Yerel Halkın Kauçuk Ağaçları Üzerindeki Orman Yangını Etkisi Algısı Ampirik Verilerle Eşleşiyor mu veya Uyuşmuyor mu? Edo Eyaleti, Nijerya'dan kanıtlar

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 52 - 63, 24.03.2023

Paul Orobosa Orobator Peter Akpodiogaga-a Odjugo

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1269503

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada, yerel halkın kauçuk ağaçları üzerindeki orman yangını etkisi algısının ampirik verilerle eşleşip eşleşmediğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışma alanı: Bu araştırma, Nijerya Kauçuk Araştırma Enstitüsü'nde (RRIN) ve Nijerya'nın Edo Eyaleti'ndeki altı komşu toplulukta (Uhie, Iyanomo, Obaretin, Obayantor I, Ogbekpen ve Obagie) yürütülmüştür.
Materyal ve yöntem: Yanmış ve yanmamış kauçuk plantasyonlarında ağaç boyu, kapalılık, göğüs çapı (DBH) ve kabuk ile ilgili nicel veriler doğrudan ölçümler ve saha gözlemi ile elde edilmiştir. Yerel halkın algısal verileri anket uygulaması yardımıyla toplanmıştır. Yerel halkın algısına ilişkin verileri incelemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullanılırken, her iki kauçuk plantasyonunda ağaç parametrelerinin anlamlı farklılıkları Student-t testi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir.
Temel sonuçlar: Kauçuk ağaçlarının boy, kapalılık ve DBH değerlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Çatlamış ağaç kabuğu etkilerinin yanısıra, yanmış kauçuk plantasyonunda ağaçların boyunda, kapalılık ve DBH değerlerinde azalma tespit edilmiştir. Yerel halkın çoğunluğu, orman yangınının kauçuk ağacı parametrelerini olumsuz yönde etkilediği ve yerlilerin algısının deneyimsel sonuçlarla uyumlu olduğunu belirtmektedir.
Araştırma vurguları: Yerel halkın kauçuk ağaçları üzerindeki orman yangını etkisi algısı ampirik verilerle eşleşmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Orman Yangını Etkisi, Ampirik Veriler, Etnoekoloji, Yerlilerin Algısı, Kauçuk Tarlaları

Do Locals’ Perception of Bushfire Impact on Rubber Trees Match or Mismatch with Empirical Data? Evidence from Edo State, Nigeria

Öz

Aim of study: This study determined whether locals’ perception of bushfire impact on rubber trees matched or mismatched with empirical data.
Area of study: This investigation was conducted in Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN) and six neighboring communities (Uhie, Iyanomo, Obaretin, Obayantor I, Ogbekpen and Obagie) in Edo State, Nigeria.
Material and methods: Quantitative data on tree height, canopy, diameter at breast height (DBH) and bark were obtained by direct measurements and field observation in burnt and unburnt rubber plantations. Locals’ perceptive data were obtained through the administration of questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to examine data on perception of locals’ while Student-t test was adopted to determine significant differences of tree parameters in burnt and unburnt rubber plantations.
Main results: There were significant differences in height, canopy and DBH of rubber trees. Besides incidences of fissured tree bark; reduction in height, canopy and DBH of trees were detected in burnt rubber plantation. Majority of the local’s agreed that bushfire negatively impacted rubber tree parameters and natives’ perception aligned with the experiential results.
Highlights: Locals’ perception of bushfire effect on rubber trees accessed through the Likert-type format of questionnaire matched with empirical data.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bushfire Effect, Empirical Data, Ethnoecology, Natives’ Perception, Rubber Plantations

Kaynakça

• Areola, O. (1991). Ecology of Natural Resources. Avebury, England. Academic Publishing Group, 116-118.
• Bar, A., Michalet, S.T. & Mayr, S. (2019). Fire effects on tree physiology. New Phytologist, 223, 1728-1741.
• Barker, J.S., Fried, J.S. & Gray, A.N. (2019). Evaluating Model Predictions of Fire Induced Tree Mortality Using Wildfire-Affected Forest Inventory Measurements. Forests, 10(958), 1-20.
• Barriosa, E. & Trejo, M. T. (2003). Implications of local soil knowledge for integrated soil management in Latin America. Geoderma, 111, 217-231.
• Bontrager, J.D., Morgan, P., Hudak, A.T. & Robichaud, P.R. (2019). Long-term vegetation response following post-fire straw mulching. Fire Ecology, 15(22), 1-12.
• Cook, S.E., Adams, M. L. & Corner, R.J. (1998). On-farm experiments to determine site-specific response to variable inputs. In: Robert, P.C. (Ed.), Fourth International Conference on Precision Agriculture. ASA/ CSSA/SSSA, ASPRS, PPI, St. Paul, Minnesota.
• Corral-Rivas, J.J., Barrio-Anta, M., Aguirre-Calderón, O.A. & Diéguez-Aranda, U. (2007). Use of stump diameter to estimate diameter at breast height and tree volume for major pine species in El Salto, Durango (Mexico). Forestry, 80(1), 29-40.
• Denham, A. J., Vincent, B.E., Clarke, P. J. & Auld, T.D. (2016). Responses of tree species to a severe fire indicate major structural change to Eucalyptus-callitris forests. Plant Ecology, 217(6), 617-629.
• Ducatez-Boyer, L. & Majourau, P. (2017). The multiple functions of tree bark. Adopted from https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Laura-Ducatez-Boyer/2088345845 on 29th October, 2021.
• Eifediyi, E. K., Ihenyen, J. O. & Ojiekpon, I. F. (2012). Evaluation of the effects of rubber factory effluent and NPK fertilizer on the performance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 8(4), 51-57.
• Ekanade, O. & Orimoogunje, O.I.O. (2012). Application of canonical correlation for soil –vegetation interrelationship in the cocoa belt of South Western Nigeria. Resources and Environment, 2(3), 87-92.
• Enaruvbe, G.O. (2017). Variability of soil properties under forest and tree plantations in Okomu forest reserve, Edo State, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography. University of Ibadan, 47.
• Esekhade, T.U., Orimoloye, J.R, Ugwa, I.K. & Idoko, S.O. (2003) Potentials of Cropping System in Young Rubber Plantations. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 22 (4), 79-94.
• Faber-Langendoen, D. & Davis, M.A. (1995). Effects of fire frequency on tree canopy cover at Allison Savanna, East central Minnesota, USA. Natural Areas Journal, 15(4), 319-328.
• Forrestel, A.B., Andrus, R.A., Fry, D.L. & Stephens, S.L. (2017). Fire history and forest structure along an elevational gradient in the Southern Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. Fire Ecology, 13(1), 1-15.
• García-Jiménez, R., Palmero-Iniesta, M. & Espelta, J.M. (2017). Contrasting effects of fire severity on the regeneration of Pinus halepensis mill. and resprouter species in recently thinned thickets. Forests, 8(55), 1-13.
• Gouwakinnou, G.N., Biaou, S., Vodouhe, F.G., Tovihessi, M.S., Awessou, B.K. & Biaou, H.S.S. (2019). Local perceptions and factors determining ecosystem services identification around two forest reserves in Northern Benin. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 15, 61.1-12.
• Holden, Z.A., Morgan, P., Rollins, M.G. & Kavanagh, K. (2007). Effects of multiple wildland fires on ponderosa pine stand structure in two southwestern wilderness areas, USA. Fire Ecology Special Issue, 3(2), 18-33.
• Hood, S.M., Varner, J.M., van Mantgem, P. & Cansler, C.A. (2018). Fire and tree death: understanding and improving modeling of fire induced tree mortality. Environmental Research Letters, 13(113004),1-17.
• Ichikogu, V.I. (2011). Organic matter dynamics in soils regenerating from degraded abandoned rubber plantation in Orogun area of the Rainforest Zone of Southern Nigeria, Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 4 (4), 1-7.
• Izevbigie, F.C., Orimoloye, J.R. & Ogboghodo, I.A. (2011). Effect of petrol (PMS) fire on some soil properties, microbial populations, growth and yield of maize International Journal of ChemTech, 7, 47-56.
• Jua´rez-Orozco, S.M., Siebe, C. & Ferna´ndez, D.F. (2017). Causes and effects of forest fires in tropical rainforests: A Bibliometric Approach. Tropical Conservation Science, 10, 1–14.
• Kaushik, M, & Mathur, B. (2014). Data Analysis of Students Marks with Descriptive Statistics.International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 2(5), 1188-1190.
• Kolb, P.F. (2002). After wildfire - tree and forest restoration following wildfire. Extension Agriculture and Natural Resources Program Montana State University, Bozeman, 1-20.
• Krause, S., Sanders, T.G.M., Mund, J. & Greve, K. (2019). UAV-Based photogrammetric tree height measurement for intensive forest monitoring. Remote Sensing, 758, 1-18.
• Lutz, J.A., Struckman, S., Germain, S.J. & Furniss, T.J. (2021). The importance of large-diameter trees to the creation of snag and deadwood biomass. Ecological Processes, 10(28), 1-14.
• Lydersen, J.M., Collins, B.M., Miller, J.D., Fry, D.L. & Stephens, S.L. (2016). Relating fire-caused change in forest structure to remotely sensed estimates of fire severity. Fire Ecology, 12(3), 99-116.
• Meti, S., Meerabai, M., Salam, M.A. & Vijayaraghavakumar, J.J. (2014). Soil nutrient dynamics of mature rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) Plantation in relation to phenology and growing environment. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 62(4), 376-383.
• Moura, L.C., Scariot, A.O., Schmidt, I.B., Beatty, R. & Russell-Smith, J. (2019). The legacy of colonial fire management policies on traditional livelihoods and ecological sustainabilityin savannas: impacts, consequences, new directions. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 600-606.
• Nikolakis, W.D. & Roberts, E. (2020) Indigenous fire management: a conceptual model from literature. Ecology and Society, 25 (4), 11.
• Odhiambo, B.O. (2015). The effect of fire damage on the growth and survival mechanisms of selected native and commercial trees in South Africa. Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forestry at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Stellenbosch University.
• Ogidiolu, A. (1997). Productivity of cultivated indigenous tropical tree Species (Terminilia ivorensis and Triplochiton scleroxylon) in relation to site characteristics in a part of Southwestern Nigeria. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis) University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 45-74.
• Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Vilela, E. A., Calvalho, D.A. & Gavilanes, M.L. (1994). Effects of soils and topography on the distribution of tree species in a tropical riverine forest in south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 10(4), 483-508.
• Orimoloye, J.R., Akinbola, G.E., Idoko, S.O., Waizah, Y. & Esemuede, U. (2012). Effects of rubber cultivation and associated land use types on the properties of surface soils. Nature and Science, 10(9), 48-52.
• Orobator, P.O. (2019). Impact of bushfire on soil and vegetation properties of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) plantations in Iyanomo, Edo State, Nigeria. Unpublished Dissertation submitted to the Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria in partial fulfillment for the requirement of Doctor of Philosophy in Biogeography.
• Orobator, P.O., Ekpenkhio, E. & Noah, J. (2020). Effects of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation of different age stands on topsoil properties in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Geographic Thought and Environmental Studies (JOGET), 15(2), 21-35.
• Otypkova, Z. & Chrtry, M. (2006). Effects of plot size on the ordination of vegetation samples. Journal of Vegetation Science, 17, 465-472.
• Schafer, J.L., Breslow B.P., Hohmann M.G & Hoffmann, W.A. (2015) Relative bark thickness is correlated with tree species distributions along a fire frequency gradient. Fire Ecology, 11 (1), 74-87.
• Singh, A.K., Liu, W., Zakari, S., Wu, E., Yang, W., Jiang, X.J., Zhu, X., Zou, X., Zhang, W., Chen, C., Singh, R. & Nath, A. J. (2021). A global review of rubber plantations: Impacts on ecosystem functions, mitigations, future directions, and policies for sustainable cultivation. Science of the Total Environment, 796, 148948.
• Stevens-Rumann, C.S. & Morgan, P. (2019). Tree regeneration following wildfires in the western US: a review. Fire Ecology, 15(15), 1-17.
• Stoddard, M.T., Huffma, D.W., Fulé, P.Z., Crouse, J.E. & Meador, A.J. (2018). Forest structure and regeneration responses 15 years after wildfire in a ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer ecotone, Arizona, USA. Fire Ecology, 14 (12), 1-12.
• Stovall, A.E.L., Shugart, H. & Yang, X. (2019). NCF-Pennsylvania Envirothon Forest Measurements and Management Forestry Resource Study Guide Nature Communications, 10, 4385.
• Tanka, P.A. (2006). Prediction of distribution for total height and crown ratio using normal versus other distributions. A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science.
• Thenkabail, P.S. (2015). Land resources monitoring, modeling, and mapping with remote sensing; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA,; ISBN 978-1-4822-1798-8.
• Trollope, W.S.W., Trollope, L.A. & Hartnett, D. C. (2002). Fire behavior a key factor in the fire ecology of African grasslands and savannas. Forest Fire Research and Wildland Fire Safety, Viegas (ed.), 1-15.
• Ugwa, I.K., Umweni, A.S. & Bakare, A.O. (2016). Properties and agricultural potentials of Kulfo series for rubber cultivation in a humid lowland area of southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 19(2), 2788 - 2795.
• Ugwa, I.K., Orimoloye, J.R. & Esekhade, T.U. (2005). Nutrients status of some soils supporting rubber (H. brasiliensis Arg.Muell.) in Midwestern Nigeria. Agricultural Journal, 36, 169-176.
• United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (2008). Indigenous knowledge in disaster management in Africa, P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya, 1-118.
• Verheye, W.H. (2010). Growth and production of rubber. EOLSS Publications, 2, 295.
• Verma, S., Singh, D., Mani, S. & Jayakumar, S. (2017). Effect of forest fire on tree diversity and regeneration potential in a tropical dry deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Ecological Processes, 6(32), 1-8.