Erken Alman Romantizminde İronik ve Poetik Hakikat

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 1 - 35, 30.03.2023

Baki Kurti

https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1205818

Öz

Erken Alman romantizminin yeşerdiği dönemde hayatın her alanında izleri genel olarak modernitenin başlangıcı kabul edilen 16. yüzyıla kadar sürdürülebilecek birçok değişiklik meydana geldi. Özellikle doğa bilimlerinde yaşanan önemli ve olumlu gelişmelerin dinamiği, orta çağdan beri bilimlerin kraliçesi sıfatını taşıyan felsefenin konumu açısından olumsuz bir durum ifade etmekteydi. Tahtı sarsılan felsefe artık hakikat kaynağı rolünü ifa etmekte zorlanmaya başlamıştı. Nitekim erken Alman romantizminde hem geleneksel felsefeden hem de bilimden, sanattan ve politik ve toplumsal hayattaki değişmelerden kopuk olmayan bir felsefeyle karşılaşmaktayız. Bu çerçevede üzerinde duracağımız romantik ironi Sokratik septisizmden doğmuş ve Fichte’nin felsefesinden güç almıştır. Romantiklerin elinde ise hem empirist hem de idealist hakikat, bilgi ve kesinlik nosyonlarına karşı bir eleştiri olup, daha esnek ve dinamik bir hakikat anlayışı ifade etmektedir. Böylesi bir hakikatin peşinde olmanın mücadelesi romantikleri çok boyutlu bir felsefeye sevketti. Bu felsefeye farklı bir özellik katan unsur onun ironik ruha sahip olan romantik şiir sanatıyla ittifakıdır. Hakikatin dinamiklerini poetik bir perspektiften okuyan romantik şiir, taşıdığı ironik ruhuyla empirist ve idealist kesin bilgi çemberinde mücadele eden insan kavrayışına veya anlayışına sonsuzluğa doğru eşlik etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Erken Alman Romantizmi, Hakikat, Felsefe

Ironic and Poetic Truth in Early German Romanticism

Öz

In the period when the early German romanticism flourished, many changes occurred in all areas of life that could be sustained until the 16th century, the traces of which are generally accepted as the beginning of modernity. The dynamics of important and positive developments in the natural sciences, in particular, expressed a negative situation in terms of the position of philosophy, which has been the queen of sciences since the middle ages. Philosophy, whose throne was shaken, began to have difficulties in fulfilling its role as a source of truth. As a matter of fact, in early German romanticism we encounter a philosophy that is not disconnected from both traditional philosophy and science, art and changes in political and social life. The romantic irony that we will focus on in this context was born from Socratic skepticism and was powered by Fichte's philosophy. In the hands of the Romantics, it is a criticism against both empiricist and idealist notions of truth, knowledge, and certainty, and expresses a more flexible and dynamic understanding of truth. The struggle to pursue such a truth led the romantics to a multidimensional philosophy. The element that adds a different feature to this philosophy is its alliance with romantic poetry, which has an ironic spirit. Reading the dynamics of truth from a poetic perspective, romantic poetry, with its ironic spirit, accompanies the human understanding or comprehension , which struggles in the empiricist and idealist circle of certain knowledge, towards eternity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Early German Romanticism,, Truth,, Philosophy

Kaynakça

• Behler, E. (1993), German Romantic Literary Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Beiser, F. C. (2002), German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Beiser, F. C. (2003), The Romantic Imperative: The Concept of Early German Romanticism, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Bowie, A. (2003), Aesthetics and Subjectivity: From Kant to Nietzsche, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Bowie, A. (2003), Introduction to German Philosophy From Kant To Habermas, Cambridge/UK: Polity Press.
• Brusslan, E. M. & Norman, J. (2019), “Introduction”, Brill’s Companion to German Romantic Philosophy, ed. Elizabeth Millán Brusslan& Judith Norman, Leiden-Boston: Brill.
• Bubner, R. (2003), The Innovations of Idealism, (trans. N. Walker). New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Ertene, M. (2017), “Çevirmenin Önsözü”, Schelling, Sanat Felsefesi, (çev. M. Ertene & S. Arslan). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
• Cook, E., (2019), “The Philosophy of Myth”, Brill’s Companion to German Romantic Philosophy, ed. Elizabeth Millán Brusslan& Judith Norman, Leiden-Boston: Brill.
• Everett, K. & Kuhn, H. (1939), A History of Esthetics, New York: The Macmillan Company.
• Fichte, J. G. (1982), The Science of Knowledge, (ed. and trans. by P. Heath & J. Lach). (2. Basım). Cambridge/Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press.
• Frischmann, B. (2010), “Friedrich Schlegel’s Transformation of Fichte’s Transcendental into an Early Romantic Idealism”, German Idealism, and Early Romanticism, ed. Daniel Breazeale and Tom Rockmore Fichte, Amsterdam- New York, Rodopi.
• Izenberg, G. N. (1992), Impossible Individuality: Romanticism, Revolution, and the Origins of Modern Selfhood, 1787–1802, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Kneller, J. (2019), “The Copernican Turn in Early German Romanticism”, Brill’s Companion to German Romantic Philosophy, Brill’s Companion to German Romantic Philosophy, ed. Elizabeth Millán Brusslan& Judith Norman, Leiden-Boston: Brill.
• Larmore, Ch. (2017), "Hölderlin and Novalis", The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism, (2. Basım). ed. Karl Ameriks, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Littlejohns, R. (2004), “Early Romanticism”, The Literature of German Romanticism, ed. Dennis F. Mahoney, New York: Camden House Press.
• Malinowski, B. (2004), “German Romantic Poetry in Theory and Practice: The Schlegel Brothers, Schelling, Tieck, Novalis, Eichendorff, Brentano, and Heine”, The Literature of German Romanticism, ed. Dennis F. Mahoney, New York: Camden House Press.
• Novalis, (2018), “Çiçek Tozları”, Novalis’ten Aforizmalar, (çev. G. Aytaç). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
• Novalis, (2018), “Aforizmalar ve Fragmanlar”, Novalis’ten Aforizmalar, (çev. G. Aytaç). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
• Novalis, (2003), Fichte Studies, ed. Jane Kneller, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Novalis, (1997), “The Universal Broullion”, Theory as practice: A Critical Anthology of Early German Romantic Writings, ed. Jochen Schulte-Sasse, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Novalis, (1997), “On Goethe”, Philosophical Writings, (trans. by M. M. Stoljar). Albany, State University of New York Press.
• Novalis, (1997), “Last Fragments”, Philosophical Writings, (trans. by M. M. Stoljar). Albany, State University of New York Press.
• Novalis, (1997), “Logological Fragments I”, Philosophical Writings, (trans. by M. M. Stoljar, Albany, State University of New York Press.
• Novalis, (2007), Notes for a Romantic Encyclopaedia, (ed. and trans. by D. W. Wood). Albany, State University of New York Press.
• Pfau, Thomas, “Romantic Bildung and the Persistence of Teleology”, Brill’s Companion to German Romantic Philosophy, ed. Elizabeth Millán Brusslan& Judith Norman, Leiden-Boston: Brill.
• Platon, (2006), Şölen-Dostluk, 4. b., İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası.
• Platon, (1892), “Phaedrus”, The Dialogues of Plato, (trans. by B. Jowett). London: Oxford University Press.
• Rush, Fred, (2016), Irony and Idealism: Rereading Schlegel, Hegel, and Kierkegaard, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Schelling, F. (2015), “Mitoloji Üzerine Konuşma”, Edebi Mutlak: Alman Romantizmi Edebiyat Kuramı, ed. P. Lacoue-Labarthe& Jean-Luc Nancy, (çev. S. T. Teysseyre). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
• Schlegel, F. (2018), Eleştirel Fragmanlar, (çev. K. Duymuş). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
• Schlegel, F. (2015), “Eleştirel Fragmanlar”, Edebi Mutlak: Alman Romantizmi Edebiyat Kuramı, ed. P. Lacoue-Labarthe& Jean-Luc Nancy, (çev. S. T. Teysseyre). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları,
• Schlegel, F. (2015), “Athenaeum’un Fragmanları”, Edebi Mutlak: Alman Romantizmi Edebiyat Kuramı, ed. P. Lacoue-Labarthe& Jean-Luc Nancy, (çev. S. T. Teysseyre). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
• Schlegel, F. (1971), “Athenaeum Fragments”, Friedrich’s Schlegel's Lucinde and the Fragments, (trans. by P. Firchow). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Schlegel, F. (1997) “Dialogue on Poesie”, Theory as practice: A Critical Anthology of Early German Romantic Writings, ed. Jochen Schulte-Sasse, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Schlegel, F. (1991), “Ideas”, Philosophical Fragments, (trans. by P. Firchow). ed. Rodolphe Gasche, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
• Schlegel, F. (1971), “On Incomprehensibility”, Friedrich’s Schlegel's Lucinde and the Fragments, (trans. P. Firchow). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Schlegel, F. (2003), “On Goethe’s Meister”, Classic and Romantic German Aesthetic, (ed. by J. M. Bernstein). New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Schlegel, F. (1997), “Introduction to the Transcendental Philosophy”, Theory as practice: A Critical Anthology of Early German Romantic Writings, ed. Jochen Schulte-Sasse, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Seyhan, A. (2009), “What is Romanticism, and where did it come from”, The Cambridge Companion to German Romanticism, ed. Nicholas Saul, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Smith, J. H. (2019), “Religion and Early German Romanticism: the Finite and the Infinite”, Brill’s Companion to German Romantic Philosophy, ed. Elizabeth Millán Brusslan& Judith Norman, Leiden-Boston: Brill.
• Steuerwald, K. (1998), Almanca-Türkçe Sözlük, İstanbul: ABC Yayınları.
• Sturma, D. (2017), “Politics and the New Mythology: The Turn to Late Romanticism”, The Cambridge Companion to German Philosophy, 2. Baskı, ed. Karl Ameriks, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Walzel, O. (1932), German Romanticism, (trans. A. E. Lussky). New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing.
• Wheeler, K. M. (2011), Romantizm, Pragmatizm ve Dekonstrüksiyon, (çev. H. Arslan). İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.