AMERICAN DREAM AND IRISH IMMIGRANT WOMAN EILIS: ANALYSING BROOKLYN MOVIE

Yıl 2019, , 202 - 212, 31.03.2019

Özlem Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.490460

Öz

Brooklyn (John Crowley, 2015) movie is about a young immigrant woman who moves intercontinental from Ireland to the United States by a a ship in the 1950s to live American dream. The film is extremely important in terms of addressing the migration of women. Because, gendering migration has become one of the most important issues in the 1980s and early 1990s. Studies on international migration in these years; they stated that women should be considered as individual, independent and active, not passive migrants who go after their spouses or families. The film draws attention at this point. The conditions in Ireland, the traditional structure of the townspeople, and the lack of regular employment have made Eilis depressed. This is how the young woman starts her journey to America, providing better conditions, jobs and education. The film is important in two respects.  First, historically it describes the reasons of migration from poor country to developed one. The latter, visually presents the problems, experiences, thoughts and conditions of an immigrant woman in both countries. In this context, the film was analyzed by semiotics method. As a result of the analysis, it was found that a young woman is actively and independently migrated, and this migration has empowered her due to the education, better life style and business opportunity in America.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ireland, United States of America, International Migration, Brooklyn Movie, Sending Country

Kaynakça

• Abramitzky, R.and Boustan, L. (2017). Immigration in American Economic History, Journal of Economic Literature, 55(4), pp. 1–36.Althusser, L. (2014), On the Reproduction of Capitalism Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. Translated by G. M. Goshgarian, London, New York: Verso.Assis, Gláucia de Oliveira. (2014). Gender and Migration from Invisibility to Agency: The Routes of Brazilian Women from Transnational Towns to the United States, Women's Studies International Forum (46), pp. 33-44.Balan, J. (1981). Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration. Paris: UNESCO Press.BBC Home. 2018. 1954: New York's Ellis Island closes. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/12/newsid_3963000/3963251.stm, Erişim, 12. 09. 2018.Benson, M., & O’Reilly K. (2009), Lifestyle Migration Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences. England: Ashgate. Briggs, A. (2017). The Know-Nothings: The United States' first anti-immigration party, National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2017/07-08/know-nothings-and-nativism/, Erişim, 12. 10. 2018.Buttigieg, J. (1997), Antonio Gramsci Prison Notebooks. Volume III. New York: Colombia University Press.Brickell, C. (2006). The Sociological Construction of Gender and Sexuality, The Sociological Review, 54 (1), pp. 87-113.Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods. 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford Press.Castles, S., & Miller Mark J. (2009). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Connell, Raewyn W., & Messerschmidt, W. J. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society, (19), pp. 830-859. DOI: 10.1177/0891243205278639.Czaika, M., & de Haas H. (2013). Briefing Determinants of Migration to the UK. Oxford: The Migration Observatory at The University of Oxford. DeLaet, D. (1999). Introduction: The Invisibility of Women in Scholarship on International Migration. In G. A. Kelson and D. DeLaet (Ed.) Gender and Immigration, (pp.1-17), New York: New York University Press. Fiske, J. (1982). Inroduction to Communication Studies, New York: Routledge.Fontana, B. (1993). Hegemony and Power on the Relation between Gramsci and Machiavelli. Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press.Gheasi, M. & Nijkamp P. (2017). A Brief Overview of International Migration Motives and Impacts, with Specific Reference to FDI, Economies, 5 (31), pp. 1-11.Grasmuck, S. & Pessar P. (1991). Between Two Islands: Dominican International Migration. Berkeley: University of California Press.Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (1994). Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration. California: University of California Press.Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2000), Feminism and Migration. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (571), pp.107-120.Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., & Cranford C. (2006). Gender and Migration. In Janet Saltzman Chaffetz (Ed.), Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (pp. 105-126), Houston: Springer. Hugo, G. (2000). Migration and Women’s Empowerment. In Harriet B. Pressler and Gita Sen (Ed.) Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Processes (pp.287-317), Oxford: Oxford University Press.International Organization for Migration (IOM, 2018a). World Migration Report 2018.International Organization for Migration (IOM, 2018b). Key Migration Terms. https://www.iom.int/key-migration-termsJolly S., Reeves H., & Piper N. (2005). Gender and Migration Overview Report. Institute of Development Studies. Kossoudji, Sherrie A., & Ranney I. S. (1984). The Labor Market Experience of Female Migrants: The Case of Temporary Mexican Migration to the U.S. International Migration Review (18), pp. 1120-43.Kofman, E., Phizacklea A., Raghuram P., & Sales R. (2000). Gender and International Migration in Europe. London and New York: Routledge Press.Krausova, A., & Vargas-Silva C. (2014). England: Census Profile. Oxford: The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford. Lee Everett S. (1966). A Theory Of Migration, Demography, 1 (3), pp. 47-57.London Datastore. (2014). Retrieved http: //data. london.gov.uk/dataset, Erişim, 12. 12. 2014.Massey, D. 2013. “America’s Immigration Policy Fiasco: Learning from Past Mistakes.” Dædalus, 3, pp. 5-15.Miller, J. & Glassner B. (2004). The Inside and the Outside; Finding Realities in Interviews. In David Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice (pp.124-139), 2nd edition, London: Sage. Morokvasic, M. (1983). Women in Migration, In Annie Phizacklea (Ed.), One Way Ticket (pp.13-33), London: Routledge. National Issues Forums. (2013). Immigration in America. National Issues Forums. Nawyn, S. (2010). Gender and Migration: Integrating Feminist Theory into Migration Studies. Sociology Compass 4 (9), pp. 749–765.Office for National Statics. (2014a), Migration Statistics Quarterly Report, Retrieved http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/november-2014/index.html, Erişim, 14. 01. 2015.Office for National Statics. (2014b), Published ad hoc data and analysis: Population, requests during, Retrieved http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/pop/june-2014/index.html, Erişim, 14. 01. 2015.Office for National Statics. (2014c), Demographics for Statistics, Retrieved http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/previous-foi-requests/population/demographics-for-statistics/index.html?format=print Erişim, 14. 01. 2015.Ouimette, D. & Rencher, D. (2007). Irish Emigration and Immigration to North America, 9(6), pp.20-30.Rahman, M. (2000). Sexuality and Democracy: Identities and Strategies in Lesbian and Gay Politics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Ramazanoğlu, C. & Holland J. (2002). Feminist Methodology: Challenges and Choices. London: SAGE. Ravenstein, Ernest G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (48), pp. 167–235.Repak, Terry A. (1995). Waiting on Washington: Central American Workers in the Nation's Capital. Philadelphia:Temple University Press.Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. London: Sage. Simon, Rita J., & Brettel B. C. (1986). International Migration: The Female Experience. Totowa. NJ: Rowman & Allanheld. The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation. (2018). The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island. https://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/contact-us, Erişim, 17. 02. 2018.The American Presidency Projet. (2018). Republican Party Platform of 1864https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/republican-party-platform-1864 , Erişim, 11. 10. 2018.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). (2015). International Migrant Stock: The 2015 Revision, Retrieved www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/index.shtml, Erişim, 17. 02. 2018.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA).(2006). 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women and International Migration, New York, United Nations Publishing Section.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). (2017), International Migration Report 2015, Retrieved http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf, Erişim, 19. 10. 2018.United Nations. (2017). United Nations International Migration Report 2017. UN.Zlotnik, H. (2003). The Global Dimensions of Female Migration. Migration Information Source, Retrieved https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/global-dimensions-female-migration, Erişim, 02. 03. 2003.