An Invasive Species: Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann) How Does It Affect Forestry Activities?

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 531 - 542, 27.11.2017

Salih Parlak

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.292220

Cited By: 15

Öz

Abstract

Aim of study: Leptoglossus occidentalis which is first identified by Heidemann at
North America in 1910 spread quickly after WW II. Although it was first seen in
1999 in Europe has swept the continent in 10 years. First damage observation in
Turkey reported in Kozak Basin of Bergama on cones of stone pine trees which
has valuable edible seeds. The seed yield loss started in 2005 and reached to a
peak in 2009. In addition to high early age conelet loss, rate of emptiness of
cones has sometimes reached to 90 %. The bug causes decrement in seed formation
and seed germination ability significantly by causing early stage conelet loss
and destroying endosperm parts of mature cones. In respect of forestry
activities decrement of seed resources caused due to bug damage will have
negative impact on natural regeneration activities in Turkey and probably will
end in failure. In this study, it was aimed to determine the severity of damage
caused by the collecting of cone samples from the stone pine forests in our
country.

Area
of study:
Without making any discrimination either planted or natural or any altitude or
any aspect, stone pine cones have been collected from 42 localities which are
distributed all around Turkey.

Material
and Methods:
Weight and size of cones have been measured and seeds extracted by holding at
55 ⁰C in climate cabinet, then damage on seeds of L. occidentalis and unshelled seed yield
determined.

Main results: Empty seed
formation in stone pine cones varies between %14 and 98%, depending on the
region. There is no difference between
natural or plantation forests in terms of empty seed formation.

Research highlights: All necessary control
strategies should be developed against this bug which has high potential as
technic and cost for affecting forestry.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Leptoglossus occidentalis, Damages

İstilacı bir tür: Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann) ormancılık faaliyetlerini nasıl etkiler?

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı: Heidemann tarafından 1910 yılında Kuzey Amerika’da ilk kez tanımlanan Leptoglossus occidentalis İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonra hızlı bir şekilde yayılmaya başlamış,
Avrupa’da ilk kez 1999 yılında görülmesine rağmen on yıl içerisinde tüm kıtayı
sarmıştır. Tohumu yenen değerli bir tür olması itibarıyla Ülkemizdeki ilk zarar
gözlemleri İzmir-Kozak Havzasında fıstıkçamlarında görülmüş, 2005 yılında
başlayan tohum verimindeki azalma, 2009 yılında zirve noktasına ulaşmıştır. İlk
dönemde görülen erken dökülmeler ve kozalaklardaki dolu tohum oranları bazen %
90’lara varan oranlara ulaşmıştır. Erken dönem kozalak dökümüne neden olması ve
olgunlaşan kozalakların endosperm kısımlarına zarar vermesi nedeniyle tohum
oluşumunu ve tohumun çimlenmesini önemli ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Ormancılık
çalışmaları açısında irdelendiğinde; böcek zararı nedeniyle tohum kaynağındaki
azalmalar ormanlarımızdaki doğal gençleştirme çalışmalarını olumsuz
etkileyecek, çalışmaların başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmasına neden olabilecektir.
Çalışmada, ülkemizdeki fıstıkçamı meşcerelerinden kozalak örnekleri alınarak
böceğin meydana getirdiği zarar şiddetinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Çalışma alanı: Türkiye’de
fıstıkçamı alanlarından doğal ya da plantasyon ayrımı yapılmaksızın, yükselti
ve bakı farkı gözetilmeksizin 42 lokaliteden olgun fıstıkçamı kozalakları
toplanmıştır.

Materyal ve Yöntem:
Kozalakların
ağırlık ve en-boy ölçüleri alınmış, iklim dolabında 55 ⁰C’de
tohumlar çıkarılarak L. occidentalis’in
fıstıkçamı tohumlarında meydana getirdiği zararlar ve iç fıstık randımanları
belirlenmiştir.

Sonuçlar: Fıstıkçamı
kozalaklarında boş tohum oluşumu yörelere göre % 14 ile % 98 arasında
değişmektedir. Boş tohum oluşumu bakımından doğal veya plantasyon ormanlarında
arasında fark görülmemektedir.

Araştırma
vurguları: Ormancılık faaliyetlerimizi teknik ve mali olarak
etkileme potansiyeli yüksek olan bu böceğe karşı acilen mücadele stratejileri
geliştirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Leptoglossus occidentalis, Zararlar

Kaynakça

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