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PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC INFERENCE IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE: TRUMP AND ZELENSKYY

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 66, 33 - 42, 24.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1678754

Öz

The paper applies pragmatic theory to investigate strategic inference in political discourse, using examples from speeches by Donald Trump and Volodymyr Zelenskyy. analysing how these leaders use pragmatic mechanisms to convey implicit meanings within distinct democratic contexts. The study applies a framework combining relevance theory, and Gricean pragmatics to explain how contextual factors guide inference in decoding these leaders' ambiguous statements, with particular attention to how institutional settings shape available pragmatic strategies based on the analysis of the transcripts from their speeches, press conferences, and social media interactions. Our findings demonstrate that Trump strategically employs indirect speech acts where declarative statements function as directives, particularly through conversational implicature enabled by phrases like "a lot of people are saying" that facilitate plausible deniability. Zelenskyy, on the other hand, uses sophisticated pronominal shifting between inclusive and exclusive "we" forms, calibrated to specific audiences and contexts. Both leaders exploit pragmatic inference to communicate strong messages to multiple audiences simultaneously while maintaining flexibility in their political positioning. This comparative analysis contributes to our understanding of how pragmatic mechanisms operate in high-stakes political communication, illuminating the complex relationship between explicit content and strategically used implicit meaning across dramatically different democratic contexts. The findings have implications for how political discourse analysis can benefit from pragmatic frameworks when examining strategic communication in contemporary democratic settings.

Kaynakça

  • Blakemore, D. (2002). Relevance and linguistic meaning: The semantics and pragmatics of discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, H. H. (2009). Context and common ground. In J. L. Mey (Ed.), Concise encyclopedia of pragmatics (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
  • Fuhrmann, A. (1998). Inference, consequence, and implication. Cambridge University Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1957). Meaning. Philosophical Review, 66, 377-388.
  • Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). Academic Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1978). Further notes on logic and conversation. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and semantics 9: Pragmatics (pp. 113-128). Academic Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Harvard University Press.
  • Lebanidze, G. (1998). Communicative linguistics. Language and Culture.
  • Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Searle, J. R. (1975). Indirect speech acts. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 59-82). Academic Press.
  • Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and cognition. Blackwell.
  • Stalnaker, R. (1968). A theory of conditionals. In N. Rescher (Ed.), Studies in logical theory (pp. 98-112). Blackwell.
  • Vonk, W., & Noordman, L. G. M. (2001). Inferences in discourse. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Elsevier.

ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИХ ИНФЕРЕНЦИЙ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ: ТРАМП И ЗЕЛЕНСКИЙ"

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 66, 33 - 42, 24.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1678754

Öz

В данной статье прагматическая теория используется для анализа стратегических инференций в политическом дискурсе на примере речей Дональда Трампа и Владимира Зеленского. Исследуется, как эти лидеры передают имплицитные смыслы в рамках различных демократических контекстов. Методология основана на объединении теории релевантности и грайсовской прагматики с целью объяснения того, как контекстуальные факторы направляют процессы интерпретации двусмысленных высказываний политиков. Особое внимание уделяется тому, как институциональная среда влияет на выбор доступных прагматических стратегий, на основе анализа стенограмм их речей, пресс-конференций и взаимодействий в социальных сетях. Результаты показывают, что Трамп стратегически использует косвенные речевые акты, в которых декларативные высказывания функционируют как директивы, особенно за счёт разговорных импликатур с фразами вроде «многие говорят», что позволяет сохранить возможность правдоподобного отрицания. Зеленский, напротив, демонстрирует сложные механизмы переключения между инклюзивным и эксклюзивным "мы", адаптируя их под конкретные аудитории и ситуации. Оба лидера используют прагматические инференции для передачи сильных посланий различным целевым группам одновременно, при этом сохраняя гибкость своей политической позиции. Сравнительный анализ способствует лучшему пониманию того, как прагматические механизмы функционируют в условиях высоко рисковой политической коммуникации, освещая сложную взаимосвязь между явным содержанием и стратегически используемым имплицитным смыслом в разных демократических условиях. Результаты имеют значение для политической лингвистики и подтверждают эффективность применения прагматических подходов к анализу стратегической коммуникации в современных демократиях.

Kaynakça

  • Blakemore, D. (2002). Relevance and linguistic meaning: The semantics and pragmatics of discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, H. H. (2009). Context and common ground. In J. L. Mey (Ed.), Concise encyclopedia of pragmatics (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
  • Fuhrmann, A. (1998). Inference, consequence, and implication. Cambridge University Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1957). Meaning. Philosophical Review, 66, 377-388.
  • Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). Academic Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1978). Further notes on logic and conversation. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and semantics 9: Pragmatics (pp. 113-128). Academic Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Harvard University Press.
  • Lebanidze, G. (1998). Communicative linguistics. Language and Culture.
  • Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Searle, J. R. (1975). Indirect speech acts. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 59-82). Academic Press.
  • Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and cognition. Blackwell.
  • Stalnaker, R. (1968). A theory of conditionals. In N. Rescher (Ed.), Studies in logical theory (pp. 98-112). Blackwell.
  • Vonk, W., & Noordman, L. G. M. (2001). Inferences in discourse. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Elsevier.

PRAGMATİK AÇIDAN STRATEJİK ÇIKARSAMA ANALİZİ: TRUMP VE ZELENSKYY'NİN SİYASİ SÖYLEMLERİ

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 66, 33 - 42, 24.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1678754

Öz

uygulamakta ve Donald Trump ile Volodymyr Zelenskyy’nin konuşmalarından örnekler üzerinden, bu liderlerin örtük anlamları farklı demokratik bağlamlarda nasıl ilettiklerini analiz etmektedir. Çalışma, bağlamsal etkenlerin bu liderlerin belirsiz ifadelerini çözümlemede çıkarımı nasıl yönlendirdiğini açıklamak amacıyla ilişkililik kuramı ile Grice’ın pragmatiğini birleştiren bir çerçeve kullanmaktadır. Konuşma, basın toplantıları ve sosyal medya etkileşimlerinden elde edilen transkriptlerin analizine dayanan bu araştırma, kurumsal yapıların mevcut pragmatik stratejileri nasıl şekillendirdiğine özel önem vermektedir. Bulgular, Trump’ın özellikle "birçok kişi böyle diyor" gibi ifadeler aracılığıyla muğlaklık ve inkâr edilebilirlik sağlayan dolaylı sözeylem biçimlerini stratejik olarak kullandığını göstermektedir. Zelenskyy ise, bağlama ve hedef kitleye göre ayarlanmış biçimde kapsayıcı ve dışlayıcı "biz" kullanımları arasında geçiş yaparak, gelişmiş zamirsel kaydırma stratejileri kullanmaktadır. Her iki lider de, güçlü mesajları aynı anda birden fazla hedef kitleye iletirken, siyasi konumlanmalarında esneklik sağlayacak biçimde pragmatik çıkarımdan faydalanmaktadır. Bu karşılaştırmalı analiz, yüksek riskli siyasi iletişimde pragmatik mekanizmaların nasıl işlediğini ortaya koymakta; açık içerik ile stratejik biçimde kullanılan örtük anlam arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiye ışık tutmaktadır. Bulgular, çağdaş demokratik ortamlarda stratejik iletişimin incelenmesinde siyasi söylem analizinin pragmatik yaklaşımlardan nasıl yararlanabileceğine dair önemli katkılar sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Blakemore, D. (2002). Relevance and linguistic meaning: The semantics and pragmatics of discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, H. H. (2009). Context and common ground. In J. L. Mey (Ed.), Concise encyclopedia of pragmatics (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
  • Fuhrmann, A. (1998). Inference, consequence, and implication. Cambridge University Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1957). Meaning. Philosophical Review, 66, 377-388.
  • Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). Academic Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1978). Further notes on logic and conversation. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and semantics 9: Pragmatics (pp. 113-128). Academic Press.
  • Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Harvard University Press.
  • Lebanidze, G. (1998). Communicative linguistics. Language and Culture.
  • Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.
  • Searle, J. R. (1975). Indirect speech acts. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 59-82). Academic Press.
  • Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and cognition. Blackwell.
  • Stalnaker, R. (1968). A theory of conditionals. In N. Rescher (Ed.), Studies in logical theory (pp. 98-112). Blackwell.
  • Vonk, W., & Noordman, L. G. M. (2001). Inferences in discourse. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Elsevier.
Toplam 13 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dil Kullanım Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Maia Alavidze 0009-0003-3922-7093

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 66

Kaynak Göster

APA Alavidze, M. (2025). PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC INFERENCE IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE: TRUMP AND ZELENSKYY. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi(66), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1678754