INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTlNG THE HUMANlTARlAN POLlCY OF THE USA

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28, 871 - 901, 29.12.2023

Zübeyda Parlak

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2023.035

Öz

The primary purpose of this study is to determine the foreign policy objectives of the USA for humanitarian crises. It also aims to examine the factors affecting the foreign policy objectives of the United States. The USA's foreign policy objectives regarding humanitarian crises are based on national security, economic interests, etc. are classified as interests. Human rights and democracy are considered US values. The US approach to humanitarian crises is also affected by internal factors, such as the US public opinion, congress, and the preferences of the US president, and external factors, by regional and local actors and the reaction of the international community. The interventions in Bosnia in 1995, Kosovo in 1999 and Libya in 2011, in which the USA took part, were selected as comparative case studies. Statements of decision-makers and foreign policy documents were scanned. In all three cases, it was concluded that the USA acted in humanitarian crises on the condition that its national interests were combined with the humanitarian situation, but there were internal and external factors that affected the objectives of intervention.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The USA, national interest, humanitarian intervention, 1995 Bosnia, 1999 Kosovo, 2011 Libya

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTlNG THE HUMANlTARlAN POLlCY OF THE USA

Öz

Bu çalışmada temel amaç ABD’nin insani krizlere yönelik dış politika amaçlarını saptamaktır. Ayrıca ABD’nin dış politika amaçlarını etkileyen unsurların olup olmadığını incelemektir. ABD insani krizlere yönelik dış politika amaçlarını ulusal güvenlik, ekonomik çıkarlar vd. çıkarlar olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. İnsan hakları ve demokrasi ise ABD değerleri olarak değerlendirilmektedir. ABD’nin insani krizlere yaklaşımı ayrıca içsel etkenler olan ABD kamuoyu, kongresi, ABD başkanının tercihlerinden ve dışsal etkenler olarak bölgesel, yerel aktörlerden ve uluslararası toplumun tepkisinden etkilenmektedir. ABD’nin yer aldığı, 1995 Bosna ve 1999 Kosova ve 2011 Libya müdahaleleri karşılaştırmalı vaka analizi olarak seçilmiştir. Karar vericilerin ifadeleri ve dış politika belgeleri taranmıştır. Her üç olayda da ABD’nin, insani krizlerde ulusal çıkarlarının insani durumla birleşmesi koşuluyla hareket ettiği, ancak müdahale amaçlarına etki eden iç ve dış etkenlerin mevcut olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD, ulusal çıkar, insani müdahale, 1995 Bosna, 1999 Kosova, 2011 Libya

Kaynakça

• Al Jazeera (22 Mart 2011). Libyan intervention threatens Arab Spring. 23 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/3/22/libya-intervention-threatens-the-arab-spring adresinden erişildi
• Al Jazeera Turk (2014). Country profile: Libya. 15 Aralık 2022 tarihinde http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/ulke-profili/ulkeprofili-libya adresinden erişildi.
• Allard, K. (2011). Somalia operations: Lessons learned. 3 Nisan 2023 tarihinde http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Allard_Somalia.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Allison, G. & Blackwell, R. (2011). A report from the Commission on America’s national interest. 21 Ocak 2023 tarihinde http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/amernatinter.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Bellamy, A. (2011). Libya and the responsibility to protect: The exception and the norm. Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3) 263 – 269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679411000219.
• Berkovitch, J. V& R. Jackson. (2012). Conflict resolution in the twenty-first century: Principles, methods and approaches. Ann Harbor: The University of Michigan Press
• Blachard, C. M. (2011). Libya: Unrest and US policy. Congressional Reserach Service Report for Congress. 29 March.
• Blanchard, C. M & J. Zanotti (2011). Libya: Background and US relations. Congressional Reserach Service Report for Congress. 25 February 2011.
• Bove, V. K. S. Gleditsch & Sekeris, P. G. (2016). Oil above water: Economic interdependence and third-party intervention. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60(7), 1251-1277.
• Brezesinki, Z. (2008). İkinci şans: Üç başkan ve Amerikan süper gücünün krizi. İstanbul: İnkilap Yayınları.
• Buchanan, A. (1999). The internal legitimacy of humanitarian intervention. Journal of Political Philosophy .7 (1),71–87.
• Butler, M. J.( 2003). U.S. military intervention in the crisis, 1945-1994: An empirical inquiry of just war theory. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 74(2), 226-248.
• Byers, M. & S. Chesterman. (2003). Law and humanitarian intervention. J. L Holzgrefe, ve R. O. Keohane (Ed.) Humanitarian intervention: Ethical, legal and political dilemmas içinde (ss.177-203). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Carey, H. F. (2001). US domestic politics and the emerging humanitarian intervention policy: Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo. World Affairs, 164(2), 72-82.
• Chesterman, S. (2011) Leading from behind: The responsibility to protect, the Obama doctrine, and humanitarian intervention after Libya. Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3), 279–285.
• Corbin, C. (2009). Obama doctrine foreign policy. 9 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://web.archive.org/web/20101027124430/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/06/04/cairo-speech-signal-new-obama-doctrine-foreign-policy adresinden erişildi.
• Cottey, A. (2008) Beyond humanitarian intervention: the new politics of peacekeeping and intervention. Contemporary Politics, 14(4), 429-446
• Çevikbaş, A. (2011). Müttefik güç harekâtı insani müdahalelerin bir istisnası mıdır? NATO'nun Kosova’ya yönelik harekâtının uluslararası hukuk ve askeri bakış açılarından değerlendirilmesi. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi. 10(2), 18-57.
• Daalder, I.H. & Lindsay, J. M., 2003. America unbound: The Bush revolution in foreign policy. Washington DC: Brookings Institution
• Dimitrova, A. (2011) . Obama’s foreign policy: Between pragmatic realism and smart diplomacy? 12 Aralık 2022 tarihinde http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/academy/Anna-Dimitrova-Obama's-Foreign-Policy-Between-Pragmatic-Realism-and-Smart-Diplomacy.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Dumbrell, J.(2011). Valuating the foreign policy of president Clinton – or, Bill Clinton: between the bushes. 12 Nisan 2022 tarihinde http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1932/1/1932.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Euro Stat (2021). USA among main partners of EU for goods trade. 23 Şubat 2023 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:The_United_States_among_the_EU%27s_main_partners_for_trade_in_goods,_2021.png adresinden erişildi.
• Evans, G. (2006). From humanitarian intervention to the responsibility to protect. Wisconsin Journal of International Law, 24(3), 703-722.
• Freedman, L. (2005). Rumsfeld’s legacy: the Iraq syndrome?. Washington Post. 9 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58318-2005Jan8.html adresinden erişildi.
• Foreign Affairs (2007). Renewing American leadership (Barack Obama 2007). 9 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://users.metu.edu.tr/utuba/Obama.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Gallup, G. (1992). Gallup poll: Public opinion 1992. Wilmington Deleware: Scholar Reseurcess inc.
• Gallup, G. (1993). Gallup poll: Public opinion 1993. Wilmington Deleware: Scholar Reseurcess inc.
• Gallup, G. (1993). Gallup poll: Public opinion 1995. Wilmington Deleware: Scholar Reseurcess inc.
• Gallup, G. (1997). Gallup poll: Public opinion 1997. Wilmington Deleware: Scholar Reseurcess inc.
• Gallup, G. (1999). Gallup poll: Public opinion 1999. Wilmington Deleware: Scholar Reseurcess inc.
• Gallup, G. (2011). Gallup poll: Public opinion, Wilmington Deleware: Scholar Reseurcess inc.
• Halberstam, D. (2002). Barış zamanı savaş: Bush, Clinton ve generaller. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları.
• Hassner, P. ( 1998). From war and peace to violence and intervention. Jonathan Moore (Ed). ln Hard choices: moral dilemmas in humanitarian intervention. Lanham Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 9-27.
• Holbrooke, R. (1999). Bir savaşı bitirmek. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları.
• Holzgrefe, J. L. (2003). Humaitarian intervention debate, J. L Holzgrefe & R. O. Keohane (Ed). Humanitarian intervention: Ethical, legal and political dilemmas içinde (ss. 15-89). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Homolar, A. (2012). Multilateralism in crisis? The character of US international engagement under Obama. Global Society, 26(1). 103-122, DOI: 10.1080/13600826.2011.629991.
• Kaldor, M. 2008. Responsible intervention. Survival, 50 (4), 191–200
• Kissinger, H. A. (2011). ABD askeri müdahalesinin gerekçeleri. 9 Mayıs 2023 tarihinde https://www.henryakissinger.com/articles/grounds-for-u-s-military-intervention/ adresinden erişildi.
• Kurth, J. (2006). Humanitarian intervention after Iraq: Legal ideals vs. military realities. Orbis, 50 (1), 87–101
• Lake, A. (1994). From containment to enlargement. 9 Şubat 2023 tarihinde https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/lakedoc.html adresinden erişildi.
• Manavoğlu. Z. (2008). NATO’ nun Kosova’ya müdahalesinin uluslararası hukuk açısından geçerliliği. Review of International Law and Politics, 27-51.
• Moore, D. (2016). Americans divided on US troops in Bosnia. 9 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://news.gallup.com/poll/4285/americans-divided-us-troops-bosnia.aspx. adresindne erişildi.
• Mueller, J. (2005). The Iraq syndrome. Foreign Affairs, 84 (6), 44–54.
• NATO. (2023). Kosovo operations. 5 Mayıs 2023 tarihinde http://web.archive.org/web/20111229195958/http://www.nato.int:80/docu/review/2005/issue3/turkish/history.html adresinden erişildi.
• Nuruzzaman, M. (2014). Revisiting ‘responsibility to protect’ after Libya and Syria. 9 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://www.e-ir.info/2014/03/08/revisiting-responsibility-to-protect-after-libya-and-syria/ adresinden erişildi.
• Obama, B. (2011). President Obama's March 18 State of the Union address. 15 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/barackobama/barackobamalibyawarning.htm adresinden erişildi.
• Oğultürk, M. C. (2014). Kosova’ nın bağımsızlık süreci kapsamında ABD dış politikasının analizi. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 19(19), 99-132.
• Oğuzlu, T. (2014) ABD’nin transantlantik politikası. Ramazan Gözen (Ed.) . ln Amerikan Dış Politikası. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Önal, B. (2010). Türkiye- ABD ilişkilerinde Clinton faktörü. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayıncılık.
• Pattison, J. (2012). Humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect: who should intervene? Oxford University Press.
• Petras, J. (2012). China: rise, fall, and re-emergence as a global power. 9 Şubat 2023 tarihinde https://www.globalresearch.ca/china-rise-fall-and-re-emergence-as-a-global-power adresinden erişildi.
• Piaskowy, K. (201). Madeleine Albright and united humanitarian intervention: A principle and personal agenda. 4 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?0 NO:10: P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1163531263#? Adresinden erişildi.
• Ploch, L. (2011). Africa Command: US strategic interests and the role of the US military in Africa. CRS Report. 22 July.
• Prashad, V. (2012). Arap Baharı, Libya kışı. Şükrü Alpagut(Çev.). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
• Sancaktar, C. (2016). NATO’nun Kosova müdahalesi: emperyalist müdahaleye bir örnek. Hasret Çomak, Caner Sancaktar ve Sertif Demir(Ed) in Uluslararası güvenlik. İstanbul: Beta Basım.
• Singer, J. D. (2006). Uluslararası ilişkilerde analiz düzeyi meselesi. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3(11), 3-24.
• Simon, H. (1997). The poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decisionmaking, decisionmaking on war and peace: The cognitive-rational debate, 1-80.
• USA 1994 Presidential Decree, (1994). USA FAS. 2 Şubat 2023 tarihinde https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/pdd/pdd-25.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• US Energy Information Administration (March 21, 2011). Libya is an important energy exporter especially to Europe. 11 Mart 2023 tarihinde https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=590 adresinden erişildi. US Energy Information Administration. 23 Kasım 2022 tarihinde https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=390 adresinden erişildi.
• US Department of Defense (2009). Capstone concept for joint operations V. 3.0. 22 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/ccjo_v3_2009.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• USA CRA (2010). The joint operating environment (JOE) 2010. 15 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://man.fas.org/eprint/joe2010.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• VOA (2010). Amerika ve Libya ticaret anlaşması imzaladı. 2 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://www.voaturkce.com/a/amerika-ve-libya-ticaret-anlamas-mzalad-94504 894/884145.html adresinden erişildi.
• White Hause Press Office (2011): 23 Ekim 2022 tarihinde http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/02/25/executive-order-libya adresinden erişildi.
• White House, A national security strategy 1994.
• White House, A national security strategy of engagement and enlargement. 1996.
• White House, A national security strategy for a new century. 1997.
• White House, A national security strategy for a new century 1998.
• White House, A national security strategy for a new century 1999.
• White House, A national security strategy for a global age 2000.
• Travers, D. (2001). The UN: Squaring the circle. The Kosovo crisis: Tony Weymouth, Stanley Henig (Ed) in The last American war in Europe? London: Reuters.
• Zifcak, S. (2012). The Responsibility To Protect After Libya And Syria. Melbourne Journal of lnternational Law 13(1), 59-93
• Zoubir, Y. (2011). The United States and Libya: The limits of coercive diplomacy. The Journal of North African Studies, 16(2), 275-297. DOI: 10.1080/13629387.2011.572623.