THE DOMINANCE OF ALGORITHMS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: ALGOCRACY AND ITS THREATS

Öz

Modern states fulfil their functions through the bureaucratic apparatus. Today, however, the dizzying pace of technological development is transforming bureaucracies as it transforms everything. Machine learning and artificial intelligence applications, which have developed in parallel with technological developments, are increasingly dominated by algorithms in public administration. For this reason, it is claimed that bureaucracies have turned into algocracies and will continue to do so. Algocracy, a newly introduced concept, is inspired by bureaucracy and is defined as the use of power through algorithms, similar to the use of power through bureaus. However, it is debatable whether algocracy, which has been introduced as a new concept, is a completely different concept from bureaucracy. For this reason, this study first clarifies the concept of algocracy. Although there are many studies on the opportunities offered by algocracy in the literature, there is a limited number of studies on the problems caused by algocracy that become threats to citizens. For this reason, the main purpose of this study is to address the threats posed by algocracy. In this framework, the study addresses the threats posed by algocracy, such as transparency problems, discrimination (algorithms lacking objectivity), privacy violations, further centralization of governance, excessive trust in algorithms, legitimacy problems, and morality problems. The paper concludes with some recommendations, recognizing that dealing with these threats will not be easy but that solutions are possible.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bureaucracy
• Algorithm
• Algocracy
• Threats

KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE ALGORİTMALARIN EGEMENLİĞİ: ALGOKRASİ VE TEHDİTLERİ

Öz

Modern devletler işlevlerini bürokrasi aygıtı aracılığıyla yerine getirmektedir. Ancak günümüzde teknolojinin baş döndürücü bir hızla gelişmesi her şeyi dönüştürdüğü gibi bürokrasileri de dönüştürmektedir. Teknolojik gelişmelere koşut olarak gelişen makine öğrenmesi ve yapay zekâ uygulamaları kamu yönetiminde de giderek daha fazla algoritmaların hâkim olmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle bürokrasilerin algokrasiye dönüştüğü ve dönüşmeye devam edeceği iddia edilmektedir. Yeni ortaya atılan bir kavram olan algokrasi, bürokrasiden esinlenerek gücün bürolar aracılığıyla kullanmasına benzer şekilde gücün algoritmalar aracılığıyla kullanılması olarak ifade edilmektedir. Ancak yeni bir kavram olarak ortaya atılan algokrasinin bürokrasiden tamamen farklı bir kavram olup olmadığı konusu tartışmalıdır. Bu nedenle çalışmada öncelikle algokrasi kavramına açıklık getirilmektedir. Alan yazında algokrasinin sunduğu fırsatlarla ilgili çok fazla çalışma bulunmasına rağmen algokrasinin yol açtığı ve yurttaşlar için tehdit haline gelen sorunların ele alındığı çalışmalar oldukça sınırlı sayıdadır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın temel amacı algokrasinin yol açtığı tehditleri ele almak olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çerçevede çalışmada şeffaflık sorunları başta olmak üzere ayrımcılık (tarafsızlıktan yoksun algoritmalar), kişisel mahremiyet ihlalleri, yönetimi daha fazla merkezileştirme, algoritmalara gereğinden fazla güvenme, meşruiyet ve ahlakilik sorunları gibi algokrasinin yol açtığı tehditler ele alınmaktadır. Bu tehditlerle başa çıkabilmenin hiç de kolay olmayacağı bilinmesiyle birlikte yine de çözümün mümkün olduğunu belirten çalışma birtakım önerilerde bulunarak son bulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bürokrasi
• Algoritma
• Algokrasi
• Tehditler

Kaynakça

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