Evaluation of Animal Focused Activities in the Tourism Sector Within the Framework of Sustainable Tourism Principles

Öz

The fact that touristic activities become a sector with industrialization and the contribution of the economy it creates to countries is a driving force that encourages the diversification of tourism. In the tourism sector, which is one of the sectors where the consumption-based reflections of the capitalist understanding can be seen most clearly, sees the use of animals for observation, demonstration or hunting is quite common. The tourism sector is one of the sectors that participates in the unlimited consumption of resources through both mass tourism and natural tourism. The tourism sector is one of the sectors where the concept of “sustainability” is on the agenda, along with the problems such as the emerging ecological balance, limited resources and carbon emissions. When the literature is examined in the context of the sustainability of tourism, it is seen that the researche conducted with human oriented and utilitarian approaches for the continuity resource use is more abundant than researche on the flora or fauna. It has been observed that there are few studies on the use of animals in touristic activities and the sustainability of this use in terms of ecological, ethical, animal welfare, and rights. Today, many environmental, cultural, or natural elements are used almost unlimitedly in tourist experiences, which brings with it many ethical discussions. This study aims to evaluate “Animal-Focused Tourism” activities within the scope of “Sustainability Principles” and to make ethical and sustainable propositions accordingly. Although it is not possible to exclude the realities of the consumption-oriented system today, it is of great importance to conduct scientific studies on sustainable and ethical rules about animals used in tourism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tourism
• Ethics
• Sustainability
• Animal Rights
• Animal Usage

TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE HAYVAN ODAKLI FAALİYETLERİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİZM İLKELERİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz

Turistik faaliyetlerin sanayileşme ile birlikte sektör haline gelmesi ve yarattığı ekonominin ülkelere olan katkısı, turizmin çeşitlendirilmesini teşvik eden itici bir güçtür. Kapitalist anlayışın tüketim temelli yansımalarının en net görülebildiği sektörlerden biri olan turizm sektöründe hayvanların gözlem, gösteri veya av amaçlı kullanımı oldukça yaygındır. Turizm sektörü, kaynakların sınırsızca tüketimine hem kitlesel turizm hem de doğal turizm yolu ile katılan sektörlerden biridir. Ayrıca ekolojik denge, sınırlı kaynaklar ve karbon emisyonları gibi sorunlarla birlikte “sürdürülebilirlik” kavramı turizm sektörü için önemli ve kaçınılmaz bir kavramdır. Turizmin sürdürülebilirliği bağlamında literatür incelendiğinde kaynakların kullanımının sürekliliği için insan odaklı ve faydacı yaklaşımlarla yapılan araştırmaların flora veya fauna üzerine yapılan araştırmalardan daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Hayvanların turistik faaliyetlerde kullanılması ve bu kullanımın ekolojik, etik, hayvan refahı ve hakları açısından sürdürülebilirliği konusunda az sayıda çalışmanın olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Günümüzde pek çok çevresel, kültürel veya doğal unsurun turistik deneyimlerde neredeyse sınırsız olarak kullanılması pek çok etik tartışmayı da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, “Sürdürülebilirlik İlkeleri” kapsamında “Hayvan Odaklı Turizm” faaliyetlerini değerlendirmeyi ve bu doğrultuda etik ve sürdürülebilir önerilerde bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Günümüzde tüketim odaklı sistemin gerçeklerini dışlamak mümkün olmasa da turizmde kullanılan hayvanlarla ilgili sürdürülebilir ve etik kurallar konusunda bilimsel çalışmaların yapılması büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• turizm
• etik
• sürdürülebilirlik
• hayvan hakları
• hayvan kullanımı

Kaynakça

1. Adıgüzel, B. (2018). Turizmde kör nokta; hayvan hakları. Atlas International Refereed Journal on Social Sciences, 4(11), 851-868.
2. Alternatives Journal Voice of Canada’s Environment. 30 Eylül 2021 tarihinde http://www.alternativesjournal.ca/ policy-and-politics/crimes-against-ecology adresinden erişildi.
3. Ballantyne, Roy, Jan Packer, Karen Hughes ve Lynn Dierking. (2007). “Conservation learning in Wildlife Tourism Settings: Lessons from Research in Zoos and Aquariums”, Environmental Education Research, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 13, ss. 367- 383.
4. Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., 2011. Using tourism free-choice learning experiences to promote environmentally sustainable behaviour: the role of post-visit ‘action resources’. Environ. Educ. Res. 17 (2), 201–215.
5. Beardsworth, Alan ve Alan Bryman.( 2001). “The wild animal in Late Modernity: The case of the Disneyization of Zoos”, Tourist Studies, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, ss. 83-104.
6. Bekoff, M. (2007). Animals matter. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
7. Bern Convention. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. (BERN). 30 Eylül 2021 tarihinde https://www.coe.int/en/web/bern-convention adresinden erişildi.
8. Bertella, G. (2016). Experiencing nature in animal-based tourism. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 14, 22-26.

9. Bertella, G. (2018). Problematizing the ethical “taste” of authenticity. Journal of Gastronomy and Tourism, 3(2), 81–92.
10. Brophy, B. (1965). The rights of animals. London Sunday Times, October 10.
11. Bulbeck, Chilla. (1999). “The Nature Dispositions of Visitors to Animal Encounter Sites in Australia and New Zealand”, The Journal of Sociology, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 35, ss.129-148.
12. Burns, G.L., 2015a. Animals as Tourism Objects: ethically refocusing relationships between tourists and wildlife. In: Markwell, K. (Ed.), Animals and Tourism: Understanding Diverse Relationships, pp. 44–59 (Channel View Publications).
13. Burns, G.L., 2015b. Ethics in Tourism. In: Hall, C.M., Gossling, S., Scott, D. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability. Routledge, pp. 117–126 (Chapter 8).
14. Carr, N. (2009). Editorial: Animals in the tourism and leisure experience. Current Issues in Tourism, 12, 409–411.
15. Carmeli, Y. S. (2002). Cruelty to animals and nostalgic totality: Performance of a travelling circus in Britain. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 22(11/ 12), 73– 88.
16. CITES Convention. CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). 30 Eylül 2021 tarihinde https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/disc/CITES-Convention-EN.pdf adresinden erişildi.
17. Clark, B. ve Wilson, T. D. (2020). The Capitalist Commodification of Animals: A Brief Introduction. Clark, B. ve Wilson, T. D. (Der.), The Capitalist Commodification of Animals içinde (1-5). UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.
18. Cloke, P., & Perkins, H.C. (2005). Cetacean performance and tourism in Kaikoura, New Zealand. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23(6), 903–924.
19. Cohen, Erik. (2009). “The Wild and The Humanized: Animals in Thai Tourism”, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Cilt: 1, Sayı:20, ss.100-118.
20. Cohen, E. (2013). Buddhist compassion and animal abuse in Thailand’s Tiger Temple. Society & Animals, 21, 266–283.
21. Cohen, E. (2014). Bullfighting and tourism. Tourism Analysis, 19, 545–556. 88.
22. Coldwell, W. (2014, October 4). Think twice about wild animal tourism, visitors told. The Guardian, 27 Ekim 2021 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/wild-animal-tourism-think-twice adresinden erişildi.
23. Coldwell, W. (2017, October 4). Wild animal selfies: Charity condemns trend following Amazon investigation. The Guardian, 27 Ekim 2021 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/oct/04/wild-animal-selfies-charity-condemns-trend-brazi-peru-animal-cruelty adresinden erişildi.
24. Curtin, S. (2006). Swimming with dolphins: A phenomenological exploration of tourist recollections. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8, 301–315.
25. Çalık, A. Ö. Ve Çiftçi, G. (2013). Animal ethics in tourism.International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 5(1), 43-53.
26. Daly, N. (2019). The wildlife we see, the suffering we don’t. National Geographic44–77 July.
27. Dawkins, MS. (2004). Using behaviour to assess animal welfare. Animal Welfare, 13, 53-57.
28. Dilek, E. 2016. Turizmin hayvanlara dair ahlaki sorumluluğunun meta eleştiri bağlamında değerlendirilmesi (Yayımlanmış doktora tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.11-17.
29. Dredge, D., & Jamal, T. (2015). Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production. Tourism Management, 51, 285–297. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.002.
30. Duffus, D. A. ve Dearden, P. (1990). Non-consumptive wildlife-oriented recreation: A conceptual framework. Biological Conservation, 53(3), 213–231.
31. Duncan, I. J. (2005). Science-based assessment of animal welfare: farm animals. Revue scientifique et technique-Office international des epizooties, 24(2), 483.
32. Essen, E. V., Lindsjö, J. ve Berg, C. (2020). Instagranimal: Animal Welfare andAnimal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism. Animals, 10(10), 1830.
33. Fennell, D. A. (2012a). Tourism and animal ethics. New York: Routledge.
34. Fennell, D. A. (2012b). Tourism and animal rights. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 157-166.
35. Fennell, D. A., & Sheppard, V. A. (2011). Canada’s 2010 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games’ legacy: Applying an ethical lens to the post-games’ sled dog cull. Journal of Ecotourism, 10(3), 197–213. https://doi: 10.1080/14724049.2011.617452.
36. Fennell, D. A. (2013). Tourism and animal welfare. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(3), 325-340.
37. Fennell, D. A. (2014). Exploring the boundaries of a new moral order for tourism’s global code of ethics. Journal ofSustainable Tourism, 22(7), 983–996.
38. Fennell, D. A., & Sheppard, V. (2020). Tourism, animals and the scales of justice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1768263.
39. Fennell, D. A., & Thomsen, B. (2021). Tourism & animal suffering: Mapping the future. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, 103317.
40. Ferry, Luc. (2000). Ekolojik Yeni Düzen. (Çev. Turhan Ilgaz), Yapı Kredi Yayınları No: 1372. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. İstanbul.
41. Fraser, D. (2009). Assessing animal welfare: different philosophies, different scientific approaches. Zoo Biology, 28(6), 507-518.
42. Folmer, A., Haartsen, T., Huigen, P.P.P., 2013. The role of wildlife in emotional attachment to a nature-based tourism destination. J. Ecotourism 12(3), 131–145.
43. Font, X., Bonilla-Priego, M. J., & Kantenbacher, J. (2019). Trade associations as corporate social responsibility actors: An institutional theory analysis of animal welfare in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(1), 118–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1538231.
44. Getz, D. (1997). Event management and event tourism. New York: Cognizant Communications Corporation.
45. Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, M. C. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10. 1080/09669582.2020.1758708. Hall, C. M., & Jenkins, J. (1995). Tourism and public policy. London: Routledge.
46. Hall, C. M., & Jenkins, J. (2004). Tourism and public policy. In A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams (Eds.). A Companionto Tourism (pp. 525–540). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.004.
47. Hall, Derek, Lesley Roberts, Françoise Wemelsfelder ve Marianne Farish.(2003). “Animal Attractions, Welfare and the Rural Experience Economy”, New Directions in Rural Tourism, Eds. Derek Hall ve Morag Mitchell, Ashgate, London, ss.90-101.
48. Head, B. W. (2007). Three lenses of evidence-based policy. The Australian Journal of Public Administration, 67(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.
49. Hewson, C.J. (2003). What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences. CanadianVeterinary Journal, 44(6), 496-499.
50. Higginbottom, K., 2004. Wildlife tourism: an introduction. Higginbottom, K. (Der.), Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management and Planning içinde (s.1–14). Altona: Common Ground Publishing.
51. Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020. 1757748.
52. Holden, E., Linnerud, K. ve Banister, D. (2017). The Imperatives Of Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development, 25(3), 213-226.
53. Hughes, M. (2001). Animals, values and tourism - structural shifts in UK dolphin tourism provision. Tourism Management, 22(4), 321–329.
54. Humane Society International (2011). Bullfighting in Europe. 27 Ekim 2021 www.hsi.org/news-media/bullfighting_ europe/ adresinden erişildi.
55. Ingold, T. (Ed.). (1988). What is an animal? London: Unwin Hyman Ltd.
56. Kırlar Can, B., Ertaş, M., Yeşilyurt, H. ve Günlü Küçükaltan, E. (2017). The relationship between tourism and commodification: A conceptual approach. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 265-282.
57. Kinder E. (2019). The dark side of animal tourism. The Boar. 25 Ekim 2021 tarihinde Hayvan turizminin karanlık yüzü - Yaban Domuzu (theboar.org) adresinden erişildi.
58. Kline, C. (2018). Tourism experiences and animal consumption: Contested values, morality and ethics. London: Routledge.
59. Knaggs, A. (2019). Famous German circus replaces live animals with cruelty-free holograms. Retrieved at https:// www.attractionsmanagement.com/index.cfm subID=0&pagetype=news&codeID=342233&dom=n&email=web&pub=AMe&date=.
60. Li, T., Liu, F., Soutar, G.N., 2020. Connecting tourism experience and environmental learning. Curr. Issues Tour. 1–6.
61. Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(6), 459-475. doi:10.1080/09669580308667216.
62. Lück, M., & Porter, B. A. (2018). The ethical dilemma of provisioning pelagic birds in exchange for a close encounter. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(4), 401–408.
63. Mather, J. A. (2001). Animal suffering: An invertebrate perspective. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 4(2), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1207/ S15327604JAWS0402_9.
64. McIvor, S. (2017, October 4). Wildlife selfies’ aren’t cute. They encourage cruelty and animal suffering. The Guardian, 27 Ekim 2021 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/03/wildlife-selfies-cruelty-animal-tourist-snaps-amazon adresinden erişildi.
65. Mikulić, J., & Kožić, I. (2011). An exploratory assessment of tourism sustainability in Croatian coastal destinations.EFZG working paper series, (04), 1-12.
66. Mintzberg, H., Lampel, J., Quinn, J., & Ghoshal, S. (2003).Stratejisüreç: Kavramlar, bağlamlar ve vakalar(4. baskı). Üst Eyer Nehri,NJ: Prentice-Hall.
67. Moorhouse, T. P., Dahlsjö, C. A. L., Baker, S. E., D’Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. (2015). The customer isn’t always right – Conservation and animal welfare implications of the increasing demand for wildlife tourism. PLoS One, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138939.
68. Moorhouse, T., D’Cruze, N. C. ve Macdonald, D. W. (2017). Unethical use of wildlife in tourism: what’s the problem, who is responsible, and what can be done?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(4), 505-516.
69. Moscardo, G. (2013). The role and management of non-captive wildlife in ecotourism. Ballantyne, R. ve Packer, J. (Der.), International handbook on ecotourism içinde (351-364). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
70. Nibert, D. (2013). Animal oppression and human violence: Domesecration, capitalism, and global conflict. Columbia University Press.
71. Orams, M. B. (1996). A conceptual model of tourist-wildlife interaction: the case for education as a management strategy. Australian Geographer, 27(1), 39–51.
72. Özen, A. S. (2015). Küresel zoo çeşitliliğin korunmasında önem taşıyan hayvanat bahçesi ve akvaryum birlikleri. Dumlupinar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 34, 1-8.
73. Painter C. (2016). Non-human animals within contemporary capitalism: A Marxist account of non-human animal liberation.Capital veClass, 40(2), 327-345.
74. Pigram, J. J. (1990). Sustainable tourism – policy considerations. Journal of Tourism Studies, 1(2), 2–9.
75. Ryder, R. D. (2010). Speciesism again: The original leaflet. Critical Society, 2, 1-2
76. Ryder, R. D. (1970). Speciesism (özel olarak basılmış broşür, Oxford, 1970); Ryder, R. D. ve Wood, David Speciesism (özel olarak basılmış broşür, Oxford, 1970).
77. Reed, M. (2000). Collaborative tourism planning as adaptive experiments in emergent tourism settings. In B. Bramwell, & B. Lane (Eds.). Tourism collaboration and partnerships (pp. 247–271). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
78. Reynolds, P. C. ve Braithwaite, D. (2001). Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism. Tourism Managementt, 22(1), 31-42.
79. Regan, T. (1980). Cruelty, kindness, and unnecessary suffering. Philosophy, 55(214), 532–541.
80. Rickly, J. M. & Kline, C. (2021) (Eds.). Exploring nonhuman work in tourism: From beasts of burden to animal ambassadors. Berlin: De Gruyter.
81. Savaş, T., Yurtman, İ. Y. ve Tölü, C. (2009). Hayvan hakları ve hayvan refahı: Felsefi bakış-nesnel arayışlar. Hayvansal Üretim, 50(1), 54-61.
82. Shackley, M. (1996). Wildlife tourism. London: International Thomson Business Press.
83. Shani, A. (2009). Tourists’ attitudes toward the use of animals iın tourist attractions: an empirical ınvestigation. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Central Florida, Orlando.
84. Shani, A. ve Pizam, A. (2008). Towards an ethical framework for animal-based attractions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(6), 679- 693.
85. Shani, A. (2012). A quantitative investigation of tourists’ ethical attitudes towards animal-based attractions. Tourism, 60(2), 139–158.
86. Shani, A. (2013). Differentiating settings of tourist-animal interactions: An anthrozoological perspective. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(1),
87. Sheppard, VA ve Fennell, DA (2019). Turizm kamu sektörü politikasında ilerleme: İnsan olmayan hayvanlar için bir etiğe doğru. Turizm İşletmeciliği , 73 , 134-140-141.
88. Sherry, C. J. (2009). Animal rights: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
89. Singer, P. (2005). Hayvan Özgürleşmesi, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
90. Sjoberg, G. (2002). Sanayi öncesi kenti. A. Alkan ve B. Duru (Der. ve Çev.), 20. Yüzyıl kenti içinde (s.37-54), İmge Yayınevi: Ankara.
91. Sneddon, J., Lee, J., Ballantyne, R. ve Packer, J. (2016). Animal welfare values and tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 57, 234–278.
92. Steiner, C.J., & Reisinger, Y. (2006). Ringing the fourfold: A philosophical framework for thinking about wellness tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(1), 5–14.
93. Stokes, R. (2008). Tourism strategy making: insights to the events tourism domain. Tourism Management, 29, 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.014.
94. Teel, T.L., Bright, A.D., & Manfredo, M.J. (2003). Regional results from the pilot phase of the research project entitled ‘Wildlife Values in the West’ (Project Report No. 55). Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University, Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit.
95. Thomsen, B., A. Gosler, T. Cousins, K. Copeland, J. Thomsen, S. Coose, S. Fennell, J. Guzman, & S. Copeland. (2021). Coexistence is a trigger word: Conceptualizing a posthumanist approach to wildlife-human coexistence. Working paper. Oxford, UK.
96. Thomsen, B, J. Thomsen, K. Copeland, S. Coose, E. Arnold, H. Bryan, K. Prokop, K. Cullen, C. Vaughn, B. Rodriguez, R. Muha, N. Arnold, H. Winger, & G. Chalich. (2021). Multispecies livelihoods: A posthumanist approach to wildlife ecotourism that promotes animal ethics. Working paper. Oxford, UK.
97. Tıraş, H.H (2012). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Çevre: Teorik Bir İnceleme“. Kahramanmaraş: Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi.
98. Tourism Concern. (2017). Research briefing. Animals in tourism. 25 Ekim 2021 tarihinde https://www.travindy.com/ wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Animals-in-Tourism-lWeb-FINAL-1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
99. United Nations, (1972). Report Of The United Nations Conference On The Human Environment. 30 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/stockholm1972 adresinden ve https://undocs. org/en/A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 belgesinden erişildi.
100. UNEP ve WTO, (2005). Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide For Policy Makers. 30 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284408214 adresinden alındı.
101. UNWTO, (1999). United Nations World Tourism Organisation. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism 30 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://www.unwto.org/global-code-of-ethics-for-tourism adresinden alındı.
102. Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary society. London: Sage.
103. Verbos, R. I., Zajchowski, C. A. B., Brownlee, M. T. J., & Skibins, J. C. (2018). I’d like to be just a bit closer: Wildlife viewing proximity preferences at Denali National Park & Preserve. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(4), 409–424.
104. Wikipedia (2020). Richard D. Ryder. 30 Ekim 2021tarihinde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder adresinden erişildi.
105. Winter, C., & Frew, E. (2018). Dark racing: Backstage at the sport of kings. Leisure Studies, 37(18), 452–465.
106. Winter, C. (2020). A review of animal ethics in tourism: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on animal ethics in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 102989.
107. World Animal Protection (2020). The coalition for ethical wildlife tourism. 28 Ekim 2021 tarihinde https://www. worldanimalprotection.org/cewt adresinden erişildi.
108. World Animal Protection. Animal Protection Index. 28 Ekim 2021 tarihinde https://api.worldanimalprotection.org/ adresinden erişildi.
109. World Animal Protection. Behind the Smile: The multibillion-dollar dolphin entertainment industry. 30 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://www.worldanimalprotection.us/ adresinden ulaşıldı.
110. Yenişehirlioğlu, E. & Cihangir, E. (2021). Turizm Endüstrisinde Hayvan Kullanımı: Yıkıcı-Yıkıcı Olmayan Temas Temelli Yaklaşım . OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18 (41) , 3885-3917.
111. Yount, L. (2008). Animal rights. N.Y: Infobase Publishing.
112. Yudina, O., & Fennell, D. (2013). Eco-feminism in the tourism context: A discussion of the use of other-than-human animals as food in tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(1), 55–69.
113. Ziegler, J. A., Silberg, J. N., Araujo, G., Labaja, J., Ponzo, A., Rollins, R., & Dearden, P. (2018). A guilty pleasure: Tourist perspectives on the ethics of feeding whale sharks in Oslob, Philippines. Tourism Management, 68, 264–274.