Alegorinin Estetiği I: Klasik İslam'da İmgelerin Hermeneutiğinde Retorik ve Demonstrasyon

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 491 - 536, 30.09.2025

María Antonieta Emparán Fernández

Öz

Bu makale, İbn Rüşd, İbn Arabî, İhvân-ı Safâ ve Bîrûnî gibi önemli filozof ve âlimler tarafından dile getirilen imge hermenötiğine odaklanarak klasik İslam düşüncesindeki alegori estetiğini incelemektedir. Kutsal metinlerin ve imgelerin retorik ve burhânî yorumları arasındaki ayrımı incelemekte ve bu yorumların şekillenmesinde entelektüel hiyerarşilerin ve kozmolojik teorilerin rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca Mi'râc anlatısının İbn Sînâ tarafından yapılan alegorik yorumunu ve bunun İslam metafiziğiyle bağlantısını analiz etmektedir. Son olarak, Merînî Sultanlığı'nın medreselerde geometrik sanatı teşvik etmesini bu alegorik ilkelerin bir yansıması olarak tartışmakta ve bu tür sanatın İslam kozmolojisinin yalnızca entelektüel seçkinlerin erişebileceği görsel bir temsili olarak hizmet ettiğini savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hermeneutik , İbn Rüşd , İslam Sanatı , İslam Geometrisi , Alegori

The Aesthetics of Allegory I: Rhetoric versus Demonstration in the Hermeneutics of Images in Classical Islam

Öz

This article explores the aesthetics of allegory in classical Islamic thought, focusing on the hermeneutics of images as articulated by key philosophers and scholars such as Averroes, Ibn ʿArabī, the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, and al-Bīrūnī. It examines the distinction between rhetorical and demonstrative interpretations of sacred texts and images, highlighting the role of intellectual hierarchies and cosmological theories in shaping these interpretations. The study also analyses the allegorical interpretation of the Miʿrāj narrative by Avicenna and its connection to Islamic metaphysics. Finally, it discusses the Marinid Sultanate’s promotion of geometric art in madrasas as a reflection of these allegorical principles, arguing that such art served as a visual representation of Islamic cosmology accessible only to the intellectual elite.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hermeneutics , Averroes , Islamic Art , Islamic Geometry , Allegory

Destekleyen Kurum

Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

Kaynakça

• Al-Tabarī. 1988. The History of Al-Tabarī (Ta’rīkh al-Rusul Wa’l-Mulūk). Translated by W. Montgomery Watt and M. V. McDonald. Vol. VI. New York: State University of New York Press.
• Andrae, Tor. 1918. Die Person Muhammeds. Stockholm: Kungl. Boktryckeriet. P. A. Norstedt & Söner.
• Aouni, Lhaj Moussa. 1991. ‘Etude des inscriptions mérinides de Fés’. Universite de Provence.
• Ardiles, Osvaldo, Hugo Assmann, Mario Casalla, Horacio Cerutti, Carlos Cullen, Julio De Zan, Enrique Dussel, et al. 1973. Hacia Una Filosofía de La Liberación Latinoamericana. Buenos Aires: Bonum.
• Averroes. 1961. On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy. Translated by George F. Hourani. London: Luzac.
• ———. 1987. Averroes’ Tahafut al-Tahafut. Translated by Simon van den Bergh. Cambridge: E. J. W. Gibb Memorial.
• ———. 2001a. Faith and Reason in Islam. Averroes’ Exposition of Religious Arguments. Translated by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: Oneworld.
• ———. 2001b. The Book of the Decisive Treatise Determining the Connection between the Law and Wisdom & Epistle Dedicatory. Translated by Charles E. Butterworth. Provo: Brigham Young University Press.
• ———. 2017. Averroes, the Decisive Treatise. The Connection Between Islamic Religious Law and Philosophy. Edited and translated by Massimo Campanini. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
• Avicenna. 1963. ‘On the Proof of Prophecies and the Interpretation of the Prophets’ Symbols and Metaphors’. In Medieval Political Philosophy, translated by Michael E. Marmura, 113–21. Toronto: Collier-Macmillan.
• ———. 1974. Avicenna’s Commentary on the Poetics of Aristotle. Translated by Ismail M. Dahiyat. Leiden: Brill.
• ———. 1992. ‘Miʿrāj Nāma’. In Allegory and Philosophy in Avicenna (Ibn Sînâ). With a Translation of the Book of the Prophet Muḥammad’s Ascent to Heaven, translated by Peter Heat, 111–43. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• ———. 2019. Al-Madkhal : Avicenna on the Isagoge of Porphyry. Translated by Allan Bäck. Munich: Philosophia. Bauer, Carlos Francisco. 2022. Analéctica Latinoamericana: Un Pensamiento Descolonizador Para El Siglo XXI. Buenos Aires: Prometeo Editorial.
• Benjamin, Walter. 2013. Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit. Edited by Burkhardt Linder. Berlin: Suhrkamp.
• Bīrūnī, Abu-’r-Raiḥān Muḥammad Ibn-Aḥmad al-. 1964. Alberuni’s India : An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India; about A.D. 1030. Edited and translated by Edward C. Sachau. Delhi: S. Chand & Co.
• Brentjes, Sonia. 2022. ‘Islamic Cosmological Diagrams’. In The Diagram as Paradigm. Cross-Cultural Approaches, edited by Jeffrey F. Hamburger, David J. Roxburgh, and Linda Safran, 227–52. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
• Cabanelas, Darío. 1988. El Techo del Salón de Comares en la Alhambra, Decoración, Policromía, Simbolismo y Etimología. Granada: Junta de Andalucía.
• Caiozzo, Anna. 2003. Images du ciel d’Orient au moyen âge. Paris: Presses de l’Univ. de Paris-Sorbonne.
• Carboni, Stefano. 1987. ‘Two Fragments of a Jalayirid Astrological Treatise in the Keir Collection and in the Oriental Institute in Sarajevo’. Islamic Art II:149–86.
• ———. 1997. Following the Stars: Images of the Zodiac in Islamic Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
• Colby, Frederick S. 2008. Narrating Muḥammad’s Night Journey. Albany: State University of New York Press.
• Critchlow, Keith. 1999. Islamic Patterns an Analytical and Cosmological Approach. Londres: Inner Traditions.
• Dodds, Jerrilynn Denise, ed. 1992. Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lLAryx8bC8UC&pgis=1.
• Droge, Arthur J., ed. 2013. The Qur’ān. A New Annotated Translation. Sheffield: Equinox.
• Elias, Jamal J. 2012. Aisha’s Cushion. Religious Art, Perception, and Practice in Islam. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press.
• Emparán Fernández, María Antonieta. 2024. ‘Using Geometric Analysis to Challenge Colonial Perspectives: Understanding Marīnid Zillīj Patterns through Multidisciplinary Insights’. Artefacto Visual 8 (15).
• ———. 2025. ‘Ḫatam, Barzaḫ, and the Hereafter: Considerations for an Iconographic Analysis of the Eight-Fold Marīnid Zillīǧ’. Madrider Mitteilungen 66.
• ———. Forthcoming a. Aesthetics of Islamic Cosmoses for a Hermeneutics of the Marīnid Zillīj.
• ———. Forthcoming c. ‘“Let No One Ignorant of Geometry Enter Here!”. Who Drew the Marīnid Geometrical Patterns?’
• ———. Forthcoming b. ‘Ornament and Power: The BūʿInānīya Mosque–Madrasa (1350–1355) in Fez as a Panegyric to Sultan Abu ʿInān’.
• Haraway, Donna. 1988. ‘Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective’. Feminist Studies 14 (3): 575–99.
• Heath, Peter. 1989. ‘Creative Hermeneutics: A Comparative Analysis of Three Islamic Approaches’. Arabica 36 (2): 173–210.
• ———. 1992. Allegory and Philosophy in Avicenna (Ibn Sînâ). With a Translation of the Book of the Prophet Muḥammad’s Ascent to Heaven. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Horovitz, Josef. 1919. ‘Muhammeds Himmelfahrt’. Der Islam IX (2–4): 159–83.
• Ibn al-ʿArabī. 2005. The Meccan Revelations. Edited by Michel Chodkiewicz. Translated by William C. Chittick and James W. Morris. Vol. I. New York: Pir Press.
• Ibn Isḥāq. 1980. The Life of Muhammad. A Translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat Rasūl Allāh. Translated by A. Guillaume. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl. 1998. The Life of the Prophet Muḥammad. A Translation of Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya. Translated by Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Wāḥid and Trevor le Gassick. Vol. II. Reading: Garnet Publishing Ltd.
• Ibn Khaldûn, ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Ibn-Muḥammad. 1984. Le voyage d’Occident et d’Orient : autobiographie / Ibn Khaldûn. Translated by Abdesselam Cheddadi. Paris: Sindbad.
• Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd-ar-Raḥmān Ibn-Muḥammad, and Mostapha Jarmouni Jarmouni. 2015. ‘El Kitāb al-Taʿrīf o autobiografía de Ibn Jaldun (732-808 H. / 1332-1406 e.C.)’. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.
• Ibn Rushd. 2017. Averroes, the Decisive Treatise : The Connection between Islamic Religious Law and Philosophy. Edited and translated by Massimo Campanini. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
• Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. 2021. On Life, Death, and Languages. An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of Epistles 29-31. Edited and translated by Eric Ormsby. London: Oxford University Press - The Institute of Ismaili Studies.
• Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ. 2015. Sciences of the Soul and Intellect - Part I. An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of Epistles 32-36. Edited and translated by Paul E. Walker, Ismail K. Poonawala, David Simonowitz, and Godefroid de Callataÿ. London: Oxford University Press - The Institute of Ismaili Studies.
• Imām Muslim. 1996. Sahih Muslim. Translated by ’Abdul Hamid Siddiqie. Vol. I. Delhi: Adam Publishers & Distributors.
• King, David A. 2005. In Synchrony with the Heavens. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill.
• Leaman, Oliver. 1988. Averroes and His Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• ———. 2002. An Introduction to Classical Islamic Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• ———. 2004. Islamic Aesthetics. An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
• Mignolo, Walter D., and Arturo Escobar. 2013. Globalization and the Decolonial Option. New York: Taylor & Francis. Mirza, Younus Y. n.d. ‘Ibn Kathīr, ʿImād al-Dīn’. In Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. Accessed 1 July 2025. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30853.
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, ed. 2015. The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Broadway: HarperOne. Neçipoğlu, Gülru. 1995. The Topkapı Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture. Santa Monica: The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities.
• Puerta Vilchez, José Miguel. 2004. ‘Estéticas de la luz, el tiempo y la apariencia en la arquitectura áulica andalusí’. In Seminario Internacional sobre la Aljafería y el arte del islam occidental en el siglo XI. Zaragoza: Instituto de Estudios ISlámico y del Oriente Próximo.
• ———. 2011a. ‘La Poética Del Agua En El Islam The Poetics of Water in Islam’.
• ———. 2011b. Reading the Alhambra. Granada: Edilux.
• Renaud, H. P. J. 1937. ‘Sur les dates de la vie du mathématicien arabe marocain Ibn al-Bannā’ (XIIe-XIIIe s. J.C.)’. Isis 27 (2): 216–18.
• ———. 1938. ‘Ibn al‐Bannāʾ de Marrakech, Sûfî et mathématicien (XIIIe – XIVe s. J. C.).’ Hespéris 25:13–42. Roxburgh, David J. 2022. ‘Islamicate Diagrams’. In The Diagram as Paradigm. Cross-Cultural Approaches, edited by Jeffrey F. Hamburger, David J. Roxburgh, and Linda Safran, 33–52. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
• Samsó, Julio. 2007. ‘Ibn al‐Bannā’: Abū al‐ҁAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn ҁUthmān al‐Azdī al‐Marrākushī’. In The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, edited by Thomas Hockey, Virginia Trimble, Thomas R. Williams, Katherine Bracher, Richard A. Jarrell, Jordan D. Marché, F. Jamil Ragep, JoAnn Palmeri, and Marvin Bolt, 551–52. New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_675.
• Schrieke, B. 1915. ‘Die Himmelsreise Muhammeds’. Der Islam 6 (1): 1–30.
• Schrieke, B., J. Horovitz, J. E. Bencheikh, J. Knappert, and B. W. Robinson. n.d. ‘Miʿrād̲j̲’. In EI2.
• Séguy, Marie-Rose. 1977. The Miraculous Journey of Mahomet. Miraj Nameh. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Tabbaa, Yasser. 2001. The Transformation of Islamic Art During the Sunni Revival. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
• Taswir. Islamische Bildwelten und Moderne. 2009. Berlin: Nicolai.
• Taylor, Richard C. 2000. ‘“Truth Does Not Contradict Truth”: Averroes and the Unity of Truth’. Topoi 19 (1): 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006343305914.
• ———. 2005. ‘Averroes: Religious Dialectic and Aristotelian Philosophical Thought’. In The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, edited by Peter Adamson and Richard C. Taylor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• ———. 2012. ‘Averroes on the Sharîʿah of the Philosophers’. In The Judeo-Christian-Islamic Heritage: Philosophical & Theological Perspectives, edited by Richard C. Taylor and Irfan A. Omar, 283–304. Marquette University Press.
• The Brethren of Purity. 2009. The Case of the Animals versus Man before the King of the Jinn : An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of Epistle 22. Translated by Lenn E. Goodman and Richard McGregor. Oxford - New York: Oxford University Press - The Institute of Ismaili Studies.
• Vernet Ginés, Juan. 1998. Contributión al estudio de la labor astrónomica de Ibn al-Bannāʾ. Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften.
• Vuckovic, Brooke Olson. 2005. Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns. New York: Routledge.
• Washburn, Dorothy, and Diane Humphrey. 2001. ‘Symmetries in the Mind: Production, Perception, and Preference for Seven One-Dimensional Patterns’. Visual Arts Research 27 (2): 57–68.
• Washburn, Dorothy K. 1998. ‘Patterns at the Edge: Strategies of Looking at Nonrepresentational Art’. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
• ———. 1999. ‘Perceptual Anthropology: The Cultural Salience of Symmetry’. American Antrhopologist 101(3).
• ———. 2003. ‘The Property of Symmetry and the Concept of Ethnic Style’. Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, 157–73. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203111147.
• Washburn, Dorothy K. 2024. ‘Cultural Dimensions of Symmetric Pattern: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Research’. Symmetry: Culture and Science 35 (1): 233–89.
• Wohlman, Avital. 2010. Al-Ghazali, Averroës and the Interpretation of the Qur’an. Common Sence and Philosophy in Islam. Translated by David Burrel. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Yabri, Mohamed Abed. 2006. El Legado Filosófico Árabe. Madrid: Trotta.
• Zarepour, Mohammad Saleh. 2016. ‘Avicenna on the Nature of Mathematical Objects’. Dialogue 55 (3): 511–36.
• ———. 2019. ‘Avicenna against Mathematical Platonism’. Oriens 47 (3/4): 197–243.