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HEALTH OR FREE TRADE? AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN TOBACCO CONTROL AND FREE TRADE

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 425 - 454, 24.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.58658/kaypod.1754317

Öz

This article aims to examine the conflicts between tobacco control policies and free trade. The tobacco industry creates a constant tension between health policies and economic interests. World Trade Organization trade agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (ATT), Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) do not adequately protect tobacco control measures from trade-based threats and these agreements aim to reduce trade barriers, increase competition, lower prices and encourage consumption. Tobacco control measures, on the other hand, seek to reduce market entry and consumption, raise prices, and restrict advertising and promotion in order to reduce health and social problems. The study analyzes the effects of tobacco control measures on trade agreements and the ways to resolve these disputes. It also assesses the balance between the tobacco industry's economic contributions and health costs. The adverse health effects of tobacco use have long been recognized. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other health organizations have proposed various control measures to reduce tobacco use. However, the economic interests of the tobacco industry and international trade agreements pose challenges to the implementation of these control measures. The article examines the complex relationship between tobacco control and trade disputes and its implications for global policies. It is qualitative research based on the analysis and evaluation of legal and administrative texts related to tobacco control policies and free trade.

Etik Beyan

This study does not require ethics committee approval due to its scope.

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Teşekkür

I dedicate this study to the cherished memory of my Master's Thesis Advisor and very dear friend Prof. Dr. Sadık Çukur, who passed away in 2020 and was a faculty member of the Department of Business Administration at the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Abant İzzet Baysal University.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, F. M. (2002). WTO TRIPS Agreement and its implications for access to medicines in developing countries. Study Paper 2a, United Kingdom Commission on Intellectual Property Rights.
  • Action on Smoking and Health (ASH). (2019). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: The children's rights impact assessment for tobacco control*. London: ASH.
  • Alemanno, A., & Bonadio, E. (2010). Do You Mind My Smoking-Plain Packaging of Cigarettes under the TRIPS Agreement. J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L., 10, i.
  • Assembly, U. G. (2025). International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights.
  • Assunta, M., & Dorotheo, E. U. (2016). SEATCA tobacco industry interference index: a tool for measuring implementation of WHO framework convention on tobacco control article 5.3. Tobacco control, 25(3), 313-318.
  • Bialous, S. A., & van der Eijk, Y. (2020). How should global tobacco control efforts be prioritized to protect children in resource-poor regions? AMA Journal of Ethics, 22(2), 135-146.
  • Bilir, N., Özcebe, H., Aslan, D., & Ergüder, T. (2008). Küresel Tütün Salgını Raporu. MPOWER paketi. Ankara.
  • Bossche, P., (2005). WTO rules on technical barriers to trade. Maastricht Faculty of Law working paper, (2005-6). Case, C. (2002). 491/01, The Queen v. Secretary of State for Health, ex parte British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd. and Imperial Tobacco Ltd.
  • Chaloupka, F. J., Yurekli, A., & Fong, G. T. (2012). Tobacco Taxes as a Tobacco Control Strategy. Tobacco Control, 21(2), 172-180.
  • Collin, J. (2012). Tobacco control, global health policy and development: towards policy coherence in global governance. Tobacco control, 21(2), 274-280.
  • Cunningham, R. (2014). Tobacco control in Canada. In The Global Tobacco Epidemic and the Law (pp. 209-234). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • European Union. (2012). Consolidated version of the treaty on the functioning of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union, 47(6), 47-326.
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2014). Directive 2014/40/EU on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco and related products. *Official Journal of the European Union, L 127*, 1–38. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/40/oj/eng
  • FCTC, (2020). https://extranet.who.int/fctcapps/fctcapps/fctc/kh/legalchallenges/news/qa-what-does-australias-tobacco-plain-packaging-win-mean
  • Fooks, G. J., Gilmore, A. B., Collin, J., Holden, C., & Lee, K. (2013). The Limits of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: A Tobacco Industry Perspective. The Lancet, 381(9877), 1513-1520.
  • Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı, (2009). GATT Bilgilendirme Rehberi. GİB, Avrupa Birliği ve Dış İlişkiler Daire Başkanlığı GATT (90) Müdürlüğü, Yayın, (95).
  • Health Policy Watch (2020). https://healthpolicy-watch.news/world-trade-organization-ruling-in-favor-of-plain-packaging-on-tobacco-products-welcomed-by-world-health-organization/
  • Jha, P., & Peto, R. (2014). Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of Taxing Tobacco. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(1), 60-68.
  • Karagülmez A., (1999). Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Sosyal Şart, AYMK., 13.4.1999, E.1998/24, K.1999/9. https://anayasa.gov.tr/media/3645/karagulmezaymvesosyalsart.doc
  • Kuş, S., (2013). Tütün kontrolü kapsamında uluslararası ticaret anlaşmalarının halk sağlığı politikaları ile olan boyutları ve ihtilafları. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, Bolu.
  • Kuş, S., (2014). Tütün Kontrolü ve Ticaret İhtilafı. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Türkiye Yeşilay Cemiyeti Yayınları.
  • Philip Morris v. Uruguay, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7. (2016). Sàrl, C. P. M. B. Philip Morris Brands Sàrl, Philip Morris
  • Products SA and Abal Hermanos SA v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7.
  • Sarntisart, I. (2003). An economic analysis of tobacco control in Thailand. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3125. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/ publication /20a9c076-b4e1-50a3-ac47-334226d3dd7b
  • Saraçoğlu, S., & Öztürk, F. (2020). Türkiye’de Tütün Kontrol Politikaları ve Tütün Tüketimi Üzerine. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 4(1), 20-44. (https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/ article-file/1168664)
  • Shaffer, E. R., Brenner, J. E., & Houston, T. P. (2005). International trade agreements: a threat to tobacco control policy. Tobacco control, 14(suppl 2), ii19-ii25.
  • Sönmez, Ö. F. (2025). Tobacco control in Türkiye: A brief review of achievements, challenges, and prospects. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation, 11, 10-18332.
  • Steger, D. (2003). Dispute Settlement: World Trade Organization: 3.13 GATS.
  • The Union, (2014). Tobacco Control Department International Trade Agreements and Their Impact on Tobacco Control A discussion paper.
  • Toebes, B. (2017). Human rights and public health: towards a balanced relationship. In National Security, Public Health: Exceptions to Human Rights? (pp. 114-130). Routledge.
  • Tobacco Control, (2020). https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/29/5/483.ful l.pdf?utm UN, General Assembly, & Canada. Human Rights Directorate. (1991). Convention on the rights of the child. Human Rights Directorate.
  • United Nations. General Assembly. (1949). Universal declaration of human rights (Vol. 3381). Department of State, United States of America.
  • Warner, K. E. (2000). The economics of tobacco: myths and realities. Tobacco control, 9(1), 78-89.
  • Women, U. N. (1979). Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW). Un Women.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2005). Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • WHO, (2012). Workshop on Trade-Related Issues Relevant to Implementation of the WHO FCTC, WHO 15-16 March 2012, s 1, http://www.who.int/fctc/1-1-1-Summary_ Work shop_ Content_EN.pdf, 11/01/2013.
  • WHO, (2015). Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA).
  • World Health Organization. (2023). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023: Protect people from tobacco smoke. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN: 978-92-4-007716-4.

SAĞLIK MI SERBEST TICARET MI? TÜTÜN KONTROLÜ VE SERBEST TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İHTILAFLAR ÜZERINE BIR ANALİZ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 425 - 454, 24.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.58658/kaypod.1754317

Öz

Bu makale, tütün kontrolü politikaları ve ticaret ihtilafları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Tütün endüstrisi, sağlık politikaları ile ekonomik çıkarlar arasında sürekli bir gerilim yaratmaktadır. Tarifeler ve Ticaret Genel Anlaşması (GATT), Ticarette Teknik Engeller Anlaşması (TTE), Ticaretle Bağlantılı Fikri Mülkiyet Hakları (TRIPS), Hizmet Ticareti Genel Anlaşması (GATS) gibi Dünya Ticaret Örgütü ticaret anlaşmaları, ticaret tabanlı tehditlerden tütün kontrol önlemlerini yeterince korumamakta ve bu anlaşmalar ticari engelleri azaltmak, rekabeti artırmak, fiyatları düşürmek ve tüketimi teşvik etmek amacını taşırlar. Diğer yandan tütün kontrol önlemleri ise sağlık ve sosyal sorunları azaltmak amacıyla pazara giriş ve tüketimi azaltmayı, fiyatları yükseltmeyi ve reklam ve özendirmeyi kısıtlama hedefini gerçekleştirmeye çalışır. Çalışma, tütün kontrol önlemlerinin ticaret anlaşmaları üzerindeki etkilerini ve bu ihtilafların çözümünde izlenen yolları analiz etmektedir. Ayrıca, tütün endüstrisinin ekonomik katkıları ve sağlık maliyetleri arasındaki dengeyi değerlendirmektedir. Tütün kullanımının sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri uzun süredir bilinmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ve diğer sağlık kuruluşları, tütün kullanımını azaltmak için çeşitli kontrol önlemleri önermiştir. Bununla birlikte, tütün endüstrisinin ekonomik çıkarları ve uluslararası ticaret anlaşmaları, bu kontrol önlemlerinin uygulanmasında zorluklar yaratmaktadır. Makale, tütün kontrolü ve ticaret ihtilafları arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkinin küresel politikalara olan etkilerini incelemektedir. Tütün kontrolü politikaları ve serbest ticaret konusu ile ilgili hukuki ve idari metinlerin incelenip değerlendirilmesine dayalı nitel bir araştırmadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, kapsamı gereği etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmayı, 2020 yılında vefat ederek aramızdan ayrılan Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi İşletme Bölümü öğretim üyesi Yüksek Lisans Tez Danışmanı Hocam ve çok değerli dostum Prof. Dr. Sadık Çukur'un aziz hatırasına ithaf ediyorum.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, F. M. (2002). WTO TRIPS Agreement and its implications for access to medicines in developing countries. Study Paper 2a, United Kingdom Commission on Intellectual Property Rights.
  • Action on Smoking and Health (ASH). (2019). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: The children's rights impact assessment for tobacco control*. London: ASH.
  • Alemanno, A., & Bonadio, E. (2010). Do You Mind My Smoking-Plain Packaging of Cigarettes under the TRIPS Agreement. J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L., 10, i.
  • Assembly, U. G. (2025). International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights.
  • Assunta, M., & Dorotheo, E. U. (2016). SEATCA tobacco industry interference index: a tool for measuring implementation of WHO framework convention on tobacco control article 5.3. Tobacco control, 25(3), 313-318.
  • Bialous, S. A., & van der Eijk, Y. (2020). How should global tobacco control efforts be prioritized to protect children in resource-poor regions? AMA Journal of Ethics, 22(2), 135-146.
  • Bilir, N., Özcebe, H., Aslan, D., & Ergüder, T. (2008). Küresel Tütün Salgını Raporu. MPOWER paketi. Ankara.
  • Bossche, P., (2005). WTO rules on technical barriers to trade. Maastricht Faculty of Law working paper, (2005-6). Case, C. (2002). 491/01, The Queen v. Secretary of State for Health, ex parte British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd. and Imperial Tobacco Ltd.
  • Chaloupka, F. J., Yurekli, A., & Fong, G. T. (2012). Tobacco Taxes as a Tobacco Control Strategy. Tobacco Control, 21(2), 172-180.
  • Collin, J. (2012). Tobacco control, global health policy and development: towards policy coherence in global governance. Tobacco control, 21(2), 274-280.
  • Cunningham, R. (2014). Tobacco control in Canada. In The Global Tobacco Epidemic and the Law (pp. 209-234). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • European Union. (2012). Consolidated version of the treaty on the functioning of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union, 47(6), 47-326.
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2014). Directive 2014/40/EU on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco and related products. *Official Journal of the European Union, L 127*, 1–38. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/40/oj/eng
  • FCTC, (2020). https://extranet.who.int/fctcapps/fctcapps/fctc/kh/legalchallenges/news/qa-what-does-australias-tobacco-plain-packaging-win-mean
  • Fooks, G. J., Gilmore, A. B., Collin, J., Holden, C., & Lee, K. (2013). The Limits of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: A Tobacco Industry Perspective. The Lancet, 381(9877), 1513-1520.
  • Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı, (2009). GATT Bilgilendirme Rehberi. GİB, Avrupa Birliği ve Dış İlişkiler Daire Başkanlığı GATT (90) Müdürlüğü, Yayın, (95).
  • Health Policy Watch (2020). https://healthpolicy-watch.news/world-trade-organization-ruling-in-favor-of-plain-packaging-on-tobacco-products-welcomed-by-world-health-organization/
  • Jha, P., & Peto, R. (2014). Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of Taxing Tobacco. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(1), 60-68.
  • Karagülmez A., (1999). Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Sosyal Şart, AYMK., 13.4.1999, E.1998/24, K.1999/9. https://anayasa.gov.tr/media/3645/karagulmezaymvesosyalsart.doc
  • Kuş, S., (2013). Tütün kontrolü kapsamında uluslararası ticaret anlaşmalarının halk sağlığı politikaları ile olan boyutları ve ihtilafları. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, Bolu.
  • Kuş, S., (2014). Tütün Kontrolü ve Ticaret İhtilafı. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Türkiye Yeşilay Cemiyeti Yayınları.
  • Philip Morris v. Uruguay, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7. (2016). Sàrl, C. P. M. B. Philip Morris Brands Sàrl, Philip Morris
  • Products SA and Abal Hermanos SA v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7.
  • Sarntisart, I. (2003). An economic analysis of tobacco control in Thailand. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3125. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/ publication /20a9c076-b4e1-50a3-ac47-334226d3dd7b
  • Saraçoğlu, S., & Öztürk, F. (2020). Türkiye’de Tütün Kontrol Politikaları ve Tütün Tüketimi Üzerine. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 4(1), 20-44. (https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/ article-file/1168664)
  • Shaffer, E. R., Brenner, J. E., & Houston, T. P. (2005). International trade agreements: a threat to tobacco control policy. Tobacco control, 14(suppl 2), ii19-ii25.
  • Sönmez, Ö. F. (2025). Tobacco control in Türkiye: A brief review of achievements, challenges, and prospects. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation, 11, 10-18332.
  • Steger, D. (2003). Dispute Settlement: World Trade Organization: 3.13 GATS.
  • The Union, (2014). Tobacco Control Department International Trade Agreements and Their Impact on Tobacco Control A discussion paper.
  • Toebes, B. (2017). Human rights and public health: towards a balanced relationship. In National Security, Public Health: Exceptions to Human Rights? (pp. 114-130). Routledge.
  • Tobacco Control, (2020). https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/29/5/483.ful l.pdf?utm UN, General Assembly, & Canada. Human Rights Directorate. (1991). Convention on the rights of the child. Human Rights Directorate.
  • United Nations. General Assembly. (1949). Universal declaration of human rights (Vol. 3381). Department of State, United States of America.
  • Warner, K. E. (2000). The economics of tobacco: myths and realities. Tobacco control, 9(1), 78-89.
  • Women, U. N. (1979). Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW). Un Women.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2005). Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • WHO, (2012). Workshop on Trade-Related Issues Relevant to Implementation of the WHO FCTC, WHO 15-16 March 2012, s 1, http://www.who.int/fctc/1-1-1-Summary_ Work shop_ Content_EN.pdf, 11/01/2013.
  • WHO, (2015). Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA).
  • World Health Organization. (2023). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023: Protect people from tobacco smoke. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN: 978-92-4-007716-4.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset, Halkla İlişkiler
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Sebahattin Kuş 0009-0009-7286-9286

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Kasım 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kuş, S. (2025). HEALTH OR FREE TRADE? AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN TOBACCO CONTROL AND FREE TRADE. Kamu Yönetimi ve Politikaları Dergisi, 6(3), 425-454. https://doi.org/10.58658/kaypod.1754317

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