Ergenlerin Sosyal Görünüş Kaygıları ile Yaşam Doyumları Arasındaki İlişkide Aile ve Arkadaş Desteğinin Aracılığı

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, ergenlik dönemindeki bireylerde sosyal görünüş kaygıları ile yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkide aile ve arkadaştan algılanan sosyal desteğinin aracı rollerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın katılımcıları basit seçkisiz örnekleme yoluyla belirlenen ve 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılı bahar döneminde Amasya İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü’ ne bağlı liselerde öğrenim görmekte olan 443 kız (%58.8) ve 310 erkek (%41.2) olmak üzere 753 lise öğrencisidir. Katılımcıların yaşları 14 ila 19 aralığında değişmektedir (ort.= 15.95, ss.=1.01). Çalışmada ölçüm aracı olarak Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısı Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği-R Aile Desteği ve Arkadaş Desteği alt ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Pearson Korelasyon Analizi sonucunda sosyal görünüş kaygısının yaşam doyumu, aile desteği ve arkadaş desteği ile negatif yönlü istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkileri bulunmaktadır. Aile ve arkadaştan algılanan desteğin yaşam doyumu ile pozitif yönlü istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkileri bulunmaktadır. Regresyon Analizleri sonucunda sosyal görünüş kaygısının yaşam doyumunu, aile ve arkadaş desteğinin anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğu, aile ve arkadaş desteğinin de yaşam doyumunu anlamlı bir biçimde yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda Process Makro Model 4 ile gerçekleştirilen analizlerde, sosyal görünüş kaygısı ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide aile desteğinin ve arkadaş desteğinin aracı değişkenler olduğu bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ergenlik
• sosyal görünüş kaygısı
• yaşam doyumu
• aile desteği
• arkadaş desteği

The Mediation Role of Family and Friend Support in the Relationship Between Adolescents’ Social Appearance Anxiety and Satisfaction with Life

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the mediation roles of perceived family and friend support on relationship between social appearance anxiety and satisfaction with life on adolescence. Participants of the study are 753 high school students, 443 (58.8%) of them are female and 310 (41.2%) of them are male, who were selected through simple random sampling and study in high schools affiliated to Amasya Provincial Directorate of National Education in the 2018-2019 academic year. The range of participants’ ages is from 14 to 19 (mean=15.95, sd.=1.01). Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, Satisfaction with Life, and family support and friend support sub-scales of Perceived Social Support Scale- R were used as data collection tools in the study. As a result of the Pearson Correlation Analysis, social appearance anxiety has negative relations with satisfaction with life, family support, and friend support. The perceived support from family and friend have positive relations with satisfaction with life. Findings of the Regression Analysis are shown that social appearance anxiety is a significant predictor of satisfaction with life, family support and friend support, family support and friend support are also significant predictors of satisfaction with life. By the purpose of the research, in the analyzes made with Process Macro Model 4 both family and friend support were identified as mediators of the relationship between social appearance anxiety and satisfaction with life.

Keywords

• adolescence
• social appearance anxiety
• satisfaction with life
• family support
• friend support

Kaynakça

1. Allen, J. P., Insabella, G., Porter, M. R., Smith, F. D., Land, D., & Phillips, N. (2006). A social interactional model of the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 55−65.
2. Ata, N.R., Ludden, B.A., & Lally, M.M.(2007). The effects of gender and family, friend, and media ınfluences on eating disorders and body image during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 1024-1037.
3. Bearman, K.S., Presnell, K., Martinez, E., & Stice, E.(2006). The skinny body dissatisfaction: a longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 229-241.
4. Beidel, D.C., Turner, S.M., & Morris, T.L. (1999). Psychopathology of childhood social phobia. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(6), 643-650.
5. Bodell, L. P., Smith, A. R., Holm-Denoma, J. M., Gordon, K. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2011). The impact of perceived social support and negative life events on bulimic symptoms. Eating behaviors, 12(1), 44-48.
6. Bokhorst, C. L., Sumter, S. R., & Westenberg, P. M. (2010). Social support from parents, friends, classmates, and teachers in children and adolescents aged 9 to 18 years: Who is perceived as most supportive?. Social development, 19(2), 417-426.
7. Cash, T. F., & Henry, P. E. (1995). Women's body images: The results of a national survey in the USA. Sex roles, 33(1-2), 19-28.
8. Clark, L., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Appearance culture in 9 to 12-year-old girls: Media and peer influences on body dissatisfaction. Social Development, 15, 628–643.

9. Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-315.
10. Colarossi, L.G. & Eccles, J. S (2000). A prospective study of adolescents’ peer support: gender differences and the influence of parental relationship. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 29(6), 661-677.
11. Danielsen, A. G., Samdal, O., Hetland, J., & Wold, B. (2009). School-related social support and students' perceived life satisfaction. The Journal of Educational Research, 102(4), 303-320.
12. Delfabro, H.P., Winefield, H.A., Anderson, S., Hammarström, A., & Winefield, H. (2011). Body image and psychological well-being in adolescents: The relationship between gender and school type. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 172(1), 67-83.
13. Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Davidson, L. M., Hodgson, K.K., & Rebus, P.J. (2005). The relationship between social support and student adjustment: a longitudinal analysis. Psychology in The Schools, 42 (7), 691–706.
14. Diener, E. (2009). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. In E. Diener, W. Galtzer, T. Moum, M.A.G. Sprangers, J. Vogel, R. Veenhoven (Ed.), Assessing well- being: The collected works of Ed Diener (25-66). Springer.
15. Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
16. Diener, E., & Larsen, R.J. (2009). Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses. In E. Diener, W. Galtzer, T. Moum, M.A.G. Sprangers, J. Vogel, R. Veenhoven (Ed.) Assessing well- being: The collected works of Ed Diener (7-24). Springer.
17. Diener, E., Napa Scollon, C., & Lucas, R.E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. İçinde E. Diener, W. Galtzer, T. Moum, M.A.G. Sprangers, J. Vogel, R. Veenhoven (Ed.) Assessing well- being: The collected works of Ed Diener (67-100). Springer.
18. Doğan, T. (2010). Sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeğinin (SGKÖ) Türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39 151-159.
19. Doğan, T. (2011). Sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeğinin psikometrik özelliklerinin ergenlerden oluşan bir örneklemde incelenmesi. İlköğretim Online,10(1), 12-19.
20. Doht, H., &Tiggemann, M. (2006). The contribution of peer and media ınfluences to the development of body satisfaction and self-esteem in young girls: A prospective study. Developmental Psychology, 42 (5), 929-936.
21. Dumont, M., & Provost, M.A. (1999). Resilience in adolescent: protective role of social support, coping strategies, self esteem and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343-363.
22. Durkin, S. J., & Paxton, S. J. (2002). Predictors of vulnerability to reduced body image satisfaction and psychological wellbeing in response to exposure to idealized female media images in adolescent girls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(5), 995-1005.
23. Ehrhardt, J. J., Saris, W. E., & Veenhoven, R. (2000). Stability of life-satisfaction over time: Analysis of change in ranks in a national population. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 177–205.
24. Ekşi, H. Arıcan, T. ve Yaman, K.G. (2016). Meslek lisesi öğrencilerinin riskli davranışlarının yordayıcısı olarak sosyal görünüş kaygısı ve mükemmeliyetçilik. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 527-545.
25. Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2. Edition). London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
26. Frederick, C.M., & Morrison, C.S.(1998). A mediational model pf social physique anxiety and eating disordered behaviours. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 139-145.
27. Frost, J., & MecKelvie, S. (2004). Self-esteem and body satisfaction in male and female elementary school, high school, and university students. Sex Roles, 51(1/2), 45-54.
28. Gallagher, E. N., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2008). Social support and emotional intelligence as predictors of subjective well-being. Personality and individual differences, 44(7), 1551-1561.
29. Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: a meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin,134(3), 460-476.
30. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition. Essex: Pearson.
31. Halvorsen, J.A., Stern, R.S., Dalgard, F., Thoresen, M., Bjeetness, E., & Lien, L. (2011). Suicidal ideation, mental health problems and social impairment are increased in adolescents with acne: A population-based study. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 131(2), 363-370.
32. Hart, T.A. Sarah, A.P. Fresco, D.M. Holle, C. ,& Heimberg, R.G. (2008). Development and Examination of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale. Assesment, 15(1), 48-59.
33. Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis second edition: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Ebook The Guilford Press.
34. Heller, D., Watson, D., & Ilies, R. (2004). The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: A critical examination. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 1-121.
35. Helsen, M., Vollebergh, W. ve Meeus, W. (2000). Social support from parents and friends and emotional problems in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29 (3), 319-335.
36. Ho, R. (2013). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis with IBM SPSS. CRC press.
37. Leung, J. P., & Leung, K. (1992). Life satisfaction, self-concept, and relationship with parents in adolescence. Journal of Youth and adolescence, 21(6), 653-665.
38. Kaltiala- Heino, R., Rimpela, M. , Rantanen, P., & Laippala, P. (2001). Adolescent depression: the role of discontinuities in life course and social support. Journal of Affective Disorder, 64, 155-166.
39. Kashdan, T.B., & Herbert, J.D. (2001). Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Current status and future directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4(1), 37-61.
40. Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeyinin karşılaştırılması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
41. La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 83-94.
42. Lu, A., Hong, X., Yu, Y., Ling, H., Tian, H., Yu, Z., & Chang, L. (2015). Perceived physical appearance and life satisfaction: A moderated metiation model of self- esteem and life experience of deaf and hearing adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 39, 1-9.
43. Mac Neil, G. Steward, J. C., & Kaufman, A. V. (2000). Social support as a potential moderator of adolescent deliquent behaviour. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17(5), 361-379.
44. Magnus, K., & Diener, E. (1991, May 2–4). A longitudinal analysis of personality, life events, and subjective well-being. Paper presented at The Sixty-third annual meeting of the Midwestern PsychologicalAssociation, Chicago.
45. Marques, A., Mota, J., Gaspar, T., & de Matos, M. G. (2017). Associations between self-reported fitness and self-rated health, life-satisfaction and health-related quality of life among adolescents. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 15(1), 8-11.
46. Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life satisfaction in middle childhood and early adolescence. In Quality-of-life research on children and adolescents (pp. 35-60). Springer, Dordrecht.
47. Olenik-Shemesh, D.,& Heiman, T. (2016). Cyberbulling victimization in adolescents as related to body esteem, social support, and social self-efficacy. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1-16.
48. Özcan, H. Subaşı, B. Budak, B. Çelik, M. Gürel Ş.C. ve Yıldız, M. (2013). Ergenlik ve genç yetişkinlik dönemindeki kadınlarda benlik saygısı, sosyal görünüş kaygısı, depresyon ve anksiyete ilişkisi. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(3), 107-113.
49. Öztürk, A. Kara, A. ve Körük S. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilik özellikleri, cinsiyet rolleri ve yüz kızarma eğilimlerinin sosyal görünüm kaygılarını yordama gücü ve aralarındaki ilişki. Turkish Studies, 10(10), 733-748.
50. Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. İçinde E. Diener, W. Galtzer, T. Moum, M.A.G. Sprangers, J. Vogel, R. Veenhoven (Ed.) Assessing well- being: The collected works of Ed Diener (101-117). Springer.
51. Paxton,S.J., Neumark-Sztainer,D., Hannan, P.J., & Eisenberg, M.E. (2006). Body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(4),539-549.
52. Piko, B.F., & Hamvai, C. (2010). Parent, school and peer-related correlates of adolescents’ life satisfaction. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1479-1482.
53. Reel, J.J., & Gill, D.L. (1996). Psychosocial factors related to eating disorders among high school and college femala cheerleaders. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 195-206.
54. Schimmack, U., Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Life satisfaction is a momentary judgment and a stable personality characteristic: The use of chronically accessible and stable sources. Journal of Personality, 70(3), 345-384.
55. Seki, T. (2014). Ergenlerin sosyal görünüş kaygısı ve öznel iyi oluşlarının sahip oldukları değerler açısından incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Konya.
56. Steinberg, L. (2007). Ergenlik. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
57. Sun, R. C., & Shek, D. T. (2012). Positive youth development, life satisfaction and problem behaviour among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: A replication. Social Indicators Research, 105(3), 541-559.
58. Şahin, E. (2012). Bazı değişkenlere göre ilköğretim ikinci kademe öğrencilerinin benlik saygıları ve sosyal görünüş kaygıları (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
59. Şahin, E., Barut, Y., Ersanlı, E., & Kumcağız, H. (2014). Self-esteem and social appearance anxiety: An investigation of secondary school stıdents. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., 4(3), 152-159.
60. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics. Harlow: Pearson Education.
61. Tiggemann, M., & Lynch, J. E. (2001). Body image across the life span in adult women: the role of self-objectification. Developmental psychology, 37(2), 243.
62. Trekels, J., & Eggermont, S. (2017). Linking magazine exposure to social appearance anxiety: The role of appearance norms in early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27(4), 736-751.
63. Tiggemann, M., Slater, A., Bury, B., Hawkins, K., & Firth, B. (2013). Disclaimer labels on fashion magazine advertisements: Effects on social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10, 45–53.
64. Ülkü, H. (2017). Gençlerde sosyal görünüş kaygısı ile sosyal anksiyete arasındaki ilişkinin toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
65. Wight, R. G., Botticello, A. L., & Aneshensel, C. S. (2006). Socioeconomic context, social support, and adolescent mental health: A multilevel investigation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 109.
66. Yıldırım, İ. (1997). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi güvenirliği ve geçerliği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 81-87.
67. Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin revizyonu. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17, 221-236.