Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

DEZENFORMASYONLA MÜCADELEDE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ VE KÜRESEL DENEYİMLER: KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 520 - 549, 27.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.020
https://izlik.org/JA97ZK82TY

Öz

Bu çalışma global bir risk halini alan dezenformasyon tehlikesine dikkat çekmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel iddiası, artan dezenformasyon vakalarına bağlı olarak günümüzde sosyal medya ve dijital platformların regüle edilmesi yönünde küresel bir eğilim oluştuğu şeklindedir. Yöntemsel olarak çalışmada hibrit bir yöntem tercih edilmiştir. Dezenformasyon girişimleri ele alınırken vaka analizi (örnek olay) yönteminden, dezenformasyonla mücadele stratejilerini ülkeler nezdinde ve arasında ortaya koyarken karşılaştırmalı analizden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada teknolojik gelişmeler ve dezenformasyon artışı arasında doğru orantılı bir ilişki olduğu, dünyada sosyal medya ve dijital platformları regüle etme eğiliminin belirdiği, dezenformasyonla mücadelede stratejisinde bastırıcı mücadeleden önleyici mücadeleye doğru bir dönüşüm yaşadığı şeklindeki bulgu ve sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Dezenformasyon konusunun güncel olması, küresel bir sorun olarak belirmesi ve ayrıca uluslararası boyutlarıyla ele alınması gibi nedenlerle çalışmanın literatüre katkı sağlaması öngörülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Baltezareviç, R. (2024). Global economic effects of fake news. 10th International Black Sea coastline countries scientific research conference, (pp. 460-466). Samsun.
  • Barata, J., & Dairbekov, R. (2019). Federal law no. 31-FZ, on amending the article 15.3 of the federal law “on information, information technologies, and information protection”. Retrieved 10 September 2024 from: https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/federal-law-no-31-fz-amending-article-153-federal-law-information-information-technologies.
  • Barojan, D. (2021). Building digital resilience ahead of elections and beyond. S. Jayakumar, B. Ang, & N. Anwar (Ed.), Disinformation and fake news (pp. 61-73). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bayer, J. (2021, 10 13). Policies and measures to counter disinformation in Germany: The power of informational communities. Retrieved 11 November 2024 from: https://eu.boell.org/en/2021/10/13/policies-and-measures-counter-disinformation-germany-power-informational-communities.
  • Bovet, A., & Makse, H. (2019). Influence of fake news in twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Nature Communications, 10(7), 1-14. doi:/10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2.
  • Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (2004). Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Dittel, A. (2022). The UK’s online safety bill: the day we took a stand against serious online harms or the day we lost our freedoms to platforms and the state? Journal of Data Protection & Privacy, 5 (2), 183-194, doi: https://doi.org/10.69554/WRSC2080.
  • EDMO. (2024). European digital media observatory. Retrieved 3 September 2024 from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-digital-media-observatory.
  • Ellul, J. (1967). Histoire de la propagande. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de France. etymonline. (2024). Disinformation. Retrieved 7 September 2024 from: https://www.etymonline.com/word/disinformation.
  • European Commission. (2018a). Tackling online disinformation: European approach. Retrieved 16 November 2024 from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0236.
  • European Commission. (2018b). Action plan against disinformation. Retrieved 16 November 2024 from: https://commission.europa.eu/publications/action-plan-disinformation-commission-contribution-european-council-13-14-december-2018_en.
  • European Commission. (2022). The 2022 code of practice on disinformation. 11 17, 2024 tarihinde https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation adresinden alındı
  • European Commission. (2023). The Digital Services Act. Retrieved 5 July 2024 from: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act_en.
  • European Union. (2019). Factsheet: rapid alert system. Retrieved 18 October 2024 from: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/59644_en.
  • Fathaigh, R., Helberger, N., & Appelman, N. (2021). The perils of legally defining disinformation. Internet Policy Review, 10(4), 1-25. doi:10.14763/2021.4.1584. 2021.
  • Forrest, A. (2004). Propaganda and the legitimation of power in Napoleonic France. French History, 18(4), 426-445. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/18.4.426.
  • Gerrits, A. (2018). Disinformation in international relations: How important is it? Security and Human Rights, 29, pp. 3-23. doi:10.1163/18750230-02901007
  • Ghosh, R. (2020). A Study of the fake news interventions in India: Legal, technological and educative. Shodh Sanchar Bulletin, 10(40), pp. 106-112.
  • Guillaume, M. (2019). Combating the manipulation of information a French case. Hybrid CoE Strategic Analysis, 16, pp. 1-8.
  • Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2018). What is a case study? Evidence-Based Nursing, 21(1), pp. 1-3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2017-102845.
  • Hekster, O. (2007). The Roman army and propaganda. P. Erdkamp (Ed.) A companion to the Roman army (pp. 339-358). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • HLEG. (2018). Final report of the high level expert group on fake news and online disinformation, Retrieved 11 August 2024 from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/final-report-high-level-expert-group-fake-news-and-online-disinformation.
  • Huang, H. (2015). Propaganda as signaling. Comparative Politics, 47(4), s. 419-437.
  • Jerónimo, P., & Sanchez Esparza, M. (2022). Disinformation at a local level: an emerging discussion. Publications, 10(2), 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/publications10020015.
  • Jones, M. (2019). The gulf information war propaganda, fake news, and fake trends: the weaponization of twitter bots in the gulf crisis. International Journal of Communication, 13, pp. 1389–1415.
  • Kemp, S., Hort, J., & Hollowood, T. (2018). Descriptive analysis in sensory evaluation. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Kanozia, R., Kaur, S., & Arya, R. (2021). Infodemic during the Covid-19 lockdown in India. Media Asia, 48(1), pp. 58-66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2021.1881286
  • Kırık, A., & Tanrıverdi Yılmaz, B. (2018). Türkiye’de Sosyal medya okuryazarlığı’nın gerekliliği üzerine bir araştırma. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(79), ss. 118-142.
  • Marini, M., & Singer, B. (1988). Causality in the social sciences. Sociological Methodology, 18, pp. 347-409. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/271053
  • MerriamWebster. (2024). Disinformation. Retrieved 20 October 2024 from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disinformation.
  • Ofcom. (2024). Office of communications, Retrieved 20 September 2024 from: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ofcom.
  • Petratos, P. (2021). Misinformation, disinformation and fake news: cyber risks to business, Business Horizons, 64(6), pp. 763-774. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.07.012
  • Porta, D., & Keating, M. (2008). Approaches and methodologies in the social sciences: a pluralist perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Portnykh, V. (2019). God wills it! supplementary divine purposes for the crusades according to crusade propaganda. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 70(3), pp. 472-486. doi: doi:10.1017/S0022046918002610.
  • Rid, T. (2020). Active measures: the secret history of disinformation and political warfare. NewYork: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Rowland, M. (2024). Online safety amendment (social media minimum age) bill 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024 from: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r7284.
  • Sarts, J. (2021). Disinformation as a threat to national security. S. Jayakumar, B. Ang, & N. Anwar (Ed.), Disinformation and fake news (pp. 23-33). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sauvayre, R. (2023). Dissemination of a “fake miracle cure” against Covid-19 on twitter: The case of chlorine dioxide. Social Sciences, 12(6), pp. 1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060320.
  • Schissler, M. (2024). Beyond hate speech and misinformation: Facebook and the Rohingya genocide in Myanmar. Journal of Genocide Research, pp. 1–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2375122.
  • Sherstoboeva, E. (2024). Russian bans on ‘fake news’ about the war in Ukraine: Conditional truth and unconditional loyalty. International Communication Gazette, 86(1), pp. 36-54. doi: doi.org/10.1177/1748048523122014.
  • Siegert, G., Rimscha, M., & Grubenmann, S. (2017). Commercial communication in the digital age- disinforming informed users? G. Siegert, & S. Grubenmann (Ed.), Commercial Communication in the Digital Age (pp. 1-12). De Gruyte.
  • Sohn, Y., Edwards, H., & Petersen, T. (2024). Deciphering misinformation and disinformation: Insights from structural coupling and penetration. Kybernetes. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/K-02-2024-0456
  • Sovacool, B., Iskandarova, M., & Hall, J. (2023). Industrializing theories: A Thematic analysis of conceptual frameworks and typologies for industrial sociotechnical change in a low-carbon future. Energy Research & Social Science, 97, pp. 1-36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.102954.
  • Statista. (2024). Internet usage in India. Retrieved 13 October 2024 from: https://www.statista.com/topics/2157/internet-usage-in-india/#topicOverview.
  • Taylor, P. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present era. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Theofilos, M. (2024). State responses to counter disinformation in USA, Greece and Republic of Moldova. Studia Universitatis Moldaviae, 11(3), pp. 131-137. doi: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum11(3)2024_2.
  • Turillazzia, A., Taddeoa, M., Florid, L., & Casolaria, F. (2023). The digital services act: an analysis of its ethical, legal, and social implications. Law, Innovation and Technology, 15(1), pp. 83-106. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2023.2184136.
  • Wardle, C. (2024). Strengthening information. L. Eppard, J. Mackey, & L. Jussim (Ed.), the poisoning of the American mind (pp. 336-341). Virginia: George Mason University Press.
  • Yin, R. (2017). Case study research and applications. California: Sage.

EUROPEAN UNION AND GLOBAL EXPERIENCES IN COMBATING DISINFORMATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 520 - 549, 27.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.020
https://izlik.org/JA97ZK82TY

Öz

This study aims to draw attention to the danger of disinformation, which has become a global risk. The main claim of the study is that increasing disinformation forms a global tendency toward regulating social media and digital platforms. Methodologically, a hybrid method was preferred in the study. While addressing disinformation initiatives, the case study method was used, and while presenting strategies to combat disinformation in and among countries, comparative analysis was employed. In the study, findings and conclusions were reached that there is a relationship of direct proportionality between the growth and diversification of social media and digital platforms and the increase in disinformation, and that a general tendency has emerged worldwide toward regulating social media and digital platforms. It is anticipated that the study will contribute to the literature in terms of examining disinformation, which has become a current and global problem, from its international dimensions.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmada herhangi bir Etik Kurul Onay izni gerekmemektedir.

Teşekkür

Derginin yayımında emeği geçen tüm hocalarımıza teşekkür ederim

Kaynakça

  • Baltezareviç, R. (2024). Global economic effects of fake news. 10th International Black Sea coastline countries scientific research conference, (pp. 460-466). Samsun.
  • Barata, J., & Dairbekov, R. (2019). Federal law no. 31-FZ, on amending the article 15.3 of the federal law “on information, information technologies, and information protection”. Retrieved 10 September 2024 from: https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/federal-law-no-31-fz-amending-article-153-federal-law-information-information-technologies.
  • Barojan, D. (2021). Building digital resilience ahead of elections and beyond. S. Jayakumar, B. Ang, & N. Anwar (Ed.), Disinformation and fake news (pp. 61-73). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bayer, J. (2021, 10 13). Policies and measures to counter disinformation in Germany: The power of informational communities. Retrieved 11 November 2024 from: https://eu.boell.org/en/2021/10/13/policies-and-measures-counter-disinformation-germany-power-informational-communities.
  • Bovet, A., & Makse, H. (2019). Influence of fake news in twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Nature Communications, 10(7), 1-14. doi:/10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2.
  • Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (2004). Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Dittel, A. (2022). The UK’s online safety bill: the day we took a stand against serious online harms or the day we lost our freedoms to platforms and the state? Journal of Data Protection & Privacy, 5 (2), 183-194, doi: https://doi.org/10.69554/WRSC2080.
  • EDMO. (2024). European digital media observatory. Retrieved 3 September 2024 from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-digital-media-observatory.
  • Ellul, J. (1967). Histoire de la propagande. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de France. etymonline. (2024). Disinformation. Retrieved 7 September 2024 from: https://www.etymonline.com/word/disinformation.
  • European Commission. (2018a). Tackling online disinformation: European approach. Retrieved 16 November 2024 from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0236.
  • European Commission. (2018b). Action plan against disinformation. Retrieved 16 November 2024 from: https://commission.europa.eu/publications/action-plan-disinformation-commission-contribution-european-council-13-14-december-2018_en.
  • European Commission. (2022). The 2022 code of practice on disinformation. 11 17, 2024 tarihinde https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation adresinden alındı
  • European Commission. (2023). The Digital Services Act. Retrieved 5 July 2024 from: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act_en.
  • European Union. (2019). Factsheet: rapid alert system. Retrieved 18 October 2024 from: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/59644_en.
  • Fathaigh, R., Helberger, N., & Appelman, N. (2021). The perils of legally defining disinformation. Internet Policy Review, 10(4), 1-25. doi:10.14763/2021.4.1584. 2021.
  • Forrest, A. (2004). Propaganda and the legitimation of power in Napoleonic France. French History, 18(4), 426-445. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/18.4.426.
  • Gerrits, A. (2018). Disinformation in international relations: How important is it? Security and Human Rights, 29, pp. 3-23. doi:10.1163/18750230-02901007
  • Ghosh, R. (2020). A Study of the fake news interventions in India: Legal, technological and educative. Shodh Sanchar Bulletin, 10(40), pp. 106-112.
  • Guillaume, M. (2019). Combating the manipulation of information a French case. Hybrid CoE Strategic Analysis, 16, pp. 1-8.
  • Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2018). What is a case study? Evidence-Based Nursing, 21(1), pp. 1-3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2017-102845.
  • Hekster, O. (2007). The Roman army and propaganda. P. Erdkamp (Ed.) A companion to the Roman army (pp. 339-358). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • HLEG. (2018). Final report of the high level expert group on fake news and online disinformation, Retrieved 11 August 2024 from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/final-report-high-level-expert-group-fake-news-and-online-disinformation.
  • Huang, H. (2015). Propaganda as signaling. Comparative Politics, 47(4), s. 419-437.
  • Jerónimo, P., & Sanchez Esparza, M. (2022). Disinformation at a local level: an emerging discussion. Publications, 10(2), 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/publications10020015.
  • Jones, M. (2019). The gulf information war propaganda, fake news, and fake trends: the weaponization of twitter bots in the gulf crisis. International Journal of Communication, 13, pp. 1389–1415.
  • Kemp, S., Hort, J., & Hollowood, T. (2018). Descriptive analysis in sensory evaluation. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Kanozia, R., Kaur, S., & Arya, R. (2021). Infodemic during the Covid-19 lockdown in India. Media Asia, 48(1), pp. 58-66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2021.1881286
  • Kırık, A., & Tanrıverdi Yılmaz, B. (2018). Türkiye’de Sosyal medya okuryazarlığı’nın gerekliliği üzerine bir araştırma. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(79), ss. 118-142.
  • Marini, M., & Singer, B. (1988). Causality in the social sciences. Sociological Methodology, 18, pp. 347-409. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/271053
  • MerriamWebster. (2024). Disinformation. Retrieved 20 October 2024 from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disinformation.
  • Ofcom. (2024). Office of communications, Retrieved 20 September 2024 from: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ofcom.
  • Petratos, P. (2021). Misinformation, disinformation and fake news: cyber risks to business, Business Horizons, 64(6), pp. 763-774. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.07.012
  • Porta, D., & Keating, M. (2008). Approaches and methodologies in the social sciences: a pluralist perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Portnykh, V. (2019). God wills it! supplementary divine purposes for the crusades according to crusade propaganda. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 70(3), pp. 472-486. doi: doi:10.1017/S0022046918002610.
  • Rid, T. (2020). Active measures: the secret history of disinformation and political warfare. NewYork: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Rowland, M. (2024). Online safety amendment (social media minimum age) bill 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024 from: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r7284.
  • Sarts, J. (2021). Disinformation as a threat to national security. S. Jayakumar, B. Ang, & N. Anwar (Ed.), Disinformation and fake news (pp. 23-33). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sauvayre, R. (2023). Dissemination of a “fake miracle cure” against Covid-19 on twitter: The case of chlorine dioxide. Social Sciences, 12(6), pp. 1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060320.
  • Schissler, M. (2024). Beyond hate speech and misinformation: Facebook and the Rohingya genocide in Myanmar. Journal of Genocide Research, pp. 1–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2375122.
  • Sherstoboeva, E. (2024). Russian bans on ‘fake news’ about the war in Ukraine: Conditional truth and unconditional loyalty. International Communication Gazette, 86(1), pp. 36-54. doi: doi.org/10.1177/1748048523122014.
  • Siegert, G., Rimscha, M., & Grubenmann, S. (2017). Commercial communication in the digital age- disinforming informed users? G. Siegert, & S. Grubenmann (Ed.), Commercial Communication in the Digital Age (pp. 1-12). De Gruyte.
  • Sohn, Y., Edwards, H., & Petersen, T. (2024). Deciphering misinformation and disinformation: Insights from structural coupling and penetration. Kybernetes. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/K-02-2024-0456
  • Sovacool, B., Iskandarova, M., & Hall, J. (2023). Industrializing theories: A Thematic analysis of conceptual frameworks and typologies for industrial sociotechnical change in a low-carbon future. Energy Research & Social Science, 97, pp. 1-36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.102954.
  • Statista. (2024). Internet usage in India. Retrieved 13 October 2024 from: https://www.statista.com/topics/2157/internet-usage-in-india/#topicOverview.
  • Taylor, P. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present era. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Theofilos, M. (2024). State responses to counter disinformation in USA, Greece and Republic of Moldova. Studia Universitatis Moldaviae, 11(3), pp. 131-137. doi: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum11(3)2024_2.
  • Turillazzia, A., Taddeoa, M., Florid, L., & Casolaria, F. (2023). The digital services act: an analysis of its ethical, legal, and social implications. Law, Innovation and Technology, 15(1), pp. 83-106. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2023.2184136.
  • Wardle, C. (2024). Strengthening information. L. Eppard, J. Mackey, & L. Jussim (Ed.), the poisoning of the American mind (pp. 336-341). Virginia: George Mason University Press.
  • Yin, R. (2017). Case study research and applications. California: Sage.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kamu Yönetimi, Uluslararası Kurumlar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cem Angın 0000-0002-2813-5586

Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.020
IZ https://izlik.org/JA97ZK82TY
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31

Kaynak Göster

APA Angın, C. (2025). EUROPEAN UNION AND GLOBAL EXPERIENCES IN COMBATING DISINFORMATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(31), 520-549. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.020

KAÜİİBFD, Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergi Yayıncılığı'nın kurumsal dergisidir.

KAÜİİBFD 2022 yılından itibaren Web of Science'a dahil edilerek, Clarivate ürünü olan Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) uluslararası alan endeksinde taranmaya başlamıştır.