School Counselors' Views on Internet-Based Interventions

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 27 - 53, 31.01.2025

Burak Köksal , Ömer Özer

https://doi.org/10.29299/kefad.1513146

Öz

Childhood and adolescence years typically mark the onset of mental health problems. Psychological counselors provide mental health support for students in schools. However, a variety of factors, such as the high number of students and the workload of psychological counselors, make it difficult for children and adolescents to obtain the assistance they need. Internet-based interventions have the potential to significantly alleviate these challenges. In this study, school psychological counselors' perspectives on internet-based interventions were investigated. Ten psychological counselors, working at different levels, were included in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted individually in order to attain the perspectives of the participants. The data obtained, as a result of the interviews, were examined through content analysis. As a result of the interviews, three themes were determined: advantages, concerns, and internet-based interventions in counseling services. Participants have highlighted the benefits and drawbacks of internet-based interventions for psychological counselors, students, and parents receiving services. They further evaluated the potential applications of internet-based treatments in counseling services and psychological counselors' needs. The study's findings highlight both the challenges and opportunities for offering internet-based treatments in Turkish schools.

Anahtar Kelimeler

internet based intervention, psychological counselor, school counseling

Okul Psikolojik Danışmanlarının İnternet Tabanlı Müdahalelere İlişkin Görüşleri

Öz

Çocukluk ve ergenlik dönemi ruh sağlığı problemlerinin başlangıç noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Okullarda öğrencilere yönelik ruh sağlığı desteği psikolojik danışmanlar tarafından verilmektedir. Ancak öğrenci sayısının fazlalığı, psikolojik danışmanların iş yükü gibi farklı nedenler çocuk ve ergenlerin ihtiyaç duyduğu desteği almasını zorlaştırmaktadır. İnternet tabanlı psikolojik destek müdahaleleri, bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmede önemli bir potansiyel sunmaktadır. Bu araştırmada okul psikolojik danışmanlarının internet tabanlı müdahalelere yönelik görüşleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya farklı kademelerde görev yapan 10 psikolojik danışman dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların görüşlerini alabilmek için bireysel yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmeler neticesinde elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile incelenmiştir. Katılımcıların görüşleri neticesinde avantajlar, endişeler ve PDR hizmetlerinde internet tabanlı müdahaleler olmak üzere üç temaya ulaşılmıştır. Katılımcılar internet tabanlı müdahalelerin psikolojik danışman ve hizmet alan öğrenci ve veli açısından avantajları ve endişelerine yönelik görüşler bildirmişlerdir. Ayrıca PDR hizmetlerinde internet tabanlı müdahalelerin uygulama alanları ve psikolojik danışmanların ihtiyaçlarının neler olabileceği değerlendirmişlerdir. Araştırmanın bulguları, Türkiye’de okullarda internet tabanlı müdahalelerin sunulmasının önündeki engelleri ve kolaylaştırıcılarının neler olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

internet tabanlı müdahale, psikolojik danışman, okul psikolojik danışmanlığı

Kaynakça

• Acar, H. (2022). Web tabanlı psikolojik destek uygulamaları üzerine minör bir değerlendirme: avantajlar-sınırlılıklar. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 414-423. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1003842
• Agnafors, S., Barmark, M., & Sydsjö, G. (2021). Mental health and academic performance: A study on selection and causation effects from childhood to early adulthood. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(5), 857-866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01934-5
• Baños, R. M., Etchemendy, E., Mira, A., Riva, G., Gaggioli, A., & Botella, C. (2017). Online positive ınterventions to promote well-being and resilience in the adolescent population: A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00010
• Beames, J. R., Johnston, L., O’Dea, B., Torok, M., Christensen, H., Boydell, K. M., & Werner-Seidler, A. (2021). Factors that help and hinder the implementation of digital depression prevention programs: School-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(8), e26223. https://doi.org/10.2196/26223
• Beames, J. R., Werner-Seidler, A., Hodgins, M., Brown, L., Fujimoto, H., Bartholomew, A., Maston, K., Huckvale, K., Zbukvic, I., Torok, M., Christensen, H., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., Lingam, R., & Boydell, K. M. (2023). Implementing a digital depression prevention program in Australian secondary schools: Cross-sectional qualitative study. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 6(1), e42349. https://doi.org/10.2196/42349
• Beerli, J., Ehlert, U., & Amiel Castro, R. T. (2022). Internet-based interventions for perinatal depression and anxiety symptoms: An ethnographic qualitative study exploring the views and opinions of midwives in Switzerland. BMC Primary Care, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-022-01779-8
• Bell, I. H., Thompson, A., Valentine, L., Adams, S., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., & Nicholas, J. (2022). Ownership, use of, and interest in digital mental health technologies among clinicians and young people across a spectrum of clinical care needs: Cross-sectional survey. JMIR Mental Health, 9(5), e30716. https://doi.org/10.2196/30716
• Buğa, A. ve Hamamcı, Z. (2016). Bilişsel davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı web tabanlı interaktif ve geleneksel psiko-eğitim programlarının çocukların bilişsel hatalarına ve psikolojik belirtilerine etkisi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 783-809.
• Cavanagh, K., Churchard, A., O’Hanlon, P., Mundy, T., Votolato, P., Jones, F., Gu, J., & Strauss, C. (2018). A randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention in a non-clinical population: Replication and extension. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1191-1205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0856-1
• Clark, L. H., Hudson, J. L., Dunstan, D. A., & Clark, G. I. (2018). Barriers and facilitating factors to help‐seeking for symptoms of clinical anxiety in adolescent males. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70(3), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12191
• Corkum, P., Elik, N., Blotnicky-Gallant, P. A., McGonnell, M., & McGrath, P. (2019). Web-based intervention for teachers of elementary students with ADHD: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(3), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715603198
• Cresswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.
• Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
• Cukrowicz, K. C., & Joiner, T. E. (2007). Computer-based intervention for anxious and depressive symptoms in a non-clinical population. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(5), 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9094-x
• Çetintulum-Huyut, B. (2019). Anksiyete bozukluklarının tedavisinde internet tabanlı bilişsel davranışçı terapi uygulamaları. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 251-263. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.622846
• Dederichs, M., Weber, J., Pischke, C. R., Angerer, P., & Apolinário-Hagen, J. (2021). Exploring medical students' views on digital mental health interventions: A qualitative study. Internet Interventions, 25, 100398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100398
• Doubova, S. V., Infante-Castañeda, C., & Pérez-Cuevas, R. (2016). Internet-based educational intervention to prevent risky sexual behaviors in Mexican adolescents: Study protocol. BMC Public Health, 16, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2990-4
• Durdu Akgün, B., Aktaç, A. ve Yorulmaz, O. (2019). Ruh sağlığında mobil uygulamalar: Etkinliğe yönelik sistematik bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 11(4), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.441765
• Esch, P., Bocquet, V., Pull, C., Couffignal, S., Lehnert, T., Graas, M., Fond-Harmant, L., & Ansseau, M. (2014). The downward spiral of mental disorders and educational attainment: A systematic review on early school leaving. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0237-4
• Florean, I. S., Dobrean, A., Păsărelu, C. R., Georgescu, R. D., & Milea, I. (2020). The efficacy of internet-based parenting programs for children and adolescents with behavior problems: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(4), 510-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00326-0
• Foon, L. W., Zainudin, Z. N., Yusop, Y. M., & Wan Othman, W. N. (2020). E-counselling: The intention, motivation and deterrent among school counsellors. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(3), 44-51.
• Glasheen, K., Campbell, M., & Shochet, I. (2015). School counsellors’ and students’ attitudes to online counselling: A qualitative study. Journal of Relationships Research, 6, e12. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2015.8
• Göcek-Yorulmaz, E. (2020). Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk için bilişsel davranışçı yaklaşıma dayanan internet destekli bir kendine yardım programı geliştirme ve etkililiğini araştırma [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Ege Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113
• Herbert, H. S., & Manjula, M. (2022). Resilience based intervention to promote mental health of college students: A preliminary feasibility study from India. Mental Health & Prevention, 26, 200239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2022.200239
• Herrero, R., Mira, A., Cormo, G., Etchemendy, E., Baños, R., García-Palacios, A., Ebert, D. D., Franke, M., Berger, T., Schaub, M. P., Görlich, D., Jacobi, C., & Botella, C. (2019). An Internet based intervention for improving resilience and coping strategies in university students: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions, 16, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2018.03.005
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602. https://doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
• Kim, Y., Lee, C. M., & Kang, S. Y. (2022). Effects of a web-based alcohol drinking prevention program linking school-to-home in elementary students. Public Health Nursing, 39(2), 472-480. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12975
• Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 357. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-3204.38.4.357
• Lochman, J. E., Boxmeyer, C. L., Jones, S., Qu, L., Ewoldsen, D., & Nelson III, W. M. (2017). Testing the feasibility of a briefer school-based preventive intervention with aggressive children: A hybrid intervention with face-to-face and internet components. Journal of School Psychology, 62, 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2017.03.010
• MacDonell, K. W., & Prinz, R. J. (2017). A review of technology-based youth and family-focused interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20, 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0218-x
• March, S., Batterham, P. J., Rowe, A., Donovan, C., Calear, A. L., & Spence, S. H. (2021). Trajectories of change in an open-access internet-based cognitive behavior program for childhood and adolescent anxiety: Open trial. JMIR Mental Health, 8(6), e27981. https://doi.org/10.2196/27981
• March, S., Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., & Kenardy, J. A. (2018). Large-scale dissemination of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: Feasibility and acceptability study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(7), e9211. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9211
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
• Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2020). Rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma hizmetleri yönetmeliği. https://orgm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2020_08/14231603_Rehberlik_ve_Psikolojik_DanYYma_Hizmetleri_YonetmeliYi_2.pdf
• Moessner, M., Minarik, C., Ozer, F., & Bauer, S. (2016). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of school-based dissemination strategies of an Internet-based program for the prevention and early intervention in eating disorders: A randomized trial. Prevention Science, 17, 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0619-y
• Mol, M., van Genugten, C., Dozeman, E., van Schaik, D. J., Draisma, S., Riper, H., & Smit, J. H. (2019). Why uptake of blended internet-based interventions for depression is challenging: A qualitative study on therapists’ perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010091
• Navarro, P., Sheffield, J., Edirippulige, S., & Bambling, M. (2020). Exploring mental health professionals’ perspectives of text-based online counseling effectiveness with young people: Mixed methods pilot study. JMIR Mental Health, 7(1), e15564. https://doi.org/10.2196/15564
• O’Dea, B., King, C., Subotic-Kerry, M., Achilles, M. R., Cockayne, N., & Christensen, H. (2019). Smooth sailing: A pilot study of an online, school-based, mental health service for depression and anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00574
• O’Dea, B., King, C., Subotic-Kerry, M., O’Moore, K., & Christensen, H. (2017). School counselors’ perspectives of a web-based stepped care mental health service for schools: Cross-sectional online survey. JMIR Mental Health, 4(4), e8369. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.8369
• O’Kearney, R., Kang, K., Christensen, H., & Griffiths, K. (2009). A controlled trial of a school-based Internet program for reducing depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Depression and Anxiety, 26(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20507
• Ong, M.-S., Lakoma, M., Gees Bhosrekar, S., Hickok, J., McLean, L., Murphy, M., Poland, R. E., Purtell, N., & Ross-Degnan, D. (2021). Risk factors for suicide attempt in children, adolescents, and young adults hospitalized for mental health disorders. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 26(2), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12400
• Özer, Ö. ve Köksal, B. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinde internet tabanlı müdahaleler: Bir gözden geçirme. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi, 45(5), 814-833. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1309551
• Özer, Ö., Köksal, B., & Altinok, A. (2024). Understanding university students' attitudes and preferences for internet-based mental health interventions. Internet Interventions, 35, 100722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2024.100722
• Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri (M. Bütün & S. B. Demir, Çev.). Pegem Akademi.
• Pereira, C. A., Wen, C. L., Miguel, E. C., & Polanczyk, G. V. (2015). A randomised controlled trial of a web-based educational program in child mental health for schoolteachers. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 931-940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0642-8
• Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56
• Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345-365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381
• Porche, M. V., Fortuna, L. R., Lin, J., & Alegria, M. (2011). Childhood trauma and psychiatric disorders as correlates of school dropout in a national sample of young adults. Child Development, 82(3), 982-998. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01534.x
• Radez, J., Reardon, T., Creswell, C., Lawrence, P. J., Evdoka-Burton, G., & Waite, P. (2021). Why do children and adolescents (not) seek and access professional help for their mental health problems? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 183-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01469-4
• Reardon, T., Harvey, K., Baranowska, M., O’Brien, D., Smith, L., & Creswell, C. (2017). What do parents perceive are the barriers and facilitators to accessing psychological treatment for mental health problems in children and adolescents? A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(6), 623-647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0930-6
• Rees, C. S., Anderson, R. A., Kane, R. T., & Finlay-Jones, A. L. (2016). Online obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment: Preliminary results of the “OCD? not me!” self-guided ınternet-based cognitive behavioral therapy program for young people. JMIR Mental Health, 3(3), e5363. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5363
• Richert, T., Anderberg, M., & Dahlberg, M. (2020). Mental health problems among young people in substance abuse treatment in Sweden. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 15(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00282-6
• Saulsberry, A., Marko-Holguin, M., Blomeke, K., Hinkle, C., Fogel, J., Gladstone, T., Bell, C., Reinecke, M., Corden, M., & Van Voorhees, B. W. (2013). Randomized clinical trial of a primary care internet-based intervention to prevent adolescent depression: One-year outcomes. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(2), 106-117.
• Serbin, L. A., Kingdon, D., Ruttle, P. L., & Stack, D. M. (2015). The impact of children's internalizing and externalizing problems on parenting: Transactional processes and reciprocal change over time. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4pt1), 969-986. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000632
• Sethi, S., Campbell, A. J., & Ellis, L. A. (2010). The use of computerized self-help packages to treat adolescent depression and anxiety. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 28(3), 144-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2010.508317
• Simon, N., Ploszajski, M., Lewis, C., Smallman, K., Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Brookes‐Howell, L., & Bisson, J. I. (2021). Internet‐based psychological therapies: A qualitative study of national health service commissioners and managers views. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94(4), 994–1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12341
• Tagay, Ö. ve Savi Çakar, F. (2017). Okullarda yürütülen psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerine ilişkin okul psikolojik danışmanlarının görüşleri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3), 1168-1186.
• Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2020). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarına göre ilkokullardaki rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma hizmetlerinin durumu ve sorunları. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(76), 1673-1690. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.715029
• Werner-Seidler, A., Perry, Y., Calear, A. L., Newby, J. M., & Christensen, H. (2017). School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 30-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.005
• Werner-Seidler, A., Spanos, S., Calear, A. L., Perry, Y., Torok, M., O’Dea, B., Christensen, H., & Newby, J. M. (2021). School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 89, 102079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102079
• Zeiler, M., Kuso, S., Nitsch, M., Simek, M., Adamcik, T., Herrero, R., Etchemendy, E., Mira, A., Oliver, E., Jones Bell, M., Karwautz, A., Wagner, G., Baños Rivera, R. M., Botella, C., & Waldherr, K. (2021). Online interventions to prevent mental health problems implemented in school settings: The perspectives from key stakeholders in Austria and Spain. European Journal of Public Health, 31, i71-i79. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab039