Duygular ve Değer Biçen Yargılar

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 31, 42 - 56, 30.10.2018

Zeynep Talay Turner

https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.472918

Öz

Birçok çağdaş
filozof duyguların değer biçen yargılar ile kurulduğunu ve bu sebeple de
bilişsel olduklarını iddia etmektedir. Her ne kadar bu iddia duyguların doğası
hakkında bize zengin tartışma alanları açıyor olsa da, böyle bir
genelleştirmeye ulaşma kaygısı aynı zamanda duyguların etik boyutunu göz ardı
etmektedir. Bunu engellemek adına spesifik duygulara odaklanmamız gerektiğini
iddia ediyorum. Bu yazıda merhamet duygusunu inceleyerek, duygular ve değer
koyan yargılar arasında içkin bir ilişki olduğunu ama bu ilişkinin her zaman
tek taraflı olmayabileceğini, duyguların da yargılarımızı
biçimlendirebileceğini savunuyorum. Son olarak, eğer duygular ve yargılar
arasında içkin bir ilişki varsa, yargının askıya alınması durumunun (Arendt’in
Eichmann analizi) aynı zamanda duygusal anlamda kayıtsızlık halini de
beraberinde getireceğini ve özellikle
bu kayıtsızlık ya da duyguların askıya alınması (emotion-free state) halinin kişinin ahlaki eylemden ve sorumluluk
alma yetisinden uzaklaşmasını kolaylaştıracağını iddia ediyorum.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Duygular, Değer Biçen Yargılar, Merhamet, Etik

Emotions and Evaluative Judgments

Öz

There has been an
ongoing debate on whether emotions are evaluative judgments, and as such
cognitive. Though philosophers, who commit themselves to the idea that emotions
are constituted or structured by evaluative judgments, provide us with very
rich accounts of the nature of emotions, they downplay its ethical dimension.
In order to correct this we should focus on particular emotions. Here I focus
on compassion and conclude that though there is an intrinsic relationship
between emotions and evaluative judgments this is not necessarily a one-sided
one. Finally, I claim that any suspension of judgment (Arendt on Eichmann) can
lead to a state of indifference, or an emotion-free state. And here I am
interested in the ethical consequences of such a state, namely that with the
suspension of judgment and accordingly of emotions, it is much easier for
someone to avoid any moral action, and accordingly any sense of accountability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emotions, Evaluative Judgments, Compassion, Ethics

Kaynakça

• ANSELL-PEARSON, Keith (2013). “Introduction: Nietzsche and the Passions”, Journal of Nietzsche studies, 44(1): 1-5.
• ARENDT, Hannah (1964). Eichmann in Jerusalem, Middlesex: Penguin.
• ARISTOTLE (1954). Rhetoric and Poetics, New York: Random House.
• ARISTOTLE (2004). The Nicomachean Ethics, London: Penguin.
• DAMASIO, Antonio (1994). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, New York: Avon Books.
• DAMASIO, Antonio (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain, London: William Heinemann.
• GOLDIE, Peter (2002). The Emotions: A Philosophical Exploration, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• HUNT, Lester (2006). “Martha Nussbaum on the Emotions”, Ethics, 116(3): 552-577.
• IMMORDINO-YANG, Mary Helen, Andrea MCCOLL, Hanna DAMASIO, Antonio DAMASIO, and Marcus E. RAICHLE (2009). “Neural Correlates of Admiration and Compassion”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(19): 8021-8026.
• JAMES, William (1884). “What is an Emotion”, Mind, 9(34): 188-205.
• LAKOFF, George (2016). “Language and Emotion”, Emotion Review, 8(3): 269-273.
• LAKOFF, George and Mark JOHNSON (1980). “Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language”, The Journal of Philosophy, 77(8): 453-486.
• LAZARUS, Richard S. and Bernice N. LAZARUS (2014). Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• NIETZSCHE, Friedrich (1997). Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality, trans. by R. J. Hollingdale, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• NIETZSCHE, Friedrich (1997). Untimely Meditations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• NUSSBAUM, Martha C. (2001). Upheavals of Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• ROBERTS, Robert C. (1989). “Aristotle on Virtues and Emotions”, Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 56(3): 293-306.
• SARTRE, Jean-Paul (1993). The Emotions: Outline of a Theory, New York: Carol Publishing.
• SCARANTINO, Andrea (2016). “The Philosophy of Emotions and Its Impact on Affective Science”, The Handbook of Emotions, pp. 3-49, London; New York: The Guildford Press.
• SCHACHTER, Stanley and Jerome E. SINGER (1962). “Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State”, Psychological Review, 69(5): 379-399.
• SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur (1995). On the Basis of Morality, trans. by E.F.J. Payne, Oxford: Berghahn.
• SOLOMON, Robert C. (2003). What Is an Emotion, New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• SOLOMON, Robert C. (2008). True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions Are Really Telling Us, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
• WEBERMAN, David (1996). “Sartre, Emotions, and Wallowing”, American Philosophical Quarterly, 33(4): 393-407.