la production du bois énergie et du charbon de bois sur les peuplements à Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC) Guill et Perr. dans la forêt classée de l’Ouémé-Boukou [Impacts of fuelwoods and charcoal production on Anogeissus leiocarpa stands in Oueme-Boukou forest reserve]. Master dissertation, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Benin.
  • Hanba, Y.T., Noma, N., Umeki, K. (2000). Relationship between leaf characteristics, tree sizes and species distribution along a slope in a warm temperate forest. Ecological Research, 15 (4), 393-403.
  • Hardy, O.J., Sonké, B. (2004). Spatial pattern analysis of species distribution in a tropical rain forest of Cameroon: assessing the role of limited dispersal and niche differentiation. Forest Ecology and Management, 197 (1-3), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.014.
  • Hubbell, S.P. (2001). The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press, 448 p. Jones, M.M., Tuomisto, H., Borcard, D., Legendre, P., Clark, D.B., Olivas, P.C. (2008). Explaining variation in tropical plant community composition: influence of environmental and spatial data quality. Oecologia, 155 (3), 593-604.
  • Kelly, B.A., Bouvet, J-M., Picard, N. (2004). Size class distribution and spatial pattern of Vitellaria paradoxa in relation to farmers’ practices in Mali. Agroforestry Systems, 60 (1), 3-11.
  • Khatarina, S., Wittiga, R., Thiombiano, A., Becker, U., Hahn, K. (2010). Impact of land-use type and bark and leaf-harvesting on population structure and fruit production of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) in a semi-arid savanna, West Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 260 (11), 2035-2044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.009
  • Kiki, J.M. (2005). Etude de la répartition spatiale des arbres de Isoberlinia spp. dans la forêt classée de Wari-Maro (Centre Benin) [Study of spatial distribution of Isoberlinia spp. Trees in Wari-Maro forest]. Thesis dissertation, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Benin, 101p.
  • Klimas, C.A., Kainer, K.A., Wadt, L.H.O. (2007). Population structure of Carapa guianensis in two forest types in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 250 (3), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.05.025
  • Kunz, B.K., Linsenmair, K.E. (2008a). Seed size selection by olive baboons. Primates, 49 (4), 239-245.
  • Kunz, B.K., Linsenmair, K.E. (2008b). The role of the olive baboon (Papio anubis, Cercopithecidae) as seed disperser in a savanna forest mosaic of West Africa. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 24 (3), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467408005014.
  • Lan, G., Hu, Y., Cao, M., Zhu, H. (2011). Topography related spatial distribution of dominant tree species in a tropical seasonal rain forest in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 262 (8), 1507-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.052.
  • Law, R., Illian, J., Burslem, D.F.R.P., Gratzer, G., Gunatilleke, C.V.S., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N. (2009). Ecological information from spatial patterns of plants: insights from point process theory. Journal of Ecology, 97 (4), 616-628. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01510.x.
  • Lejeune, P. (2001). Arpent 2.0, logiciel de saisie de données d’arpentage – Guide d’utilisation [Arpent 2.0, surveying data aquisition software]. FUSAGx. Note Technique Forestière, 5, 1-12.
  • Liang, S-C., Dong, M. (2004). Spatial heterogeneity of population structure of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza at Yingluo Bay, South-China Coast. Acta Botanica Sinica, 46 (9), 1015-1024.
  • Liebhold, A.M., Gurevitch, J. (2002). Integrating the statistical analysis of spatial data in ecology. Ecography, 25 (5), 553-557. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250505.x.
  • Linares-Palomino, R. (2005). Spatial distribution patterns of trees in a seasonally dry forest in the Cerros de Amotape National Park, northwestern Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 12 (2), 317-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v12i2.2405.
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  • PBF-II (Projet Bois de Feu II) (2010). Plan d’aménagement et de gestion simplifiée de la forêt intercommunale de Zouzoukan [Simplified management plan of Zouzoukan forest reserve]. MEPN/DGFRN, Cotonou, Benin, 97 p.
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Structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia species in a disturbed community forest (Benin, West Africa)

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 225 - 237, 27.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.340150

Öz

Abstract

Aim of study: This study focused on the analysis of structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia spp stands according to topographic units.

Area of study: Data collection were carried out within the Zouzounkan forest reserve, located in Southern Benin.

Material and Methods: Square plots of 1 ha were considered for the forest inventory in which, geographical coordinates of Isoberlinia individuals were recorded. Ripley’s K function was used to assess the spatial patterns of the species in the forest whereas dendrometric and ecological parameters was computed to analyze the structure of the species populations. Possible impact of topographic units of the forest reserve on dendrometric and spatial patterns of trees was assessed.

Main results: The results show that Isoberlinia spp. is more abundant on the hill side than on the top and down hills. Aggregative spatial distribution of trees was found across topographic units with more aggregation on the hill side. However beyond a radius of 8 m aggregation decreased. Furthermore, significant difference was noted on dendrometric patterns of Isoberlinia trees according to topographic unit.

Research highlights: Results obtained suggest that effective conservation strategy of Isoberlinia trees in Zouzoukan forest reserve should take into account topographical patterns.

Kaynakça

  • Agbahoungba, F. (2009). Recensement des exploitants agricoles des forêts de Zouzoukan, Fita-Agbado et Nonsina-son [Farmer’s census in forests of Zouzoukan, Fita-Agbado and Nonsina-son]. Cotonou, Benin : Projet Bois de Feu Phase II, 46 p.
  • Agresti, A. (1990). Categorical Data Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 558 p.
  • Akoègninou, A., Van Der Burg, W.J., Van Der Maesen, L.J.G., Adjakidjè, V., Essou, J.P., Sinsin, B., Yèdomonhan, H. (Eds). (2006). Flore analytique du Benin [Analytical flora of Benin]. Cotonou & Wageningen: Backuys Publishers, 1034 p.
  • Akpo, L.E., Grouzis, M., Bada, F., Pontanier, R., Floret, C. (2000, December). Effet du couvert sur la structure de la végétation herbacée de jachères soudaniennes [Coverage effect on herbaceous vegetation pattern of sudanian fallows]. Science et changements planétaires/Sécheresse, 10 (4), 253-261.
  • Assogbadjo, A.E., Glèlè Kakaï, R., Sinsin, B., Pelz, D. (2010). Structure of Anogeissus leiocarpa Guill., Perr. natural stands in relation to anthropogenic pressure within Wari-Maro Forest Reserve in Benin. African Journal of Ecology, 48 (3), 644-653. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01160.x
  • Awokou, K.S., Ganglo, C.J., Azontondé, H.E., Adjakidjè, V., De Foucault, B. (2009). Caractéristiques structurales et écologiques des phytocénoses forestières de la forêt classée d’Itchèdè, Département du Plateau, Sud-est Bénin [Strutural and ecological charateristics of plant communities of Itchèdè forest reserve, Plateau department, South-East Benin]. Sciences and Nature, 6 (2), 125-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/scinat.v6i2.48666.
  • Barbier, N., Couteron, P., Lejoly, J., Deblauwe, V., Lejeune, O. (2006). Self-organised vegetation patterning as fingerprint of climate and human impact on semiarid ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 94 (3), 537-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01126.x.
  • Bationo, B.A., Ouedraogo, S.J., Somé, A.N., Pallo, F., Boussim, I.J. (2005). Régénération naturelle d’Isoberlinia doka Craib. et Stapf. dans la forêt classée du Nazinon (Burkina Faso) [Natural regeneration of Isoberlinia doka in Nazinon forest reserve (Burkina Faso)]. Cahiers Agricultures, 14 (3), 297-304.
  • Besag, J. (1977). Contribution to the discussion of Dr. Ripley’s paper. Journal of Royal Statistical Society:Serie B, 39 (2), 193-195.
  • Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Read, J.M. (1998). Edaphic variation and the mesoscale distribution of tree species in a neotropical rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 86 (1), 101-112. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00238.x.
  • Djègo, J., Gibigaye, M., Tente, B., Sinsin, B. (2012). Analyses écologique et structurale de la forêt communautaire de Kaodji au Bénin [Ecological and structural analyses of community forest of Kaodji, Benin]. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6 (2), 705-713. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i2.14
  • Djossa, B.A., Fahr, J., Wiegand, T., Ayihouénou, B.E., Kalko, E.K., Sinsin, B. (2008). Land use impact on Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaerten. stand structure and distribution patterns: a comparison of Biosphere Reserve of Pendjari in Atacora district in Benin. Agroforestry Systems, 72 (3), 205-220.
  • Dohou, O.R. (2006). Contribution méthodologique à l’étude de la répartition spatiale des arbres: détermination de l’aire optimale d’étude de la répartition spatiale des arbres dans un peuplement à dominance Isoberlinia spp dans la forêt classée de Wari-Maro (centre-benin), Benin [Methodological contribution to spatial distribution of trees : determination of optimal area for tree’s spatial distribution study in tree stands dominated by Isoberlina spp in Wari-Maro forest reserve]. Dissertationn thesis, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Benin, 93p.
  • Dourma, M., Guelly, K.A., Kokou, K., Batawila, K., Wala, K., Bellefontaine, R., Akpagana., K. (2006). Multiplication par drageonnage d’Isoberlinia doka et I. tomentosa au sein des formations arborées du Nord-Togo [Propagation of Isoberlinia doka and I. tomentosa by suckering in tree formations in northern Togo]. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 289 (3), 49-57.
  • Fandohan, A.B., Assogbadjo, A.E., Glèlè Kakaï, R., Sinsin, B., Van Damme, P. (2010). Impact of habitat type on the conservation status of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) populations in the W National Park of Benin. Fruits, 65, 11-19. doi: 10.1051/fruits/2009037.
  • Glèlè Kakaï, R., Sinsin, B. (2009). Structural description of two Isoberlinia dominated communities in the Wari-Maro forest reserve (Benin). South African Journal of Botany, 75 (1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.07.003
  • Goreaud, F., Loreau, M., Millier, C. (2002). Spatial structure and the survival of an inferior competitor: a theoretical model of neighborhood competition in plants. Ecological Modelling, 158 (1-2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00058-3.
  • Goreaud, R., Courbaud, B., Collinet, F. (1999). Spatial structure analysis applied to modeling of forest dynamics: a few examples. In: A. Amaro, A. and M. Tomé (Eds), Proceedings of the IUFRO Workshop, Empirical and process based models for forest tree and stand growth simulation (155-172). Novas Tecnologias, Oerias, PT.
  • Guédou, R. (2005). Impacts de la production du bois énergie et du charbon de bois sur les peuplements à Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC) Guill et Perr. dans la forêt classée de l’Ouémé-Boukou [Impacts of fuelwoods and charcoal production on Anogeissus leiocarpa stands in Oueme-Boukou forest reserve]. Master dissertation, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Benin.
  • Hanba, Y.T., Noma, N., Umeki, K. (2000). Relationship between leaf characteristics, tree sizes and species distribution along a slope in a warm temperate forest. Ecological Research, 15 (4), 393-403.
  • Hardy, O.J., Sonké, B. (2004). Spatial pattern analysis of species distribution in a tropical rain forest of Cameroon: assessing the role of limited dispersal and niche differentiation. Forest Ecology and Management, 197 (1-3), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.014.
  • Hubbell, S.P. (2001). The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press, 448 p. Jones, M.M., Tuomisto, H., Borcard, D., Legendre, P., Clark, D.B., Olivas, P.C. (2008). Explaining variation in tropical plant community composition: influence of environmental and spatial data quality. Oecologia, 155 (3), 593-604.
  • Kelly, B.A., Bouvet, J-M., Picard, N. (2004). Size class distribution and spatial pattern of Vitellaria paradoxa in relation to farmers’ practices in Mali. Agroforestry Systems, 60 (1), 3-11.
  • Khatarina, S., Wittiga, R., Thiombiano, A., Becker, U., Hahn, K. (2010). Impact of land-use type and bark and leaf-harvesting on population structure and fruit production of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) in a semi-arid savanna, West Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 260 (11), 2035-2044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.009
  • Kiki, J.M. (2005). Etude de la répartition spatiale des arbres de Isoberlinia spp. dans la forêt classée de Wari-Maro (Centre Benin) [Study of spatial distribution of Isoberlinia spp. Trees in Wari-Maro forest]. Thesis dissertation, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Benin, 101p.
  • Klimas, C.A., Kainer, K.A., Wadt, L.H.O. (2007). Population structure of Carapa guianensis in two forest types in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 250 (3), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.05.025
  • Kunz, B.K., Linsenmair, K.E. (2008a). Seed size selection by olive baboons. Primates, 49 (4), 239-245.
  • Kunz, B.K., Linsenmair, K.E. (2008b). The role of the olive baboon (Papio anubis, Cercopithecidae) as seed disperser in a savanna forest mosaic of West Africa. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 24 (3), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467408005014.
  • Lan, G., Hu, Y., Cao, M., Zhu, H. (2011). Topography related spatial distribution of dominant tree species in a tropical seasonal rain forest in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 262 (8), 1507-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.052.
  • Law, R., Illian, J., Burslem, D.F.R.P., Gratzer, G., Gunatilleke, C.V.S., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N. (2009). Ecological information from spatial patterns of plants: insights from point process theory. Journal of Ecology, 97 (4), 616-628. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01510.x.
  • Lejeune, P. (2001). Arpent 2.0, logiciel de saisie de données d’arpentage – Guide d’utilisation [Arpent 2.0, surveying data aquisition software]. FUSAGx. Note Technique Forestière, 5, 1-12.
  • Liang, S-C., Dong, M. (2004). Spatial heterogeneity of population structure of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza at Yingluo Bay, South-China Coast. Acta Botanica Sinica, 46 (9), 1015-1024.
  • Liebhold, A.M., Gurevitch, J. (2002). Integrating the statistical analysis of spatial data in ecology. Ecography, 25 (5), 553-557. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250505.x.
  • Linares-Palomino, R. (2005). Spatial distribution patterns of trees in a seasonally dry forest in the Cerros de Amotape National Park, northwestern Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 12 (2), 317-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v12i2.2405.
  • Lomolino, M.V., Sax, D.F., Brown, J.H.. (2004). Foundations of biogeography. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1291 p. Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Vilela, E.A., Carvalho, D.A., Gavilanes, M.L. (1994). Effects of soils and topography on the distribution of tree species in a tropical riverine forest in south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 10 (4), 483-508. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400008178
  • Orthmann, B. (2005). Vegetation ecology of a woodland–savanna mosaic in central Benin (West Africa): Ecosystem analysis with a focus on the impact of selective logging. PhD dissertation, Rostock, 139 p.
  • Phillips, O.L., Vargas, P.N., Monteagudo, A.L., Cruz, A.P., Zans, M.E.C., Sanchez, W.G., Yli-Halla, M., Rose, S. (2003). Habitat association among Amazonian tree species: a landscape scale approach. Journal of Ecology, 91 (5), 757-775. doi : 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00815.x
  • PBF-II (Projet Bois de Feu II) (2010). Plan d’aménagement et de gestion simplifiée de la forêt intercommunale de Zouzoukan [Simplified management plan of Zouzoukan forest reserve]. MEPN/DGFRN, Cotonou, Benin, 97 p.
  • Pugnaire, F.I., Luque, M.T. (2001). Changes in plant interactions along a gradient of environmental stress. Oikos, 93 (1), 42-49. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930104.x.
  • Revilla, E., Palomares, F. (2002). Spatial organization, group living and ecological correlates in low-density populations of Eurasian badgers, Meles meles. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71 (3), 497-512. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00617.x
  • Ripley, B.D. (1981). Spatial statistics. New York, USA: Wiley, 272 p.
  • Ripley, B. (1977). Modeling spatial patterns. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 39 (2), 172-212. Rushton, S.P., Ormerod, S.J., Kerby, G. (2004). New paradigms for modeling species distributions. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41 (2), 193-200. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00903.x
  • Schemske, D.W. (2002). Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on the origins of tropical diversity. In: R., Chazdon, and T. Whitmore (Eds), Foundations of tropical forest biology (163-173), Classic papers with commentaries, Chicago, IL: Univ. Chicago Press.
  • Slansky, M. (1962). Contribution à l’étude des sols sédimentaires côtiers du Dahomey et du Togo [Contribution to study of sedimentary coastal soil]. Mémoire de Bureau de Recherches Géologiques Minières, 270 p.
  • Svenning, J-C., Kinner, D.A., Stallard, R.F., Engelbrecht, B.M.J., Wright, S.J. (2004). Ecological determinism in plant community structure across a tropical forest landscape. Ecology, 85 (9), 2526-2538. doi: 10.1890/03-0396.
  • Tateno R., Takeda, H. (2003). Forest structure and tree species distribution in relation to topography-mediated heterogeneity of soil nitrogen and light at the forest floor. Ecological research, 18 (5), 559-571.
  • Valencia, R., Foster, R.B., Villa, G., Condit, R., Svenning, J.C., Hernández, C., Romoleroux, K., Losos, E., Magård, E., Balslev, H. (2004). Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon: a large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Ecology, 92 (2), 214-229. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00876.x.
  • Wiegand, T., Moloney, K.A. (2004). Rings, circles, and null models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos, 104 (2), 209-229. doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12497.x.
  • White, F. (1983). The vegetation map of Africa south of the Sahara, 2nd ed. Paris, UNESCO, 356 p.
  • Yorou, N.S., De Kesel, A., Sinsin, B., Codjia, J-C. (2001). Biodiversité et productivité des champignons comestibles de la forêt classée de Wari–Maro (Bénin). Systematics and Geography of Plants, 71 (2), 613-625. doi: 10.2307/3668706.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cedric A. Goussanou Bu kişi benim

Brice A. Tente Bu kişi benim

Gaston Akouehou Bu kişi benim

Valere K. Salako Bu kişi benim

Romain L. Glele-kakaï Bu kişi benim

Brice A. Sınsın Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Goussanou, C. A., Tente, B. A., Akouehou, G., Salako, V. K., vd. (2017). Structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia species in a disturbed community forest (Benin, West Africa). Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 17(2), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.340150
AMA Goussanou CA, Tente BA, Akouehou G, Salako VK, Glele-kakaï RL, Sınsın BA. Structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia species in a disturbed community forest (Benin, West Africa). Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. Eylül 2017;17(2):225-237. doi:10.17475/kastorman.340150
Chicago Goussanou, Cedric A., Brice A. Tente, Gaston Akouehou, Valere K. Salako, Romain L. Glele-kakaï, ve Brice A. Sınsın. “Structural and Spatial Patterns of Isoberlinia Species in a Disturbed Community Forest (Benin, West Africa)”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17, sy. 2 (Eylül 2017): 225-37. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.340150.
EndNote Goussanou CA, Tente BA, Akouehou G, Salako VK, Glele-kakaï RL, Sınsın BA (01 Eylül 2017) Structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia species in a disturbed community forest (Benin, West Africa). Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17 2 225–237.
IEEE C. A. Goussanou, B. A. Tente, G. Akouehou, V. K. Salako, R. L. Glele-kakaï, ve B. A. Sınsın, “Structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia species in a disturbed community forest (Benin, West Africa)”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 17, sy. 2, ss. 225–237, 2017, doi: 10.17475/kastorman.340150.
ISNAD Goussanou, Cedric A. vd. “Structural and Spatial Patterns of Isoberlinia Species in a Disturbed Community Forest (Benin, West Africa)”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17/2 (Eylül 2017), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.340150.
JAMA Goussanou CA, Tente BA, Akouehou G, Salako VK, Glele-kakaï RL, Sınsın BA. Structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia species in a disturbed community forest (Benin, West Africa). Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2017;17:225–237.
MLA Goussanou, Cedric A. vd. “Structural and Spatial Patterns of Isoberlinia Species in a Disturbed Community Forest (Benin, West Africa)”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 17, sy. 2, 2017, ss. 225-37, doi:10.17475/kastorman.340150.
Vancouver Goussanou CA, Tente BA, Akouehou G, Salako VK, Glele-kakaï RL, Sınsın BA. Structural and spatial patterns of Isoberlinia species in a disturbed community forest (Benin, West Africa). Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2017;17(2):225-37.

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