THE NAME OF ‘KARA DENİZ’: A VIEW FROM THE SIDE OF CASPIA AND BULGARIA TITLE IN ENGLISH

Yıl 2009, Sayı: 2, - , 01.06.2009

Osman Karatay

Öz

In searching for roots of the denomination ‘Black Sea’, which today has a universal popularity, researchers immediately refer to the Anatolian Turks as the main and easiest source, and explain this thalassonym on the fiction that the Turks call the North as ‘balck’ and the South as ‘white (cf. Akdeniz ‘The Mediterranean Sea’). However, elaboration of first hand sources does not permit such a thesis. The Anatolian Turks were not first to use the ‘black’ form, and could not be source for other nations for chronological and historical reasons. Source of this name, which was spread as far as Iceland at the very beginning of its occurence in sources,is again Turks, but we need to have a glance at Bulgar and Khazar worlds. This essay claims that the ‘black’ in the Black Sea is likely included in the Bulgar legacy of the region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Black Sea, halassonymi, Khazars, Bulgars, Magyars, Rus’, Slavs, Norsemen

ТЕРМИН «КАРАДЕНИЗ»: ХАЗАРСКИЕ ИЛИ БУЛГАРСКИЕ КОРНИ?

Öz

Сегодня возрос интерес к этимологии слова "Карадениз", получившему всемирное признание. Происхождение данного слова связывают прежде всего с тюрками, населявшими территорию Анатолии, которые отмечали север термином «кара», а юг - термином «ак» (например, сравните Карадениз (Черное море, находящееся на севере Анатолии) и Акдениз (Средиземное море, находящееся на юге Анатолии). Однако исследование источников показывает несостоятельность данного толкования термина «Карадениз». Анатолийские тюрки были далеко не первыми, кто использовал слово «кара», поэтому их язык нельзя рассматривать как первоисточник. Но тем не менее в древней истории данный термин употреблялся тюрками. И все же при изучении данного вопроса нельзя не обратиться к хазарам и булгарам. В данной статье выявляется большая вероятность принадлежности компонента «кара» в термине «Карадениз» Булгарским тюркам.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Карадениз, названия морей, хазары, булгары, маджары (венгры), русские, славяне, скандинавские народы

KARA DENİZ İSMİ: HAZAR VE BULGAR BOYUTUNDAN BİR BAKIŞ

Öz

Bugün evrensel bir nitelik kazanan Karadeniz isimlendirmesinin kaynağı aranırken, en başta ve kolay yol olarak Anadolu Türklerine başvurulmakta, Türklerin kuzeye ‘kara’, güneye ‘ak’ (krş. Akdeniz) dedikleri kurgusundan hareketle bu isim açıklanmaktadır. Ancak kaynakların tetkiki bunun mümkün olmadığım göstermektedir. Anadolu Türkleri ‘kara’ ismini ilk kullananlar olmadığı gibi, zaman bakımından diğer kullanıcılar için kaynaklık edecek durumda da değildirler. Erken dönemde İskandinavya’ya kadar yayılan kullanımın kaynağı yine Türkler gözükmekte, ancak Hazar ve Bulgar dünyalarına başvurmak gerekmektedir. İşbu makalede, Karadeniz’de bulunan ‘kara’ sıfatının büyük ihtimalle Bulgar mirasına dâhil olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler:

Karadeniz, deniz isimleri, Hazarlar, Bulgarlar, Macarlar, Ruslar, Slavlar, İskandinav halkları.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karadeniz, deniz isimleri, Hazarlar, Bulgarlar, Macarlar, Ruslar, Slavlar, İskandinav halkları

Kaynakça

• Allen, W. S., “The Name of the Black Sea in Grek”, The Classical Quarterly, XLI/3-4, (Jul. Oct. 1947), s.86-88.
• Berthelin, Pierre Charles, Abrege du Dictionnaire üniversel françois et Latin, II, Paris, 1762.
• Bomare, Jacques Christophe Valmont de, Dictionnaire raisonne üniversel d'histoire naturelle, Lyon, 1791.
• Brisbar, Jean de, Calendrier historique, avec un traite historique de la sphere, Leiden, 1694.
• Caius Plinius Secundus, Histoire naturelle de Pline, çev. L. Poinsinet de Sivry, Paris, 1771.
• Cange, Charles du Fresne du, Histoire de Tempire de Constantinople zous les empereurs français, yay. Jean Alexanddre Buchon, Paris, 1826.
• Carpini, Friar Giovanni di Plan, The Story of the Mongols Whom We Call the Tartars, çev. E. Hildinger, Boston, 1996.
• Charlevoix, Pierre-François-Xavier de, Memoires pour I'histoire des sciences et des beaux arts, Paris 1717.
• Chateaubriand, François-Rene, Itineraire de Paris â Jerusalem, Paris, 1856.
• Chroniques etrangeres relatives aux expeditions françaises pendant le Xllle siecle, yay. Jean Alexandre C. Buchon, Paris, 1841.
• Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administando Imperio, yay. Gy. Moravcsik - R. J. H. Jenkins, Washington 1967.
• Croniche di Giovanni, Matteo e Filippo Villani, I, ed. Antonia Rachelli, Trieste, 1857.
• Diderot, Denis, Encyclopedic ou dictionnaire raisonne des sciences des arts et des metiers, XXI, Lausanne - Berne, 1780.
• Dunlop, Douglas M., Hazar Yahudi Tarihi, çev. Z. Ay, İstanbul, 2008.
• Fagrskinna: Kortfattet Norsk konge-saga fra slutningen af det 12. eller begyndelsen af det 13. aarhundrede, ed. P. A. Munch, Christiania, 1847.
• Fasmer, Maks, Etimologiçeskiy Slovar’ Ruskogo Yazıka, IV, Moskva, 1987.
• Freedman, David Noel - Myers, Allen C. - Beck, Astrid B., Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Michigan, 2000.
• Georgius Codinus, Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae içinde, yay. B. G. Niebuhr, Bonn 1843.
• Giosofat Barbara, Ambrogio Contarini, Travels to Tana and Persia, yay. W. Thomas - E. A. Roy - H. E. J. Stanley, New York 1963.
• Golb, Norman - Pritsak, Omeljan, Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century, Ithaca, 1982.
• Golb, Norman - Pritsak, Omeljan - Petruxin, Vladimir, Xazarsko-Yevreyskie dokumenti X veka, Moskva-Yarusalem, 1997.
• Hakluyt, Richard, The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, XII, yay. E. Goldsmid, Charleston, 2008.
• Holler, Lâszlo, “Anonymus es a Fekete-tenger”, Magyar Nyelv, CIV/3 (2008), s.306- 316.
• http://www.ssees.ac.uk/prospect/GestaHungarorum.pdf
• İbn Bibi, El-Evamir’iil-Ala’iye fi’l-Umur’il-Ala’iye (Selçukname), I, yay. M. Öztürk, Ankara, 1996.
• Robert Hues, Tractatus de globis et eorum usu (London 1889’dan tıpkıbasım), Boston, 2005.
• Jomandes, De la Succession des Royaumes et des Temps et de TOrigine et des Actes des Goths, yay. M. A. Savagner, Paris, 1842.
• Karatay, O., Hırvat Ulusunun Oluşumu. Erken Ortaçağda Türk-Hırvat İlişkileri, Ankara, 2000.
• ---- , “Hazarların Musevileşmesine Dair Bir Belge: Kenize Mektubu”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, Sayı 18 (Yaz 2008), s.1-17.
• King, Charles, The Black Sea, Oxford, 2004.
• Kokovtsov, Pavel, “Novıy Yevreyskiy dokument o Xazarax i Xazaro-Russko- Vizantiyskix otnoşeniyax v X veke”, Jurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveşçeniya, Kasim 1913 (Petersburg), s. 150-172.
• -----, Evreysko-Xazarskaya Perepiska vXveke, Leningrad, 1932.
• Kovalev, Roman K., “What Does Historical Numismatics Sugeest about the Monetary History of Khazaria in the Ninth Century? - Question Revisited”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 13 (2004), s.97-129.
• Mordtmann, J. H., “Kara Deniz”, E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936, yay. M. T. Houtsma, Leiden, 1987.
• MacBean, Alexander - Johnson, Samuel, A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, London, 1773.
• Mandeville, John, The Voiage and Travaile of Sir John Maundeville, yay. James Orchard Halliwell, London, 1839.
• Marco Polo, Dünyanın Hikâye Edilişi, I, çev. I. Ergüden, Istanbul, 2003.
• Marlowe, Christopher, Tamburlaine the Great, yay. J. S. Cunnigham - E. Henson, Manchester, 1998.
• Mateos, Urfali Mateos Vekayi-Nâmesi (952-1136) ve Papaz Grigor un Zeyli (1136- 1162), çev. H. Andreasyan, 3. Baskı, Ankara, 2000.
• Montaigne, Essays - Volume One, çev. John Florio, Alcester, 2007.
• Moorhouse, A. C., “The Name of the Euxine Pontus”, The Classical Quarterly, XXXIV/3-4 (Jul.-Oct. 1940), s.123-128.
• Morenas, François, Dictionnaire portatif comprenant la geographic et I'histoire üniverselle, VI, Avignon, 1761.
• Morkinskinna: The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157), çev. Th. M. Andersson - K. E. Gade, Ithaca, 2000.
• Nizamüddin Şâmî, Zafername, çev. N. Lügal, 2. Baski, Ankara, 1987.
• Noonan, Thomas S., “Why Dirhams Reached Russia: The Role of Arab-Khazar Relations in the Development of the Earlies Islamic Trade with Eastern Europe”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 4 (1984), pp. 151-282.
• ---- , “The Khazar-Byzantine World of the Crimea in the Early Middle Ages: The Relgious Dimention”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 10 (1998-1999), s.207-230.
• Pov&st’ vremenmx letpo Lavrent’evskoy letopisi, yay. D. S. Lihaçev - B. A. Romanov, Moskva-Leningrad, 1950.
• Primaudaie, F. Elie de la, ftudes sur le commerce au Moyen Age: histoire du commerce de la Mer Noire et des colonies genoises de la Krimee, Paris, 1848.
• Ricoldo da Montecroce, Viaggio in Terra Santa di fra Riccoldo da Monte di Croce, yay. A. Mucci, Siena 1864.
• Schechter, Solomon, “An Unknown Khazar Document”, Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, 3:2 (1912/1913), s.182-219.
• Schmidt, Rüdiger, “Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea”, Hellas und der griechische Osten, Saarbriicken, 1996, s.219-224.
• Simon Kezai, The Deeds of the Hungarians, yay. Lâszlö Veszpremy, Frank Schaer, Jenö Sztics, Budapest, 1999.
• Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla: Sagas of the Norse Kings, çev. Samuel Laing, London, 1961.
• Supplement au Dictionnaire militaire, III, Paris, 1746.
• Türkmen, Fikret, “Türk Kültüründe ve Azerbaycan Mezar Taşlarında Su Kültü”, Türk Kültüründe Deniz ve Deniz Edebiyatı, yay. M Turan - M. Oral, Ankara, 2008, s. 108-115.
• Vâczy, Peter, “Kunok es vlachok Anonymusnâl”, A magyar törtenelem korai szâzadaiböl, Budapest, 1994, s.71-76.
• Vallemont, Pierre le Lorrain de, Les elements de I'histoire, I, Paris, 1758.
• Wilhelm von Rubruk, Moğolların Büyük Hanına Seyahat 1253-1255, çev. E. Ayan, İstanbul 2001.
• Yule, Henry - Cordier, Henri, Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, London, 1915.