Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK SORUNU OLARAK UZAY ÇÖPLERİ: ÖNE ÇIKAN ULUSLARARASI ÖNLEMLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2024, , 271 - 307, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2024.011

Öz

Uzay çöpleri Dünya’nın yörüngesinde atık nesnelerin birikmesiyle oluşan kirliliktir. Çalışmada bu kirlilikten kaynaklanan tehditlere karşı geliştirilen güvenlik önlemlerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, uzay çöpleri sorununu uluslararası güvenlik perspektifinden ele alması bakımından önemlidir. Çalışmanın temel argümanı uzay çöpleri sorununun uluslararası güvenlik için tehdit oluşturabilecek nitelikte olduğudur. Çalışmada, uzay çöplerinden oluşabilecek tehditlerin uluslararası güvenlik sorunları arasındaki yeri ve önemi nedir? sorusuna yanıt aranmaktadır. Çalışmada, güvenlik önlemlerinin hem uluslararası güvenlik boyutunun hem de güvenlik sektörlerine yansımalarının ortaya konulması için Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi yaklaşımı kuram olarak tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu güvenlik önlemlerine katılan aktörlerin tutumunun resmi evraklar aracılığıyla ortaya konulabilmesi için doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Gerekli dokümanlar akademik kitapların, makalelerin, bildirilerin ve haber kaynaklarının yanında UNOOSA, NASA, ODPO, UKSA ve ESA gibi çeşitli kurumların resmi çevrim içi adreslerinden elde edilmiştir. Araştırma neticesinde uzay çöplerinin uluslararası iş birliği gerektiren uluslararası güvenlik için çok yönlü tehdide dönüşebilecek nitelikte olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmada etik kurul izni gerekmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışmada herhangi bir fon veya destekten yararlanılmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akgül Açıkmeşe, S. (2011). Algı mı, söylem mi? Kopenhag okulu ve yeni gerçekçilikte güvenlik tehditleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 8(30), 43-73.
  • Astroscale. (2021). ELSA-d. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://astroscale.com/missions/elsa-d/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Baysal, B., & Lüleci, Ç. (2015). Kopenhag okulu ve güvenlikleştirme teorisi. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 11(22), 61-96.
  • Bowen, B.E. (2014). Cascading crises: Orbital debris and the widening of space security. Astropolitics, 12(1), 46-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2014.890489
  • Buzan, B. (1983). People states & fear an agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war end. Great Britain: Wheatsheaf Books. Buzan, B. (1991). New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. Royal Institute of International Affairs, 7(3), 431-451.
  • Buzan, B. (2003). Regional security complex theory in the post-cold war world. Fredrik Söderbaum, Timothy M. Shaw (Ed.), Theories of New Regionalism A Palgrave Reader (pp. 140-159). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buzan, B. (2012). How regions were made, and the legacies for world politics: An English school reconnaissance. Paul, T.V. (Ed.), International Relations and Regional Transformation (p.22- 46). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and Powers the structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O., Wilde, J.D. (1998). Security a new framework for analysis. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • CBS News. (2010). Russia plans to clean space junk from earth orbit. 25 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-plans-to-clean-space-junk-from-earth-orbit/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Chang, K. (2011). Satellite’s fall becomes phenomenon. 9 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/science/space/23satellite.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Chow, D., & Mitchell, A. (2021a). Astronauts take shelter as debris passes dangerously close to space station. NBC News, 12 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/astronauts-take-shelter-debris-passes-dangerously-close-space-station-rcna5617 adresinden erişildi.
  • ClearSpace. (2022). About ClearSpace. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://clearspace.today/about-clearspace/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Coreceda, R. (2019). ‘We’re heading for disaster’ over space junk warns top ESA space debris official. Euronews, 1 Ekim 2023 https://www.euronews.com/2019/12/18/we-re-heading-for-disaster-over-space-junk-warns-top-esa-space-debris-official adresinden erişildi.
  • Ercan, A., & Gürsel, S. (2022). Değişen uluslararası güvenlik bağlamında uzay güvenliği ve uzayda silahsızlanma çabaları. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(2), 881-896.
  • Erdem, T. (2018). Uluslararası İlişkilerde yeni perspektif: Astropolitiğe giriş. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 431-446.
  • Erdem, T. (2021a). Dış Uzay sahasının silahlandırılmasının uluslararası güvenliğe yansımaları. Onur Limon, Ümran Güneş ve Servet Karagöz (Eds.) 21. Yüzyılda bölgesel sorunlar içinde (ss.877-895). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Erdem, T. (2021b). Uluslararası ilişkilerin dış uzay sahasına yansımaları ve öne çıkan gelişmeler. Sinem Yüksel Çendek ve Armağan Örki (Ed.), İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi Uluslararası Güvenlik Sempozyumu tam metin kitabı içinde (ss.66-72). İstanbul: İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi.
  • Erdem, T., Örki, A., (2019). Uluslararası İlişkilerde klasik güç anlayışının evrimi. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 12-28.
  • Frankowski, P. (2017). Outer space and private companies: Consequences for global security. Politeja, 50/5, Global and regional security challenges, 131-148.
  • Gaubert, J. (2021). A spacewalk was cancelled because of space debris. ıs it becoming a real threat for astronauts. Euro News, 26 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/12/03/a-spacewalk-was-cancelled-because-of-space-debris-is-it-becoming-a-real-threat-for-astrona adresinden erişildi.
  • Gibson, J. (2007). Jet’s flaming space junk seare, the sydney morning herald. 26 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/jets-flaming-space-junk-scare-20070329-gdps8y.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 adresinden erişildi.
  • Gummer, W. K., Campbell, F. R., Knight, G. B., & Ricard, J. L. (1980). COSMOS 954 the occurrence and nature of recovered debris. Canada: Canadian Government Publishing Centre.
  • Gürsel, S. (2022). Uluslararası güvenlik bağlamında uzay güvenliği. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Yayıncılık.
  • Hall, L. (2014). The history of space debris. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Space Traffic Management Conference-2014. (ss.1-10) 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=stm adresinden erişildi.
  • Hamilton, T. J. (1969). Soviet space debris hits Japanese ship, ınjuring 5. The New York Times, 30 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/1969/07/05/archives/soviet-space-debris-hits-japanese-ship-injuring-5.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Hettne, B. (2008). Teori ve pratikte güvenliğin bölgeselleşmesi. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 5(18), 87-106. https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2023/11/cantwell-hickenlooper-bill-to-clean-up-space-junk-passes-senate-unanimously adresinden erişildi.
  • Huysmans, J. (1998). Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the creative development of a security studies agenda in Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 4(4), 479-505.
  • Huysmans, J. (1998). Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the creative development of a security studies agenda in Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 4(4), 479-505.
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2022). Space: The debris frontier. 17 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.iso.org/news/ref4321.html adresinden erişildi.
  • İnan Şimşek, A., & Atvur, S. (2021). 21. yüzyılda uluslararası uzay rejiminin insanlığın ortak mirası temelinde yeniden inşası. Alternatif Politika, 13(3), 593-628
  • Johnson, N. (2009). The collision of Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251: The shape of things to come. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Daejeon. (ss.1-14) 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100002023/downloads/20100002023.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Johnson, N. L., Stansberya, E., Liou, J.-C., Horstman, M., Stokely, C., & Whitlock, D. (2008). The characteristics and consequences of the break-up of the Fengyun-1C spacecraft. Acta Astronautica, 63(1-4), 128–135.
  • Kavuncu, S. (2014). Soğuk Savaş sonrası ABD’nin ulusal güvenlik stratejileri. Hasret Çomak ve Ayşegül Gökalp Kutlu (Eds.), Uluslararası Güvenlik Kongresi bildiriler kitabı cilt:II içinde (ss.714-729). Kocaeli: Kocaeli Üniversitesi.
  • Kavuncu, S. (2019). 2010’lu yıllarda ABD-Rusya ilişkilerinde nükleer silahsızlanma. Tayyar Arı ve Muzaffer Ercan Yılmaz (Eds.), XI. Uluslararası Uludağ Uluslararası İlişkiler Kongresi tam metin kitabı içinde (786-808). Bursa: Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi.
  • Kavuncu, S. (2022). ABD-Rusya ilişkilerinde nükleer silahsızlanma adımları. Ankara: Astana Yayınları.
  • Khan, Z., & Khan, A. (2019). Space security trilemma in south asia. Astropolitics, 17(1), 4-22.
  • Kumar, C. (2022). Object that fell from sky in maharashtra probably Chinese rocket debris. The Times of India, 21 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/object-that-fell-from-sky-in-maharashtra-probably-chinese-rocket-debris/articleshow/90629492.cms adresinden erişildi.
  • Liou, J. C., & Johnson, N. L. (2006). Risks in space from orbiting debris. Science, 311(5759), 340-341.
  • Los Angeles Times (1991). Chunk of spacecraft lands in back yard. 22 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-08-mn-884-story.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Lyn, D. (2023). Dish network fined $150.000 for space debris violotion. 13 Mart 2024 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/dish-network-fined-150-000-for-space-debris-violation/3007202# adresinden erişildi.
  • Lyons, R. D. (1979). Skylab debris hits Australian desert; no harm reported. The New York Times, 29 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/12/archives/skylab-debris-hits-australian-desert-no-harm-reported-president.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Matnet, M., & Anz-Meador, P. (2014). Solwind ASAT test retrospective. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 19(4), 1-14, 22 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv19i4.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Myers, S., & Chang, K. (2021). Heads up!, a used Chinese rocket’s tumbling back to eart this weekend. The New York Times, 29 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/06/science/china-rocket-crash-long-march-5b.html adresinden erişildi.
  • O’Callaghan, J. (2021). What if space junk and climate change become the same problem?. The New York Times, 1 Ekim 2023 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/g7-nations-commit-to-the-safe-and-sustainable-use-of-space adresinden erişildi.
  • O’Toole, T. (1985). Man-made junk jams space. The Washington Post, 17 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/03/29/man-made-junk-jams-space/0f67e5a4-b82b-4745-b45b-bb59be4861ab/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Pelton, J. N. (2013). Space debris and other threats from outer space. London: Springer.
  • Schladebach, M. (2013). Space debris as a legal challenge. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law on Line, 17(1), 61-85.
  • Schwartz, J. (2008). Tool bag ıs lost during spacewalk. The New York Times, 7 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/science/space/19brfs-TOOLBAGISLOS_BRF.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Silva, C. Da. (2021). Russia confirms anti-satellite missile test, dismisses U.S. space debris concerns. NBC News, 3 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-confirms-anti-satellite-missile-test-dismisses-us-space-debris-rcna5680 adresinden erişildi.
  • Sökmen, A.İ. (2019). Yeni savaş alanı: Uzay. Ahmet Yıldız (Ed.). Geleceğin güvenliği içinde (ss.87-117). İstanbul: TASAM Yayınları.
  • Sönmezoğlu, F. (2012). Uluslararası politika ve dış politika analizi. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Stenger, R. (2002). China rocket debris hits village, ınjures boy. CNN, 22 Nisan 2022 tarihinde http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/space/11/08/china.satellite/ adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Commission. (2020). A solution to the problem of space junk. 2 Ekim 2023 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/projects/success-stories/all/solution-problem-space-junk adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2018). ESA’s e.Deorbit debris removal mission reborn as servicing vehicle. 25 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Clean_Space/ESA_s_e.Deorbit_debris_removal_mission_reborn_as_servicing_vehicle adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2019). ESA commissions world’s first space debris removal. 29 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Clean_Space/ESA_commissions_world_s_first_space_debris_removal adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2020a). Types of orbits. 14 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Types_of_orbits adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2021). FAQ: frequently asked questions. 20 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/FAQ_Frequently_asked_questions adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2022). Space debris by the numbers. 20 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Space_debris_by_the_numbers adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2022a). About space debris. 27 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/About_space_debris adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2022b). Clearspace-1. 25 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/ClearSpace-1 adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2020b). ESA gives go-ahead for the world’s first junk removal mission. 1 Ekim 2023 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/kids/en/news/ESA_gives_go-ahead_for_the_world_s_first_space_junk_removal_mission#:~:text=ESA%20Director%20General%20Jan%20W%C3%B6rner,cannot%20be%20allowed%20to%20continue.%E2%80%9D adresinden erişildi.
  • The Inter Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). (2022). What’s IADC. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.iadc-home.org/what_iadc adresinden erişildi.
  • The New York Times (1989). NASA seeks radar to detect space debris. 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/24/science/nasa-seeks-radar-to-detect-space-debris.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO) (2022a). Debris mitigation. 19 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/mitigation/ adresinden erişildi.
  • The Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO). (2001). PAM-D debris falls in Saudi Arabia. The Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 6(2), 1-12. 21 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv6i2.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO). (2021). Debris reentry. 21 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/reentry/#:~:text=One%20method%20of%20postmission%20disposal,the%20Earth's%20atmosphere%20more%20rapidly adresinden erişildi.
  • The UK Space Agency (UKSA). (2021a). UK working with global partners to clear up dangerous space debris. 30 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-working-with-global-partners-to-clear-up-dangerous-space-debris#:~:text=The%20UK%20government%20is%20taking,with%20our%20ELSA%2Dd%20mission. adresinden erişildi.
  • The UK Space Agency (UKSA). (2021b). G7 commit to the safe and sustainable use of space. 1 Ekim 2023 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/g7-nations-commit-to-the-safe-and-sustainable-use-of-space adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (1971). Convention on international liability for damage caused by space objects. (ss.25-18), 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_26_2777E.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2010). Space debris mitigation guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. (ss.1-12), 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/st_space_49E.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2021). UN Office for Outer Space Affairs and United Kingdom Sign Agreement to Promote Space Sustainability. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/informationfor/media/press-release_-un-office-for-outer-space-affairs-and-uk-government-sign-agreement-to-promote-the-sustainability-of-outer-space.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022a). About us. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/aboutus/index.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022d). Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space. 22 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introrescueagreement.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022g). Convention on ınternational liability for damage caused by space objects. 22 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introliability-convention.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022ğ). Convention on registration of objects launched into outer space. 23 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introregistration-convention.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022b). Resolution adopted by the general assembly 1962 (xvııı) declaration of legal principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space. 23 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/principles/legal-principles.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022i). Resolution adopted by the general assembly 34/68 agreement governing the activities of states on the moon and other celestial bodies. 10 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/moon-agreement.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022h). Resolution adopted by the general assembly 3235 (xxıx) convention on registration of objects launched into outer space. 23 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/registration-convention.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022f). Resolution adopted by the general assembly. 22 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/rescueagreement.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022e). Space debris. 29 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-debris/index.html#:~:text=The%20treaty%20requires%20that%20States,documents%20relating%20to%20Space%20Debris. adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022c). Treaty on principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies. 20 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Türkiye. (2023). Oversight’s key to ensure sustainability in outer space: Guterres. 30 Eylül 2023 tarihinde https://turkiye.un.org/en/234227-oversight%E2%80%99s-key-ensure-sustainability-outer-space-guterres adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2003). P78-1. 13 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/p78-1.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2009). New debris seen from decommissioned satellite with nuclear power source. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 13(1), 1-12. 22 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv13i1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2013). U.S. launch vehicle components land in Africa. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 17(4), 1-10. 16 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv17i4.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2014). What is a satellite?. 20 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-satellite-58.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2015a). Recent breakup of a DMSP satellite. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 19(2), 1-12. 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv19i2.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2017b). Micrometeoroids and orbital debris (MMOD). 2 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/centers/wstf/site_tour/remote_hypervelocity_test_laboratory/micrometeoroid_and_orbital_debris.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2017a). Sputnik 1. 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_924.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2018). A SOZ unit breaks up in august 2018. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 22(4), 1-10. 16 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i4.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2019b). 2018 ends with breakup of an ORBCOMM constellation spacecraft. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 23(1&2), 1-14. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv23i1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2019a). Space debris. 13 Haziran 2023 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/centers/hq/library/find/bibliographies/space_debris adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2019d). Three recent rocket body breakups. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 23(4), 1-10. 1 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv23i4.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2019c). Two breakup events reported. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 23(3), 1-14. 23 Haziran 2023 tarihinde https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190028811/downloads/20190028811.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2021b). Inside... two on-orbit breakup events in march. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 25(2), 1-12. 4 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv25i2.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2021a). Space debris and human spacecraft. 1 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022f). Cosmos 1408. 16 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1982-092A adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022e). Information technology and software Space Traffic Management (STM) architecture (TOP2-294) overview. 28 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://technology.nasa.gov/patent/TOP2-294 adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022a). Sputnik 1. 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-001B adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022b). Sputnik 2. 14 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-002A adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022c). Sputnik 3. 11 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-004B adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022d). Vanguard 1. 11 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-002B adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022e). Vanguard 2. 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-001A adresinden erişildi.
  • Turan, S., Aykoç, E. (2002). Küreselleşme: Dünü, bugünü, yarını. Trakya Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi C Serisi Sosyal Bilimler, 2(1), 128-144.
  • Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM). (2004). Uzaya fırlatılan cisimlerin tescili sözleşmesine katılmamızın uygun bulunduğuna dair kanun. 1 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k5151.html adresinden erişildi.
  • U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportaion. (2023). Cantwell, Hickenlooper Bill to Clean Up Space Junk Passes Senate Unanimously 13 Mart 2023 tarihinde
  • Wæver, O. (2007). Securitization and desecuritization. Barry Buzan, Lene Hansen (Eds.) International security: Widening security içinde (ss.66-99). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

SPACE DEBRIS AS AN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGE: AN ASSESSMENT OF PROMINENT INTERNATIONAL MEASURES

Yıl 2024, , 271 - 307, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2024.011

Öz

Space debris is the pollution caused by the accumulation of waste objects in Earth's orbit. The study aims to investigate the security measures developed against the threats arising from this pollution. The study is important in that it addresses the problem of space junk from an international security perspective. The main argument of the study is that the space junk problem is a threat to international security. The study seeks to answer the question, what is the place and importance of space junk threats among international security problems? In the study, the Regional Security Complex approach is preferred as a theory to reveal both the international security dimension of security measures and their reflections on security sectors. In addition, document analysis method was used to reveal the attitudes of the actors involved in these security measures through official documents. The necessary documents were obtained from academic books, articles, papers and news sources as well as the official online addresses of various organizations such as UNOOSA, NASA, ODPO, UKSA and ESA. As a result of the research, it was concluded that space junk is a multifaceted threat to international security that requires international cooperation.

Kaynakça

  • Akgül Açıkmeşe, S. (2011). Algı mı, söylem mi? Kopenhag okulu ve yeni gerçekçilikte güvenlik tehditleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 8(30), 43-73.
  • Astroscale. (2021). ELSA-d. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://astroscale.com/missions/elsa-d/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Baysal, B., & Lüleci, Ç. (2015). Kopenhag okulu ve güvenlikleştirme teorisi. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 11(22), 61-96.
  • Bowen, B.E. (2014). Cascading crises: Orbital debris and the widening of space security. Astropolitics, 12(1), 46-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2014.890489
  • Buzan, B. (1983). People states & fear an agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war end. Great Britain: Wheatsheaf Books. Buzan, B. (1991). New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. Royal Institute of International Affairs, 7(3), 431-451.
  • Buzan, B. (2003). Regional security complex theory in the post-cold war world. Fredrik Söderbaum, Timothy M. Shaw (Ed.), Theories of New Regionalism A Palgrave Reader (pp. 140-159). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buzan, B. (2012). How regions were made, and the legacies for world politics: An English school reconnaissance. Paul, T.V. (Ed.), International Relations and Regional Transformation (p.22- 46). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and Powers the structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O., Wilde, J.D. (1998). Security a new framework for analysis. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • CBS News. (2010). Russia plans to clean space junk from earth orbit. 25 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-plans-to-clean-space-junk-from-earth-orbit/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Chang, K. (2011). Satellite’s fall becomes phenomenon. 9 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/science/space/23satellite.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Chow, D., & Mitchell, A. (2021a). Astronauts take shelter as debris passes dangerously close to space station. NBC News, 12 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/astronauts-take-shelter-debris-passes-dangerously-close-space-station-rcna5617 adresinden erişildi.
  • ClearSpace. (2022). About ClearSpace. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://clearspace.today/about-clearspace/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Coreceda, R. (2019). ‘We’re heading for disaster’ over space junk warns top ESA space debris official. Euronews, 1 Ekim 2023 https://www.euronews.com/2019/12/18/we-re-heading-for-disaster-over-space-junk-warns-top-esa-space-debris-official adresinden erişildi.
  • Ercan, A., & Gürsel, S. (2022). Değişen uluslararası güvenlik bağlamında uzay güvenliği ve uzayda silahsızlanma çabaları. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(2), 881-896.
  • Erdem, T. (2018). Uluslararası İlişkilerde yeni perspektif: Astropolitiğe giriş. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 431-446.
  • Erdem, T. (2021a). Dış Uzay sahasının silahlandırılmasının uluslararası güvenliğe yansımaları. Onur Limon, Ümran Güneş ve Servet Karagöz (Eds.) 21. Yüzyılda bölgesel sorunlar içinde (ss.877-895). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Erdem, T. (2021b). Uluslararası ilişkilerin dış uzay sahasına yansımaları ve öne çıkan gelişmeler. Sinem Yüksel Çendek ve Armağan Örki (Ed.), İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi Uluslararası Güvenlik Sempozyumu tam metin kitabı içinde (ss.66-72). İstanbul: İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi.
  • Erdem, T., Örki, A., (2019). Uluslararası İlişkilerde klasik güç anlayışının evrimi. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 12-28.
  • Frankowski, P. (2017). Outer space and private companies: Consequences for global security. Politeja, 50/5, Global and regional security challenges, 131-148.
  • Gaubert, J. (2021). A spacewalk was cancelled because of space debris. ıs it becoming a real threat for astronauts. Euro News, 26 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/12/03/a-spacewalk-was-cancelled-because-of-space-debris-is-it-becoming-a-real-threat-for-astrona adresinden erişildi.
  • Gibson, J. (2007). Jet’s flaming space junk seare, the sydney morning herald. 26 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/jets-flaming-space-junk-scare-20070329-gdps8y.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 adresinden erişildi.
  • Gummer, W. K., Campbell, F. R., Knight, G. B., & Ricard, J. L. (1980). COSMOS 954 the occurrence and nature of recovered debris. Canada: Canadian Government Publishing Centre.
  • Gürsel, S. (2022). Uluslararası güvenlik bağlamında uzay güvenliği. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Yayıncılık.
  • Hall, L. (2014). The history of space debris. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Space Traffic Management Conference-2014. (ss.1-10) 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=stm adresinden erişildi.
  • Hamilton, T. J. (1969). Soviet space debris hits Japanese ship, ınjuring 5. The New York Times, 30 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/1969/07/05/archives/soviet-space-debris-hits-japanese-ship-injuring-5.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Hettne, B. (2008). Teori ve pratikte güvenliğin bölgeselleşmesi. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 5(18), 87-106. https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2023/11/cantwell-hickenlooper-bill-to-clean-up-space-junk-passes-senate-unanimously adresinden erişildi.
  • Huysmans, J. (1998). Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the creative development of a security studies agenda in Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 4(4), 479-505.
  • Huysmans, J. (1998). Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the creative development of a security studies agenda in Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 4(4), 479-505.
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2022). Space: The debris frontier. 17 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.iso.org/news/ref4321.html adresinden erişildi.
  • İnan Şimşek, A., & Atvur, S. (2021). 21. yüzyılda uluslararası uzay rejiminin insanlığın ortak mirası temelinde yeniden inşası. Alternatif Politika, 13(3), 593-628
  • Johnson, N. (2009). The collision of Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251: The shape of things to come. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Daejeon. (ss.1-14) 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100002023/downloads/20100002023.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Johnson, N. L., Stansberya, E., Liou, J.-C., Horstman, M., Stokely, C., & Whitlock, D. (2008). The characteristics and consequences of the break-up of the Fengyun-1C spacecraft. Acta Astronautica, 63(1-4), 128–135.
  • Kavuncu, S. (2014). Soğuk Savaş sonrası ABD’nin ulusal güvenlik stratejileri. Hasret Çomak ve Ayşegül Gökalp Kutlu (Eds.), Uluslararası Güvenlik Kongresi bildiriler kitabı cilt:II içinde (ss.714-729). Kocaeli: Kocaeli Üniversitesi.
  • Kavuncu, S. (2019). 2010’lu yıllarda ABD-Rusya ilişkilerinde nükleer silahsızlanma. Tayyar Arı ve Muzaffer Ercan Yılmaz (Eds.), XI. Uluslararası Uludağ Uluslararası İlişkiler Kongresi tam metin kitabı içinde (786-808). Bursa: Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi.
  • Kavuncu, S. (2022). ABD-Rusya ilişkilerinde nükleer silahsızlanma adımları. Ankara: Astana Yayınları.
  • Khan, Z., & Khan, A. (2019). Space security trilemma in south asia. Astropolitics, 17(1), 4-22.
  • Kumar, C. (2022). Object that fell from sky in maharashtra probably Chinese rocket debris. The Times of India, 21 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/object-that-fell-from-sky-in-maharashtra-probably-chinese-rocket-debris/articleshow/90629492.cms adresinden erişildi.
  • Liou, J. C., & Johnson, N. L. (2006). Risks in space from orbiting debris. Science, 311(5759), 340-341.
  • Los Angeles Times (1991). Chunk of spacecraft lands in back yard. 22 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-08-mn-884-story.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Lyn, D. (2023). Dish network fined $150.000 for space debris violotion. 13 Mart 2024 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/dish-network-fined-150-000-for-space-debris-violation/3007202# adresinden erişildi.
  • Lyons, R. D. (1979). Skylab debris hits Australian desert; no harm reported. The New York Times, 29 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/12/archives/skylab-debris-hits-australian-desert-no-harm-reported-president.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Matnet, M., & Anz-Meador, P. (2014). Solwind ASAT test retrospective. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 19(4), 1-14, 22 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv19i4.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Myers, S., & Chang, K. (2021). Heads up!, a used Chinese rocket’s tumbling back to eart this weekend. The New York Times, 29 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/06/science/china-rocket-crash-long-march-5b.html adresinden erişildi.
  • O’Callaghan, J. (2021). What if space junk and climate change become the same problem?. The New York Times, 1 Ekim 2023 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/g7-nations-commit-to-the-safe-and-sustainable-use-of-space adresinden erişildi.
  • O’Toole, T. (1985). Man-made junk jams space. The Washington Post, 17 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/03/29/man-made-junk-jams-space/0f67e5a4-b82b-4745-b45b-bb59be4861ab/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Pelton, J. N. (2013). Space debris and other threats from outer space. London: Springer.
  • Schladebach, M. (2013). Space debris as a legal challenge. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law on Line, 17(1), 61-85.
  • Schwartz, J. (2008). Tool bag ıs lost during spacewalk. The New York Times, 7 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/science/space/19brfs-TOOLBAGISLOS_BRF.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Silva, C. Da. (2021). Russia confirms anti-satellite missile test, dismisses U.S. space debris concerns. NBC News, 3 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-confirms-anti-satellite-missile-test-dismisses-us-space-debris-rcna5680 adresinden erişildi.
  • Sökmen, A.İ. (2019). Yeni savaş alanı: Uzay. Ahmet Yıldız (Ed.). Geleceğin güvenliği içinde (ss.87-117). İstanbul: TASAM Yayınları.
  • Sönmezoğlu, F. (2012). Uluslararası politika ve dış politika analizi. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Stenger, R. (2002). China rocket debris hits village, ınjures boy. CNN, 22 Nisan 2022 tarihinde http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/space/11/08/china.satellite/ adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Commission. (2020). A solution to the problem of space junk. 2 Ekim 2023 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/projects/success-stories/all/solution-problem-space-junk adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2018). ESA’s e.Deorbit debris removal mission reborn as servicing vehicle. 25 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Clean_Space/ESA_s_e.Deorbit_debris_removal_mission_reborn_as_servicing_vehicle adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2019). ESA commissions world’s first space debris removal. 29 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Clean_Space/ESA_commissions_world_s_first_space_debris_removal adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2020a). Types of orbits. 14 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Types_of_orbits adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2021). FAQ: frequently asked questions. 20 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/FAQ_Frequently_asked_questions adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2022). Space debris by the numbers. 20 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Space_debris_by_the_numbers adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2022a). About space debris. 27 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/About_space_debris adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2022b). Clearspace-1. 25 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/ClearSpace-1 adresinden erişildi.
  • The European Space Agency (ESA). (2020b). ESA gives go-ahead for the world’s first junk removal mission. 1 Ekim 2023 tarihinde https://www.esa.int/kids/en/news/ESA_gives_go-ahead_for_the_world_s_first_space_junk_removal_mission#:~:text=ESA%20Director%20General%20Jan%20W%C3%B6rner,cannot%20be%20allowed%20to%20continue.%E2%80%9D adresinden erişildi.
  • The Inter Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). (2022). What’s IADC. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.iadc-home.org/what_iadc adresinden erişildi.
  • The New York Times (1989). NASA seeks radar to detect space debris. 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/24/science/nasa-seeks-radar-to-detect-space-debris.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO) (2022a). Debris mitigation. 19 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/mitigation/ adresinden erişildi.
  • The Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO). (2001). PAM-D debris falls in Saudi Arabia. The Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 6(2), 1-12. 21 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv6i2.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO). (2021). Debris reentry. 21 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/reentry/#:~:text=One%20method%20of%20postmission%20disposal,the%20Earth's%20atmosphere%20more%20rapidly adresinden erişildi.
  • The UK Space Agency (UKSA). (2021a). UK working with global partners to clear up dangerous space debris. 30 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-working-with-global-partners-to-clear-up-dangerous-space-debris#:~:text=The%20UK%20government%20is%20taking,with%20our%20ELSA%2Dd%20mission. adresinden erişildi.
  • The UK Space Agency (UKSA). (2021b). G7 commit to the safe and sustainable use of space. 1 Ekim 2023 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/g7-nations-commit-to-the-safe-and-sustainable-use-of-space adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (1971). Convention on international liability for damage caused by space objects. (ss.25-18), 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_26_2777E.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2010). Space debris mitigation guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. (ss.1-12), 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/st_space_49E.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2021). UN Office for Outer Space Affairs and United Kingdom Sign Agreement to Promote Space Sustainability. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/informationfor/media/press-release_-un-office-for-outer-space-affairs-and-uk-government-sign-agreement-to-promote-the-sustainability-of-outer-space.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022a). About us. 24 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/aboutus/index.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022d). Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space. 22 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introrescueagreement.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022g). Convention on ınternational liability for damage caused by space objects. 22 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introliability-convention.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022ğ). Convention on registration of objects launched into outer space. 23 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introregistration-convention.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022b). Resolution adopted by the general assembly 1962 (xvııı) declaration of legal principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space. 23 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/principles/legal-principles.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022i). Resolution adopted by the general assembly 34/68 agreement governing the activities of states on the moon and other celestial bodies. 10 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/moon-agreement.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022h). Resolution adopted by the general assembly 3235 (xxıx) convention on registration of objects launched into outer space. 23 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/registration-convention.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022f). Resolution adopted by the general assembly. 22 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/rescueagreement.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022e). Space debris. 29 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/space-debris/index.html#:~:text=The%20treaty%20requires%20that%20States,documents%20relating%20to%20Space%20Debris. adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (2022c). Treaty on principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies. 20 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The United Nations Türkiye. (2023). Oversight’s key to ensure sustainability in outer space: Guterres. 30 Eylül 2023 tarihinde https://turkiye.un.org/en/234227-oversight%E2%80%99s-key-ensure-sustainability-outer-space-guterres adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2003). P78-1. 13 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/p78-1.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2009). New debris seen from decommissioned satellite with nuclear power source. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 13(1), 1-12. 22 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv13i1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2013). U.S. launch vehicle components land in Africa. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 17(4), 1-10. 16 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv17i4.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2014). What is a satellite?. 20 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-satellite-58.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2015a). Recent breakup of a DMSP satellite. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 19(2), 1-12. 20 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv19i2.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2017b). Micrometeoroids and orbital debris (MMOD). 2 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/centers/wstf/site_tour/remote_hypervelocity_test_laboratory/micrometeoroid_and_orbital_debris.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2017a). Sputnik 1. 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_924.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2018). A SOZ unit breaks up in august 2018. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 22(4), 1-10. 16 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i4.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2019b). 2018 ends with breakup of an ORBCOMM constellation spacecraft. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 23(1&2), 1-14. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv23i1.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2019a). Space debris. 13 Haziran 2023 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/centers/hq/library/find/bibliographies/space_debris adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2019d). Three recent rocket body breakups. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 23(4), 1-10. 1 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv23i4.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2019c). Two breakup events reported. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 23(3), 1-14. 23 Haziran 2023 tarihinde https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190028811/downloads/20190028811.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2021b). Inside... two on-orbit breakup events in march. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 25(2), 1-12. 4 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv25i2.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2021a). Space debris and human spacecraft. 1 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022f). Cosmos 1408. 16 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1982-092A adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022e). Information technology and software Space Traffic Management (STM) architecture (TOP2-294) overview. 28 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://technology.nasa.gov/patent/TOP2-294 adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022a). Sputnik 1. 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-001B adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022b). Sputnik 2. 14 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-002A adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022c). Sputnik 3. 11 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-004B adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022d). Vanguard 1. 11 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-002B adresinden erişildi.
  • The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2022e). Vanguard 2. 15 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-001A adresinden erişildi.
  • Turan, S., Aykoç, E. (2002). Küreselleşme: Dünü, bugünü, yarını. Trakya Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi C Serisi Sosyal Bilimler, 2(1), 128-144.
  • Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM). (2004). Uzaya fırlatılan cisimlerin tescili sözleşmesine katılmamızın uygun bulunduğuna dair kanun. 1 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k5151.html adresinden erişildi.
  • U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportaion. (2023). Cantwell, Hickenlooper Bill to Clean Up Space Junk Passes Senate Unanimously 13 Mart 2023 tarihinde
  • Wæver, O. (2007). Securitization and desecuritization. Barry Buzan, Lene Hansen (Eds.) International security: Widening security içinde (ss.66-99). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Toplam 108 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cengiz Özbek 0000-0002-9158-3381

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 16 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbek, C. (2024). ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK SORUNU OLARAK UZAY ÇÖPLERİ: ÖNE ÇIKAN ULUSLARARASI ÖNLEMLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(29), 271-307. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2024.011

KAÜİİBFD, Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergi Yayıncılığı'nın kurumsal dergisidir.

KAÜİİBFD 2022 yılından itibaren Web of Science'a dahil edilerek, Clarivate ürünü olan Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) uluslararası alan endeksinde taranmaya başlamıştır. 

2025 Haziran sayısı makale kabul ve değerlendirmeleri devam etmektedir.