EFFECT OF THE STORE ATMOSPHERE ON COMPULSIVE BUYING BEHAVIOR

Yıl 2022, , 181 - 212, 29.06.2022

Alişan Baltacı , Zeliha Eser

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2022.009

Öz

Kompulsif satın alma davranışı tüketicileri ihtiyaçları olandan daha fazlasını satın almaya sevk eden kontrol dışı bir davranış türüdür. Depresyon, inkar, düşük benlik saygısı, üzüntü gibi olumsuz duygular kompulsif satın alma davranışının altında yatan nedenler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, mağaza atmosferinin kompulsif satın alma davranışı üzerindeki tetikleyici etkisini irdelemektir. Araştırmanın amacına ulaşabilmesi için nitel ve nicel yöntem bir arada kullanılmıştır. Nihayetinde mağaza atmosferinin kompulsif satın alma davranışı üzerindeki etkisinin üç boyutlu bir yapıdan oluştuğu; bu yapıların fiziksel çevre, promosyon etkisi ve gösterişçi tüketim olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi uygulanarak yapılan istatistiksel analizler neticesinde araştırma modelinin yapı geçerliliğine sahip olduğu, soru setinin kavrama dair toplam varyansın yaklaşık %74'ünü açıklayabilidiği ve .929 güvenilirlik katsayısına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

mağaza atmosferi, kompulsif satın alma, tüketici davranışı

Destekleyen Kurum

Yoktur

Proje Numarası

Bir projeye ait değildir

EFFECT OF THE STORE ATMOSPHERE ON COMPULSIVE BUYING BEHAVIOR

Öz

Compulsive buying is a behavioral disorder that drives consumers to buy more than they need unintentionally. Negative feelings such as depression, sorrow, denial, lack of self-esteem, Etc., are stated as the reasons for this behavior. This research aims to exert the triggering effect of store atmosphere on compulsive buying behavior. Both qualitative and quantitative methods have been applied to achieve this aim. Finally, we found that the effect of store atmosphere on compulsive buying behavior has three dimensions. These dimensions are physical environment, promotion, and conspicuous consumption. Statistical tests made by applying the Structural Equation Model show that our model has construct validity, the result of the factor analysis exerts that %73,98 of the total variance is explained, and the reliability score of our questionnaire is .929.

Anahtar Kelimeler

store atmosphere, compulsive buying, consumer behavior

Proje Numarası

Bir projeye ait değildir

Kaynakça

• Abrat, R., and Goodey, D. S. (1990). Unplanned buying and in-store stimuli in supermarkets. Managerial and Decision Economics, 11(2), 111-122.
• Adamczyk, G., Capetillo-Ponce, J., and Szczygielski, D. (2020). Compulsive buying in Poland. An empirical study of people married or in a stable relationship. Journal of Consumer Policy, (43), 593–610.
• Akram, U., Hui, P., Khan, M.K., Hashim, M., and Rasheed, S. (2016). Impact of store atmosphere on impulse buying behavior: moderating effect of demographic variables. International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology,9(7), 43-60.
• Alnazer, M. (2013). Consumer response to price discount and premiums : The moderating role of brand awareness. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2 (9), 132-137, ISSN (Online), 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print), 2319 – 801X.
• Annagür, B. B. (2008). Depresyon hastalarında dürtü kontrol bozuklukları sıklığı. Yayınlanmamış Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi. Adana.
• Awang, Z. (2012). A Handbook on SEM (Structural Equation Modeling), Using AMOS Graphic. UiTM Press.
• Applebaum, W. (1951). Studying consumer behavior in retail scores. Journal of Marketing, 1951, 16: 32-40.
• Arnould, E. J., Price, L. L., and Tierney, P. (1998). Communicative staging of the wilderness servicescape. The Service Industries Journal, 18 (3), 90-115.
• Ayad, S., Ainous, R., and Maliki, S. B-E. (2016). The role of color in the attainment of customers’ intensive buying intention: An exploratory descriptive case study (S.O.R Model Application). International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 16(1), 173-182.
• Babin, B. J., Boles, J. S., and Darden, W. R. (1995). Salesperson stereotypes, consumer emotions, and their impact on information processing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23: 94-105.
• Bäckström, K., and Johansson, U. (2006). Creating and consuming experiences in retail store environments: Comparing retailer and consumer perspectives. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 13: 417-430.
• Bagozzi, R. P. (1978). Salesforce performance and satisfaction as a function of individual difference, interpersonal, and situational factors. Journal of Marketing Research, 15: 517-31.
• Bagozzi, R. P. (1980). Causal Models in Marketing. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Bagozzi, R. P. (1986). Principles of marketing management. Chicago: Science Research Associates, Inc.
• Baker J., Levy, M., and Grewal, D. (1992). An experimental approach to making retail store environmental decisions. Journal of Retailing, 68(4), 445-460.
• Baker, J. (1987). The role of environment in marketing services: The consumer perspective. In The services challenge: Integration for competitive advantage. Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association: 79-84.
• Baker, J., Grewal, D., and Parasuraman, A. (1994). The influence of store environment on quality inferences and store image. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 22(4), 328-339.
• Bardzil, J.R., and Rosenberger III, P.J. (1996). Atmosphere: Does it provide central or peripheral cues?. Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research Volume 2, eds. Russel Belk and Ronald Groves, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research: 73-79.
• Bateson J.E.B., and Hui, M. (1987). Perceived control as a crucial dimension of the service experience: An experimental study. In: Add Value to Your Service, Ed. C. Surprenant, Chicago: American Marketing Association.
• Beatty, S. E., and Ferrell, E. (1998). Impulse buying: modeling its precursors. Journal of Retailing, 74(2), 161-167.
• Belk, R. W. (1975). Situational variables and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research. 2: 157-64.
• Bell, P., Greene, T., Fisher, J., and Baum, A. (2001). Environmental Psychology, 5th Edition, Bermont: Wadworth Group.
• Bellizzi, J. A., Crowley, A. E., and Hasty, R. W. (1983). The effects of color in store design” , Journal of Retailing, 59(1), 21-47.
• Bennett, R. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of website atmosphere in online charity fundraising situations, Journal of Website Promotion, 1(1), 131-152.
• Berman, B. R., and Evans, J. R. (2010). Retail Management, a Strategic Approach (8th Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prenctice Hall.
• Bettman, J. R. (1979). An Information Processing Theory of Consumer Choice. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.
• Billieux, J., Rochat, L., Rebetez, M. M. L., and Van der Linden, M. (2008). Are all facets of impulsivity related to self-reported compulsive buying behavior?. Personality and Individual Differences. 44: 1432–1442.
• Bitner, M. J. (1992). Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees. Journal of Marketing. 56(2), 57-71.
• Black, D.W. (2007). A review of compulsive buying disorder. World Psychiatry, 6(1), 14-18.
• Bone, P. F., and Ellen, P. S. (1999). Scents in the marketplace: explaining a fraction of olfaction. Journal of Retailing, 75(2), 243.
• Bradford, K. D., and Desrochers, D. M. (2009). The use of scents to influence consumers: the sense of using scents to make cents. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(2), 141- 153.
• Cho, J. Y., and Lee, E.-J. (2016). Impact of interior colors in retail store atmosphere on consumers perceived store luxury, emotions, and preference. SAGE Journals, 35(1), 33-48.
• Coloma, D., and Kleiner B. H. (2005). How can music be used in business?. Management Research News, 28 (11/12), 115-120.
• Cox, R., and Brittain, P. (2000). Retail Management, 4th ed, FT Prentice-Hall, London.
• Curhan, R. C. (1973). Shelf space allocation and profit maximization in mass retailing. Journal of Marketing, 37(3), 54-60.
• d’ Astous, A. (2000). Irritating aspects of the shopping environment. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 149-156.
• Desarbo, W. S., and Edwards, E. (1996). Typologies of compulsive buying behavior: A constrained clusterwise regression approach. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 5: 231–262.
• Devrani, T. K. (2018). Durumsal benlik saygısının kompulsif tüketim üzerindeki etkisi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Sempozyumu. 28-30 Nisan 2018. Antalya. Bildiri Özetleri Kitapçığı: 157.
• Dittmar, H. (2004). Understanding and diagnosing compulsive buying. Handbook of addictive disorders: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment. Wiley. New York: 411-450.
• Dittmar, H., and Drury, J. (2000). Self–image is it in the bag? A qualitative comparison between “ordinary” and “excessive” consumers. Journal of Economic Psychology, 21: 109–142.
• Donovan, R. J., Rossiter, J. R., Marcoolyn, G., and Nesdale, A. (1994). Store atmosphere and purchasing behavior, Journal of Retailing, 70(3), 283- 294.
• Donovan, R., and Rossiter, R. (1982). Store atmosphere: An environmental psychology approch, Journal of Retailing, 1982(58), 34 –57.
• Dostanić, J., and Mirković, B. (2019). Susceptibility to visual merchandising and compulsive buying: Examining the mediating effect of hedonic shopping motivations, Proceedings of the XXV Scientific Conference: Empirical Studies n Psychology, March 29th–31st, 2019: 115-117.
• Edwards, E. A. (1993). Development of a new scale for measuring compulsive buying behavior. Financial Counselling and Planning, 4: 67–84.
• Ellis, L., and Ficek, C. (2001). Color preferences according to gender and sexual orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31: 1375-1379.
• Eroglu, S. A., Machleit, K., and Barr, T. F. (2005). Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction: the role of shopping values. Journal of Business Research, 58(8), 1146-1153.
• Faber, R. J., and O’Guinn, T. C. (1992). A clinical screener for compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 19: 459–469.
• Ghosh, A. (1990). Retail Management, 2nd ed., The Dryden Press, Chicago, IL.
• Goi, M. T., Kalidas, V., and Zeeshan, M. (2014). Personality as moderator of SOR model. Review of Integrative Business & Economics Research, 3(2), 67-76.
• Goldsmith, R.E., Flynn, R.L., and Goldsmith, E.B. (2015). Consumer characteristics associated with compulsive buying. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(3), 21-38.
• Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M., and Voss, G. B. (2003). The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores. Journal of Retailing, 79(4), 259-268.
• Gunawan, S. A., and Bernarto, I. (2020). Does brand attachment affect compulsive buying? Evidence of Indonesian customers fashion lifestyle. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. 29(5), 4392-4399.
• Günüç, S., and Keskin, D.A. (2016). Çevrimiçi alışveriş bağımlılığı: Belirtiler, nedenler ve etkiler. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal On Addictions. Kış 2016, 3(3), 339‒364.
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., and Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective, (7th Ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson: 125.
• Harnish, R.J., and Bridges, R. (2015). Compulsive buying: The role of ırrational beliefs, materialism, and narcissism. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 33(1), 1-16.
• Hart, C., and Davies, M. (1996). The location and merchandising of non-food in supermarkets. International Journal of Retail ve Distribution Management, 24(3), 17-25.
• Hassay, D.N., and Smith, M.C. (1996). Compulsive buying: An examination of the consumption motive. Psychology ve Marketing, 13(8), 741-752.
• Herrington, J. D., and Capella, L. M. (1995). Shoppers reactions to perceived time pressure. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 23(12), 13-20.
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., and Mullen, M. R. (2008). structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6: 53-60.
• Howard, J. A., and Jadish, N. S. (1969). The Theory of Buyer Behavior, New York, NY: Wiley and Sons.
• Hoyer, W. D., and MacInnis, D. J. (2007). Consumer Behavior (Fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
• Hui, M., and Bateson, G. (1991). Perceived control and the effect of crowding and consumer choice on the service encounter, Journal of Consumer Research, 1991/18: 174-184.
• Hussain, R., and Mazhar, A. (2015). Effect of store atmosphere on consumer purchase intention. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 7(2), 35-43.
• Inman, J. J., Winer, R. S., and Ferraro, R. (2009). The interplay among category characteristics, customer characteristics, and customer activities on in-store decision making. Journal of Marketing, 73(5), 19-29.
• Inman, J., McAlister, L. and Hoyer, W. (1990). Promotion signal: Proxy for a price cut?. Journal of Consumer Research. 17: 74-81.
• Iyer, E. S. (1989). Unplanned purchasing: knowledge of shopping environment and time pressure. Journal of Retailing, 65(1), 40-57.
• Jalees, T. (2007). Identifying determinants of compulsive buying behavior. Market Forces, 3(2), 30-51.
• Juhari, N. H., Ali, H. M., and Khair, N. (2012). The shopping mall servicescape affects customer satisfaction. In 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research: 617-632.
• Kasser, T., and Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulleting, 22: 280-287.
• Kaur, M., Maheshwari, S. K., and Kumar, A. (2019). Compulsive buying behavior and online shopping addiction among health science teachers. International Journal of Nursing Care, 7(1), 74-80.
• Kellaris, J. J., and Kent, R. J. (1992). The influence of music on consumers' temporal perceptions: Does time fly when you're having fun?. Journal of Consumer Psychology. 1(4), 365-76.
• Koran, L. M., Faber, R .J., Aboujaoude, E., Large, M. D., and Serpe, R.T. (2006). Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806-1812.
• Korur, M. G., and Kimzan, H. S. (2016). Kompulsif satın alma eğilimi ve alışveriş sonrası pişmanlık ilişkisinde kontrolsüz kredi kartı kullanımının rolü: AVM müşterileri üzerine bir araştırma. Tüketici ve Tüketim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1- Haziran 2016), 43-71.
• Kotler, P. (1973). Atmospherics as a marketing tool. Journal of Retailing, 49, no. 4: 48. KSA. (2003). KSA‘s Private Label Workshop.
• Lafferty, H. K., and Dickey, L.E. (1980). Clothing symbolism and the changing role of nurses. Home Economics Research Journal. 8(4), 294-301.
• Lee, S. Y., Kim, J., and Li, J. (2011). Impacts of store crowding on shopping behavior and store image. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, May 2011/140: 133-140.
• Lejoyeeux, M. and Weinstein, A. (2010). Compulsive buying. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 248-253.
• Levy, M., and Weitz, B. (2011). Retailing Management (8th Ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.
• Li, C., and Chau, P. Y. K. (2019). Leveraging communication tools to reduce consumers’ privacy concern in the on-demand services: An extended S-O-R Model of perceived control and structural assurance. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, China.
• Lo, H-Y., and Harvey, N. (2014). Compulsive buying: Obsessive acquisition, collecting or hoarding?. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 12: 453-469.
• Loudon, D., and Bitta, A. J. D. (1993). Consumer Behavior. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Ma, J., Liu T., Li, X., and Chen, Y. (2017). The Impact of background music rhythm on impulsive buying: Moderating effect of shopping attitude. 2017 International Conference on Economics and Management Engineering (ICEME 2017). ISBN: 978-1-60595-451-6.
• Machleit, K. A., Eroglu, S. A., and Powell, M.S. (2000). Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction: What modifies this relationship?. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9(1): 29-42.
• Madjid, R. (2014). The influence store atmosphere towards customer emotions and purchase decisions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 3(10), 11-19.
• Maraz, A., Griffiths, M. D., and Demetrovics, Z. (2016). The prevalence of compulsive buying: A meta-analysis, Addiction, 111, 408–419.
• Marsh, H. W., and Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First- and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97: 562–582.
• McElroy, S. L., Keck, P. E., Pope, H. G., Smith, M. J., and Strakowski, S.M. (1994). Compulsive Buying: A Report of 20 Cases. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55: 242–248.
• Mehrabian, A., and Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. 1st Ed. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
• Mihić, M., and Kursan, I. (2010). Assessing the situational factors and impulsive buying behavior. Management, 15(2010-2), 47-66.
• Milliman, R. (1986). The Influence of background music on the behavior of restaurant patrons. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(2), 286-289.
• Milliman, R. E. (1982). Using background music to affect the behavior of supermarket shoppers. Journal of Marketing. 46: 86-91.
• Miltenberger, R.G., Redlin, J., Crosby, R., Stickney, M, Mitchell, J., Wonderlich, S., Faber, R., and Smyth, J. (2003). Direct and retrospective assessment of factors contributing to compulsive buying. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(March-1), 1–9.
• Mitchell, V. W. (1999). Consumer perceived risk: Conceptualisations and models. European Journal of Marketing, 33(1/2), 163–195.
• Mittal, B., Holbrook, M. B., Beatty, S., Raghubir, P., and Woodside, A.G. (2008). Consumer behavior: How humans think, feel, and act in the marketplace. Open Mentis Publishing Company. Cincinnati, OH.
• Moharana, T. R., and Pattanaik, S. (2018). Store selection in emerging markets: An Indian perspective. Journal of Management Research, 18(3), 162-175.
• Mrad, M., and Cui, C. C. (2019). Comorbidity of compulsive buying and brand addiction: An examination of two types of addictive consumption. Journal of Business Research, 113: 399-408.
• Neuner, M., Raab, G., and Reisch, L. (2005). Compulsive buying in maturing consumer societies: An empirical re-inquiry. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26: 509–522.
• Nicholls, J. A .F., Roslow, S., and Dublish, S. (1997). Time and companionship: key factors in Hispanic shopping behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(2/3), 194 -205.
• Noudoostbeni, A., Kaur, K., and Jenatabadi, H.S. (2018). A comparison of structural equation modeling approaches with DeLone & McLean’s Model: A case study of radio-frequency identification user satisfaction in Malaysian university libraries. Sustainability, 10: 1-16.
• Novendra H. D., Verinita Masykura, I. (2019). The Effect of store atmosphere on revisit intention that is in mediation by customer satisfaction (Survey on Padang Bioderm Clinic consumer). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 4(4), 328-336.
• Oakes, S. (2000). The influence of musicscape within service environments. Journal of Services Marketing. 14(7), 539-556.
• Oakes, S., and North, A. C. (2008). Using music to influence cognitive and affective responses in queues of low and high crowd density. Journal of Marketing Management, 24(5-6), 589-602.
• Obeid, M. Y. (2014). The effect of sales promotion tools on behavioral responses. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 3(4), 28-31.
• Odabaşı, Y., and Barış, G. (2005). Tüketici Davranışı. 5. Baskı. MediaCat. İstanbul.
• O'Guinn, T. C., and Faber, R.J. (1989). Compulsive Buying: A Phenomenological Exploration. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 147-157.
• Özkorumak, E., and Tiryaki, A. (2011). Davranışsal bağımlılık olarak kontrol edilemeyen satın alma davranışı. Psikiyatride Derlemeler, Olgular ve Varsayımlar. 5(1-3): 14-18.
• Parsons, A. G. (2003). Assessing the effectiveness of shopping mall promotions: customer analysis. International Journal of Retail ve Distribution Management, 31(2), 74-79.
• Parsons, A. G. (2009). Use of scent in a naturally odourless store. International Journal of Retail ve Distribution Management, 37(5), 440-452.
• Patton III W.E. (1981). Quantity of information and information display type as predictors of consumer choice of product brands. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 15(1), 92-105.
• Prasad, V. K. (1975). Unplanned buying in two retail settings. Journal of Retailing, 51: 3-12.
• Pratminingsih, S. A., Saudi M. H. M. S., and Saudi, N. S. M. (2018). Store atmosphere and food quality as determinant factors in visiting traditional restaurant in Bandung, Indonesia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.34), 287-290.
• Raajpoot, N. A., Sharma, A., and Chebat, J.C. (2008). The role of gender and work status in shopping center patronage. Journal of Business Research, 61(8), 825-833.
• Ratih, P. A. R., and Rahanatha, G. B. (2020). The role of lifestyle in moderating the infulence of sales promotion and store atmosphere on impulse buying at Starbucks. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 4(2), 19-26.
• Ridgway, N. M., Kukar-Kinney, M., and Monroe, K. B. (2008). An expanded conceptualization and a new measure of compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(4), 622–639.
• Roberts, J. A., and Jones, E. (2001). Money attitudes, credit card use and compulsive buying among American college students. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35(21), 213-240.
• Roberts, J. A., and Pirog, S. F. (2004). Personal goals and their role in consumer behavior: The case of compulsive buying. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Summer: 61-72.
• Rook, D. W. (1987). The buying impulse. Journal of Consumer Research. 1987(14), 189-199.
• Rook, D. W., and Fisher, R. J. (1995). Normative influences on impulsive buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Research. December, 1995(22), 305-313.
• Rook, D. W., and Gardner M. P. (1993). In the mood: Impulse buyings’ affective antecedents. Research in Consumer Behavior, 6: 1–28.
• Russell, J. A., and Snodgrass, J. (1987). Emotion and the environment. Edited by D.Stokols and I. Altman. Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
• Saleem, S. .& Salaria, R. 2010. Few determinants of compulsive buying of youth in Pakistan. University Library of Munich, Germany, MPRA Paper.
• Samo, A., Shaikh, H., Bhutto, M., Rani, F., Samo, F., and Bhutto, T. (2019). Young buyers: Shopping enjoyment and obsessive-compulsive buying. European Journal of Business and Management, 11(3), 129-139.
• Scherhorn, G. (1990). The addictive trait in buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Policy, 13(1), 33-51.
• Schielke, T., and Leudesdorff, M. (2015). Impact of lighting design on brand image for fashion retail stores. Lighting Research & Technolgy, 47(6), 1-27.
• Sherman, E., and Smith, R. B. (1986). Mood states of shoppers and store image. Promising interactions and possible behavioral effects. In Advances in consumer research. edited by Richard J Lutz. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
• Sherman, E., Mathur, A., and Belk S. M. (1997). Store Environment and Consumer Purchase Behavior: Mediating Role of Consumer Emotions. Psychology and Marketing. 14: 361 - 378.
• Shoham, A., and Brencic, M. M. (2003). Compulsive buying behavior. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 20(2/3), 127-138.
• Shuman, J. (2006). The Health ve Fitness Forum for St. Louis, Supermarket Savvy.
• Singh, P. K. (2014). The impact of store atmospherics and store layout on consumer buying patterns. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 3(8), 15- 23.
• Soares, C., Fernandes, N., and Morgado, P. (2016). A review of pharmacologic treatment for compulsive buying disorder. CNS Drugs, 0(4), 281-291.
• Solomon, M. R., and Douglas, S. P. (1987). Diversity in Product Symbolism: The Case of Female Executive Clothing. Psychology and Marketing, 4(3), 189-212.
• Spangenberg, E. R., Sprott, D. E., Grohmann, B., and Tracy, D. (2006). Gender-congruent ambient scent influences on approach and avoidance behaviors in a retail store. Journal of Business Research. 59(12), 1281-1287.
• Stokols, D. (1972). On the distinction between density and crowding. Psychological Review. 79: 275-277.
• Tai, S. H. C., and Fung, M. C. A. (1997). Application of an environmental psychology model to in-store buying behavior. International Review of Retail. Distribution and Consumer Research. (7), Oct: 311-337.
• Tamam, L., Diler, S. R., and Özpoyraz, N. (1998). Kompulsif satın alma: Bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 9(3), 224-230.
• Tulipa, D., Gunawan, S., and Supit, V. H. (2014). The influence of store atmosphere on emotional responses and re-purchase intentions. Business Management and Strategy, 5(2), 151-164.
• Valence, G., d'Astous, A., and Fortier, L. (1988). Compulsive buying: Concept and measurement. Journal of Consumer Policy, 11(4), 419.
• Vickers, J. 2004. Economics for consumer policy (Keynes lecture in economics). Proceedings of the British Academy, 125, 287 310.
• Vida, I. (2008). The impact of atmospherics on consumer behavior: the case of the music fit in retail stores. Economic and Business Review, 10(1), 21-35.
• Vohs, K., and Faber, R. (2003). Self-regulation and impulsive spending patterns. Advances in Consumer Research, 30: 125-126.
• Wakefield, K. L., and Baker, J. (1998). Excitement at the mall: determinants and effects on shopping response. Journal of Retailing. 74 (4), 515-539.
• Ward, L. W., and Russell, J. A. (1981). The psychological representation of molar physical environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 110(2), 121-52.
• Ward, P., Davies, B. J., and Kooijman, D. (2007). Olfaction and the retail environment: examining the influence of ambient scent. Service Business, 1, (4), 295-316.
• Wicklund, R. A., and Gollwitzer, P. M. (1981). Symbolic self-completion, attempted influence, and self-deprecation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2(2), 89-114.
• Widyastuti, P. (2018). Does visual merchandising, store atmosphere and private label product influence impulse buying? Evidence in Jakarta. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 12(3), 140-148.
• Wilson, S. (2003). The effect of music on perceived atmosphere and purchase intentions in a restaurant. Psychology of Music. 31(1), 93-112.
• Yalch, R. F., and Spangenberg, E. (1988). An environmental psychological study of foreground and background music as retail atmospheric factors, in AMA Educators’ Conference Proceedings, Vol. 54, Alf W. Walle, ed., American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL. 1988: 106–110.
• Youn, H. S. (2000). The dimensional structure of consumer buying impulsivity: measurement and validation. PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota: 1-293.
• Yurchisin, J., and Johnson, K. K. P. (2004). Compulsive buying behavior and its relationship to perceived social status associated with buying, materialism, self-esteem, and apparel-product involvement. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 32(3), 291-314.
• Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing. 52(2), 2-22.