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THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE

Cilt: 17 Sayı: 33 28 Haziran 2026
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THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE

Öz

This study analyses the short- and long-term effects of economic growth, human development, energy consumption, and environmental taxes on carbon intensity using annual data from Turkey for the period 1990-2022 within the framework of the ARDL procedure. To assess the robustness of the findings, the long-term coefficients were re-estimated using FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR estimators, and the direction of causality was tested using the Toda-Yamamoto causality method. The empirical results show that, in the long term, increases in income raise carbon intensity, while the square of income reduces it. This sign structure is consistent with an inverse U-shaped relationship and supports the EKC hypothesis for Turkey. While energy consumption increases carbon intensity, human development and environmental taxes do not produce statistically significant effects in the long run. The coefficients obtained from alternative cointegration estimators are consistent with the ARDL findings, indicating that the results are robust to method sensitivity. The Toda-Yamamoto results reveal a unidirectional causality from economic growth, human development, and environmental taxes to carbon intensity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Acaravcı, A. & Öztürk, I. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12), 5412–5420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.009
  2. Acaroğlu, H., Kartal, H. M. & García Márquez, F. P. (2023). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in terms of ecological footprint and CO2 emissions through energy diversification for Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(22), 63289-63304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26278-w
  3. Akkaya, Ş. & Hepsag, A. (2021). Does fuel tax decrease carbon dioxide emissions in Turkey? Evidence from an asymmetric nonlinear cointegration test and error correction model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35094-35101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12907-9
  4. Alimi, S. R. & Ofonyelu, C. C. (2013). Toda-Yamamoto causality test between money market interest rate and expected inflation: The fisher hypothesis revisited. European Scientific Journal, 9(7), 125-142.
  5. Alola, A. A. (2019). Carbon emissions and the trilemma of trade policy, migration policy and health care in the US. Carbon Management, 10(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577180
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  7. Aslan, M. (2025). Türkiye'de çevresel sürdürülebilirliği artırmada yenilenemeyen enerji verimliliğinin rolü, EKC ve LCC Hipotezleri: Kesirli Fourier ARDL Yaklaşımı ile Bulgular. Sosyoekonomi, 33(64), 493-518. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.21
  8. Ayla, D. (2022). MINT Ülkelerinde CO₂ emisyonu üzerine bir inceleme: Panel eşbütünleşme ve DOLSMG analizi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 6(3), 2869-2884. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1114486

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ekolojik İktisat

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

28 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

1 Kasım 2025

Kabul Tarihi

27 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA
Aykırı, M. (2026). THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(33), 158-180. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2026.008
AMA
1.Aykırı M. THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE. KAÜİİBFD. 2026;17(33):158-180. doi:10.36543/kauiibfd.2026.008
Chicago
Aykırı, Murat. 2026. “THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE”. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 17 (33): 158-80. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2026.008.
EndNote
Aykırı M (01 Haziran 2026) THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 17 33 158–180.
IEEE
[1]M. Aykırı, “THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE”, KAÜİİBFD, c. 17, sy 33, ss. 158–180, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.36543/kauiibfd.2026.008.
ISNAD
Aykırı, Murat. “THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE”. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 17/33 (01 Haziran 2026): 158-180. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2026.008.
JAMA
1.Aykırı M. THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE. KAÜİİBFD. 2026;17:158–180.
MLA
Aykırı, Murat. “THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE”. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 17, sy 33, Haziran 2026, ss. 158-80, doi:10.36543/kauiibfd.2026.008.
Vancouver
1.Murat Aykırı. THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON CARBON INTENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM TÜRKİYE. KAÜİİBFD. 01 Haziran 2026;17(33):158-80. doi:10.36543/kauiibfd.2026.008

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