Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 679 - 709, 30.09.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Barral, M. (1969). Merleau-Ponty on the Body. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 7, 171-179.
  • De Beauvoir, S. (1948). The Second Sex. (translated by. H. M. Parshley). London: Vintage Classics.
  • — (1997). The Ethics of Ambiguity. (translated by B. Frechtman). Secaucus, NJ:Carol Publishing Group.
  • — (2004). Pyrrhus and Cinéas, (translated by M. Timmermann). , Beauvoir: Philosophical Writings (ed. M.A. Simons). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Butler, J. (2012). Sex and Gender in Simone De Beauvoir’s Second Sex Existentialism (ed. T. Staehler, pp. 158-170) . London and New York: Routledge.
  • Dastur, F. (2011). The question of the other in French phenomenology. Continental Philosophical Reviews, 44, 165–178.
  • Dolezal, L. (2015). The Body and Shame: Phenomenology, Feminism, and the Socially Shaped Body. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Donovan, J. (2012). Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions. 4th Edition, New York: Continuum Publishing Group.
  • Elshtain, B. (1981). Public Man, Private Woman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Pres.
  • Gatens, M. (1996). Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Grosz, E. (1994). Volatile bodies: toward a corporeal feminism, Indiana University Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Heidegger, M. (2006). Mindfulness, (translated by Parvis Ernad and Thomas Kalary). New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Heinämaa, S. (2003). The Body as Instrument and as Expression. Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir ( edt. Card, C., pp. 66- 86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hormann, S. (2009). Desert Flower. Accessed at 10.04.2017 (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1054580/).
  • Irigaray, L. (1993). An Ethics of Sexual Difference. (translated by Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Kruks, S. (1987). Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom. Social Text: Theory/Culture/Ideology, 17, 111–22.
  • Low, D. (1994). The Foundation of Merleau-Ponty’s Ethical Theory. Human Studies, 7 (2) 173-187.
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception. (translated by Colin Smith). New York: Routledge.
  • — (1964). The child’s relations with others. The Primacy of Perception (trans and ed. by J.M. Edie Evanston, pp. 96-155). Illinois.
  • — (1968). The Visible and the Invisible. (translated by Alphonso Lingis). Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
  • Reynolds, J. (2016). Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed at 16.04. 2017 (http://www.iep.utm.edu/merleau/ ).
  • Rodier, A. (2007). Biologism And Simone De Beauvoir: A Phenomenological Re-reading Of “The Givens Of Biology. College of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Saskatchewan.
  • Sartre, J.P. (1956). Being and Nothingness. (translated by Hazel Barnes). New York: Washington Square Press.
  • Sybylla, R. (1996). Making Our Freedom: Feminism and Ethics from Beauvoir to Foucault. Accessed at 26.06 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48206).
  • Toadvine, T. (2016). Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Accessed at 16. 04. 2017 (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/merleau-ponty/).
  • Young, I.M. (2005). On Female Bodily Experience: “Throwing Like a Girl” and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Weiss, G. (1999). Body images- embodiment as intercorporality, New York: Routledge.
  • Wilkerson, W. (2017). Beauvoir and Merleau-Ponty on Freedom and Authenticity. Companion to Simone de Beauvoir (eds. L. Hengehold and N. Bauer, pp. 224-235). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 679 - 709, 30.09.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Barral, M. (1969). Merleau-Ponty on the Body. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 7, 171-179.
  • De Beauvoir, S. (1948). The Second Sex. (translated by. H. M. Parshley). London: Vintage Classics.
  • — (1997). The Ethics of Ambiguity. (translated by B. Frechtman). Secaucus, NJ:Carol Publishing Group.
  • — (2004). Pyrrhus and Cinéas, (translated by M. Timmermann). , Beauvoir: Philosophical Writings (ed. M.A. Simons). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Butler, J. (2012). Sex and Gender in Simone De Beauvoir’s Second Sex Existentialism (ed. T. Staehler, pp. 158-170) . London and New York: Routledge.
  • Dastur, F. (2011). The question of the other in French phenomenology. Continental Philosophical Reviews, 44, 165–178.
  • Dolezal, L. (2015). The Body and Shame: Phenomenology, Feminism, and the Socially Shaped Body. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Donovan, J. (2012). Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions. 4th Edition, New York: Continuum Publishing Group.
  • Elshtain, B. (1981). Public Man, Private Woman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Pres.
  • Gatens, M. (1996). Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Grosz, E. (1994). Volatile bodies: toward a corporeal feminism, Indiana University Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Heidegger, M. (2006). Mindfulness, (translated by Parvis Ernad and Thomas Kalary). New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Heinämaa, S. (2003). The Body as Instrument and as Expression. Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir ( edt. Card, C., pp. 66- 86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hormann, S. (2009). Desert Flower. Accessed at 10.04.2017 (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1054580/).
  • Irigaray, L. (1993). An Ethics of Sexual Difference. (translated by Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Kruks, S. (1987). Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom. Social Text: Theory/Culture/Ideology, 17, 111–22.
  • Low, D. (1994). The Foundation of Merleau-Ponty’s Ethical Theory. Human Studies, 7 (2) 173-187.
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception. (translated by Colin Smith). New York: Routledge.
  • — (1964). The child’s relations with others. The Primacy of Perception (trans and ed. by J.M. Edie Evanston, pp. 96-155). Illinois.
  • — (1968). The Visible and the Invisible. (translated by Alphonso Lingis). Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
  • Reynolds, J. (2016). Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed at 16.04. 2017 (http://www.iep.utm.edu/merleau/ ).
  • Rodier, A. (2007). Biologism And Simone De Beauvoir: A Phenomenological Re-reading Of “The Givens Of Biology. College of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Saskatchewan.
  • Sartre, J.P. (1956). Being and Nothingness. (translated by Hazel Barnes). New York: Washington Square Press.
  • Sybylla, R. (1996). Making Our Freedom: Feminism and Ethics from Beauvoir to Foucault. Accessed at 26.06 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48206).
  • Toadvine, T. (2016). Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Accessed at 16. 04. 2017 (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/merleau-ponty/).
  • Young, I.M. (2005). On Female Bodily Experience: “Throwing Like a Girl” and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Weiss, G. (1999). Body images- embodiment as intercorporality, New York: Routledge.
  • Wilkerson, W. (2017). Beauvoir and Merleau-Ponty on Freedom and Authenticity. Companion to Simone de Beauvoir (eds. L. Hengehold and N. Bauer, pp. 224-235). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp.

Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 679 - 709, 30.09.2025

Öz

This study examines Simone De Beauvoir’s theory of women’s status by centralizing her masterpiece, The Second Sex. Here, Beauvoir discusses women’s situation in society existentially and phenomenologically. She concludes that woman problematically seems to be the second sex or the Other in social life. At the end of The Second Sex, Beauvoir offers that if women were economically independent, their social conditions and status would be better. In addition, she suggests some helpful steps to change women's social life situation. Thus, Beauvoir continues, they could be equal to men and have their freedom. Although Beauvoir’s theory maintains its influence with the demand for equality even today, it is argued that it may lose its impact as it holds mostly women responsible for social transformation.
It is defended that each individual should embrace basic steps for effective societal transformations. In other words, everyone should accept responsibility for transformation from the beginning. If not, how is it possible to change people’s ideas concerning the status of women? On that point, for a positive understanding of the existence of the Other, Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s theory of the lived body with its social dimensions is applied. It is seen that his theory can be proposed to every single individual to spread the idea of equality for social transformations. In Merleau-Ponty’s existential and social theory, the relationships between others provide us with the awareness of equality between people and freedom in a relational field. Thus, his theory is introduced to approach the problematic status of women in Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. In this respect, it aims to highlight a theory that acknowledges the other as a valuable and meaningful existence by providing equality and freedom in intersubjective relations.

Etik Beyan

Çalışmam etik kurallara uygundur.

Kaynakça

  • Barral, M. (1969). Merleau-Ponty on the Body. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 7, 171-179.
  • De Beauvoir, S. (1948). The Second Sex. (translated by. H. M. Parshley). London: Vintage Classics.
  • — (1997). The Ethics of Ambiguity. (translated by B. Frechtman). Secaucus, NJ:Carol Publishing Group.
  • — (2004). Pyrrhus and Cinéas, (translated by M. Timmermann). , Beauvoir: Philosophical Writings (ed. M.A. Simons). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Butler, J. (2012). Sex and Gender in Simone De Beauvoir’s Second Sex Existentialism (ed. T. Staehler, pp. 158-170) . London and New York: Routledge.
  • Dastur, F. (2011). The question of the other in French phenomenology. Continental Philosophical Reviews, 44, 165–178.
  • Dolezal, L. (2015). The Body and Shame: Phenomenology, Feminism, and the Socially Shaped Body. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Donovan, J. (2012). Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions. 4th Edition, New York: Continuum Publishing Group.
  • Elshtain, B. (1981). Public Man, Private Woman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Pres.
  • Gatens, M. (1996). Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Grosz, E. (1994). Volatile bodies: toward a corporeal feminism, Indiana University Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Heidegger, M. (2006). Mindfulness, (translated by Parvis Ernad and Thomas Kalary). New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Heinämaa, S. (2003). The Body as Instrument and as Expression. Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir ( edt. Card, C., pp. 66- 86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hormann, S. (2009). Desert Flower. Accessed at 10.04.2017 (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1054580/).
  • Irigaray, L. (1993). An Ethics of Sexual Difference. (translated by Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Kruks, S. (1987). Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom. Social Text: Theory/Culture/Ideology, 17, 111–22.
  • Low, D. (1994). The Foundation of Merleau-Ponty’s Ethical Theory. Human Studies, 7 (2) 173-187.
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception. (translated by Colin Smith). New York: Routledge.
  • — (1964). The child’s relations with others. The Primacy of Perception (trans and ed. by J.M. Edie Evanston, pp. 96-155). Illinois.
  • — (1968). The Visible and the Invisible. (translated by Alphonso Lingis). Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
  • Reynolds, J. (2016). Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed at 16.04. 2017 (http://www.iep.utm.edu/merleau/ ).
  • Rodier, A. (2007). Biologism And Simone De Beauvoir: A Phenomenological Re-reading Of “The Givens Of Biology. College of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Saskatchewan.
  • Sartre, J.P. (1956). Being and Nothingness. (translated by Hazel Barnes). New York: Washington Square Press.
  • Sybylla, R. (1996). Making Our Freedom: Feminism and Ethics from Beauvoir to Foucault. Accessed at 26.06 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48206).
  • Toadvine, T. (2016). Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Accessed at 16. 04. 2017 (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/merleau-ponty/).
  • Young, I.M. (2005). On Female Bodily Experience: “Throwing Like a Girl” and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Weiss, G. (1999). Body images- embodiment as intercorporality, New York: Routledge.
  • Wilkerson, W. (2017). Beauvoir and Merleau-Ponty on Freedom and Authenticity. Companion to Simone de Beauvoir (eds. L. Hengehold and N. Bauer, pp. 224-235). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp.

Kadın, Ötekilik ve Eşitlik İçin Bir Çağrı: Simone De Beauvoir ve Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 679 - 709, 30.09.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma, Simone De Beauvoir’ın kadınların statüsüne ilişkin teorisini, başyapıtı İkinci Cins’i merkeze alarak incelemektedir. Beauvoir burada, kadınların toplumdaki durumunu varoluşsal ve fenomenolojik olarak tartışmaktadır. Kadının toplumsal yaşamda sorunlu bir şekilde ikinci cinsiyet veya Öteki gibi göründüğü sonucuna varmaktadır. İkinci Cins’in sonunda Beauvoir, kadınlar ekonomik olarak bağımsız olsalardı, toplumsal koşullarının ve statülerinin daha iyi olacağını ileri sürmektedir. Ayrıca, kadınların toplumsal yaşam durumunu değiştirmek için bazı yararlı adımlar önermektedir. Böylece, Beauvoir devam eder, erkeklerle eşit olabilirler ve özgürlüklerine sahip olabilirler. Beauvoir’ın teorisi, eşitlik talebiyle bugün bile etkisini sürdürse de, toplumsal dönüşümden çoğunlukla kadınları sorumlu tuttuğu için etkisini kaybedebileceği ileri sürülmektedir.
Etkili toplumsal dönüşümler için her bireyin temel adımları benimsemesi gerektiği savunulmaktadır. Başka bir deyişle, herkes baştan itibaren dönüşüm sorumluluğunu kabul etmelidir. Aksi takdirde, insanların kadınların statüsüne ilişkin fikirlerini değiştirmek nasıl mümkün olabilir? Bu noktada, Öteki’nin varoluşuna dair olumlu bir anlayış için Maurice Merleau-Ponty’nin toplumsal boyutlarıyla yaşanan beden kuramı uygulanır. Kuramının toplumsal dönüşümler için eşitlik fikrini yaymak amacıyla her bir bireye önerilebileceği görülür. Merleau-Ponty’nin varoluşsal ve toplumsal kuramında, başkaları arasındaki ilişkiler bize ilişkisel bir alanda insanlar arasındaki eşitlik ve özgürlük bilincini sağlar. Böylece kuramı, Beauvoir’ın İkinci Cins adlı eserinde kadınların sorunlu statüsüne yaklaşmak için tanıtılır. Bu bağlamda, öznelerarası ilişkilerde eşitlik ve özgürlük sağlayarak ötekini değerli ve anlamlı bir varoluş olarak kabul eden bir kuramı vurgulamayı amaçlar.

Kaynakça

  • Barral, M. (1969). Merleau-Ponty on the Body. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 7, 171-179.
  • De Beauvoir, S. (1948). The Second Sex. (translated by. H. M. Parshley). London: Vintage Classics.
  • — (1997). The Ethics of Ambiguity. (translated by B. Frechtman). Secaucus, NJ:Carol Publishing Group.
  • — (2004). Pyrrhus and Cinéas, (translated by M. Timmermann). , Beauvoir: Philosophical Writings (ed. M.A. Simons). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Butler, J. (2012). Sex and Gender in Simone De Beauvoir’s Second Sex Existentialism (ed. T. Staehler, pp. 158-170) . London and New York: Routledge.
  • Dastur, F. (2011). The question of the other in French phenomenology. Continental Philosophical Reviews, 44, 165–178.
  • Dolezal, L. (2015). The Body and Shame: Phenomenology, Feminism, and the Socially Shaped Body. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Donovan, J. (2012). Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions. 4th Edition, New York: Continuum Publishing Group.
  • Elshtain, B. (1981). Public Man, Private Woman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Pres.
  • Gatens, M. (1996). Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Grosz, E. (1994). Volatile bodies: toward a corporeal feminism, Indiana University Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Heidegger, M. (2006). Mindfulness, (translated by Parvis Ernad and Thomas Kalary). New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Heinämaa, S. (2003). The Body as Instrument and as Expression. Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir ( edt. Card, C., pp. 66- 86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hormann, S. (2009). Desert Flower. Accessed at 10.04.2017 (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1054580/).
  • Irigaray, L. (1993). An Ethics of Sexual Difference. (translated by Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca). New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Kruks, S. (1987). Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom. Social Text: Theory/Culture/Ideology, 17, 111–22.
  • Low, D. (1994). The Foundation of Merleau-Ponty’s Ethical Theory. Human Studies, 7 (2) 173-187.
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception. (translated by Colin Smith). New York: Routledge.
  • — (1964). The child’s relations with others. The Primacy of Perception (trans and ed. by J.M. Edie Evanston, pp. 96-155). Illinois.
  • — (1968). The Visible and the Invisible. (translated by Alphonso Lingis). Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
  • Reynolds, J. (2016). Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed at 16.04. 2017 (http://www.iep.utm.edu/merleau/ ).
  • Rodier, A. (2007). Biologism And Simone De Beauvoir: A Phenomenological Re-reading Of “The Givens Of Biology. College of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Saskatchewan.
  • Sartre, J.P. (1956). Being and Nothingness. (translated by Hazel Barnes). New York: Washington Square Press.
  • Sybylla, R. (1996). Making Our Freedom: Feminism and Ethics from Beauvoir to Foucault. Accessed at 26.06 2017 (http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48206).
  • Toadvine, T. (2016). Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Accessed at 16. 04. 2017 (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/merleau-ponty/).
  • Young, I.M. (2005). On Female Bodily Experience: “Throwing Like a Girl” and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Weiss, G. (1999). Body images- embodiment as intercorporality, New York: Routledge.
  • Wilkerson, W. (2017). Beauvoir and Merleau-Ponty on Freedom and Authenticity. Companion to Simone de Beauvoir (eds. L. Hengehold and N. Bauer, pp. 224-235). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular 20. Yüzyıl Felsefesi, Düşünce Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Merve Arslan 0009-0001-6218-6790

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslan, M. (2025). Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 24(2), 679-709. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1696693
AMA Arslan M. Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Kaygı. Eylül 2025;24(2):679-709. doi:10.20981/kaygi.1696693
Chicago Arslan, Merve. “Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 24, sy. 2 (Eylül 2025): 679-709. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1696693.
EndNote Arslan M (01 Eylül 2025) Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 24 2 679–709.
IEEE M. Arslan, “Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty”, Kaygı, c. 24, sy. 2, ss. 679–709, 2025, doi: 10.20981/kaygi.1696693.
ISNAD Arslan, Merve. “Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 24/2 (Eylül2025), 679-709. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1696693.
JAMA Arslan M. Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Kaygı. 2025;24:679–709.
MLA Arslan, Merve. “Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 679-0, doi:10.20981/kaygi.1696693.
Vancouver Arslan M. Woman, Otherness, And A Call For Equality: Simone De Beauvoir And Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Kaygı. 2025;24(2):679-70.

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