Analitik Kimya Laboratuar Uygulamasında Örnek-Olaya Dayalı Öğrenmenin Kullanıldığı Bir Materyal Geliştirilmesi ve Öğrenci Görüşleri
Yıl 2019,
, 2261 - 2278, 15.09.2019
Tuğçe Günter
,
Sibel Kılınç Alpat
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, örnek olay ve örnek-olaya dayalı öğrenmeye ilişkin öğrenci görüşlerini araştırmaktır. Örnek olay, Analitik Kimya Laboratuarı dersi suların sertliğinin belirlenmesi deneyinde etilen diamin tetra asetik asit bileşiği (EDTA) ile metal iyonlarının kompleks oluşum reaksiyonlarına dayalı kompleks oluşum titrasyonuyla ilgili olarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu betimleyici çalışmanın örneklemi, İzmir’de bir üniversitede Kimya Öğretmenliği bölümünde okuyan ikinci, dördüncü ve beşinci sınıf öğretmen adaylarından (N=23) (20–23 yaşlar arasında) oluşmuştur. ‘Yapılandırılmış Görüşme Formu’ veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Veriler, nitel analiz tekniklerinden içerik analiziyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre; öğrenciler örnek-olaya dayalı öğrenme yönteminin kapsamlı ve uygun olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca hazırlanan örnek olayın araştırma yapma isteklerini ve motivasyonlarını arttırarak öğrenmelerini eğlenceli hale getirdiğine dair olumlu görüşlerde de bulunmuşlardır.
Kaynakça
- Australian Education Council (1994). Science: A Curriculum Profile for Australian Schools. Melbourne: Curriculum Corporation.
- Ayyıldız, Y., & Tarhan, L. (2012). Effect of Case Studies on Primary School Teaching Students’ Attitudes toward Chemistry Lesson. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 43, 62–70.
- Beaten, M., Dochy, F., & Struyven, K. (2013). Enhancing Students’ Approaches to Learning: The Added Value of Gradually Implementing Case-Based Learning. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(2), 315–336.
- Belova, N., & Eilks, I. (2015). Learning with and about Advertising in Chemistry Education with a Lesson Plan on Natural Cosmetics-A Case Study. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 16(3), 578–588.
- Bholah, R. (2017). Developing Problem-Based Learning Approaches to Water Education in Mauritius. In H. Lotz-Sisitka, O. Shumba, J. Lupele, & D. Wilmot (Eds.), Schooling for Sustainable Development in Africa (Chap. 2, pp. 119-127). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
- Birkimer, J.C., & Brown, J.H. (1979). Back to Basics: Percentage Agreement Measures are Adequate, but there are Easier Ways. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12(4), 535-543.
- Cam, A. (2009). Effectiveness of Case-Based Learning Instruction on Students’ Understanding of Solubility Equilib-rium Concepts. PhD diss., Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
- Cam, A., & Geban, Ö. (2011). Effectiveness of Case-Based Learning Instruction on Epistemological Beliefs and Atti-tudes toward Chemistry. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 20(1), 26-32.
- Carder, L., Willingham, P., & Bibb, D. (2001). Case-Based, Problem-Based Learning: Information Literacy for the Real World. Research Strategies, 18(3), 181-190.
- Cheng, V.K.W. (1995). An Environmental Chemistry Curriculum Using Case Studies. Journal of Chemical Education, 72(6), 525-527.
- Choi, I., & Lee, K. (2009). Designing and Implementing a Case-Based Learning Environment for Enhancing Ill-structured Problem Solving: Classroom Management Problems for Prospective Teachers. Educational Technology Research and Development, 57(1), 99-129.
- Christensen, L.B., Johnson, R.B., & Turner, L.A. (2015). Research Methods: Design and Analysis. 2nd ed. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Demir, M., Demirci, Ş., & Usanmaz, A. (1984). Analytical and Industrial Chemistry Laboratory. Ankara: MEB Yayınları.
- Dokmeci, İ. (2001). Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment in Poisoning. 3rd ed. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi.
- Dori, Y.J., Tal, R.T., & Tsaushu, M. (2003). Teaching Biotechnology through Case Studies-Can We Improve Higher Order Thinking Skills of Nonscience Majors?. Science Education, 87(6), 767-793.
- Ekici, D.İ. (2016). Examination of Pre-service Science Teachers’ Activities Using Problem Based Learning Method. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(1), 37-47.
- Ertmer, P.A., Newby, T.J., & MacDougall, M. (1999). Students’ Responses and Approaches to Case-Based Instruc-tion: The Role of Reflective Self-Regulation. American Educational Research Journal, 33(3), 719-752.
- Figueiredo, M., Esteves, L., Neves, J., & Vicente, H. (2016). A Data Mining Approach to Study the Impact of the Methodology followed in Chemistry Lab Classes on the Weight Attributed by the Students to the Lab Work on Learning and Motivation. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 17(1), 156-171.
- Flynn, A.E., & Klein, J.D. (2001). The Influence of Discussion Groups in a Case-Based Learning Environment. Edu-cational Technology Research and Development, 49(3), 71–86.
- Garnett, P.J., Garnett, P.J., & Hackling, M.W. (1995). Refocusing the Chemistry Lab: A Case for Laboratory-Based Investigations. Australian Science Teachers Journal, 41(2), 26-32.
- Glass, G. V., & Hopkins, K. D. (1984). Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
- Graham, M., Milanowski, A., & Miller, J. (2012). Measuring and Promoting Inter-Rater Agreement of Teacher and Principal Performance Ratings. Center for Educator Compensation Reform, February, 1-33. doi: ED532068. Ac-cessed 10 March 2016. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED532068.pdf.
- Gunduz, T. (1984). Quantitative Analysis Laboratory Manual. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Gunduz, T. (1999). Qualitative Analysis Course Book. 6th ed. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Han, X., Zhuang, Y., Pan, K., Zhang, M., An, L., Xu, G., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Practice and Exploration of Teaching Reform of the Pharmaceutical Microbiology in Pharmaceutical Education. In H. Ding (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Food Hygiene, Agriculture and Animal Science (pp. 145). China: Wuhan, Hubei.
- Harman, T., Bertrand, B., Greer, A., Pettus, A., Jennings, J., Wall-Bassett, E., & Babatunde, O.T. (2015). Case-Based Learning Facilitates Critical Thinking in Undergraduate Nutrition Education: Students Describe the Big Picture. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(3), 378-388.
- Harman, G., Cokelez, A., Dal, B., & Alper, U. (2016). Pre-service Science Teachers’ Views on Laboratory Applica-tions in Science Education: The Effect of a two-semester course. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(1), 12-25.
- Herrier, R.N., Jackson, T.R., & Consroe, P.F. (1997). The Use of Student-Centered, Problem-Based, Clinical Case Discussions to Enhance Learning in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 61, 441-446.
- Hofstein, A. (2004). The Laboratory in Chemistry Education: Thirty Years of Experience with Developments, Imple-mentation and Research. Chemistry Education and Research Practice, 5(3), 247-264.
- Horzum, M.B., & Alper, A. (2006). The Effect of Case Based Learning Model, Cognitive Style and Gender to the Student Achievement in Science Courses. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Science, 39(2), 151-175.
- Jansson, S., Söderström, H., Andersson, P.L., & Nording, M.L. (2015). Implementation of Problem-Based Learning in Environmental Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 92(12), 2080-2086.
- Jarz, E.M., Kainz, G.A., & Walpoth, G. (1997). Multimedia-based case studies in education: Design, development, and evaluation of multimedia-based case studies. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 6(1), 23-46.
- Kantar, L.D., & Massouh, A. (2015). Case-Based Learning: What Traditional Curricula Fail to Teach? Nurse Educa-tion Today, 35(8), 8-14.
- Kelly, O.C., & Finlayson, O.E. (2007). Providing Solutions through Problem-Based Learning for the Undergraduate 1st year Chemistry Laboratory. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 8(3), 347-361.
- Kerr, M.A., & Yan, F. (2016). Incorporating Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences into Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Curricula. Journal of Chemical Education, 93(4), 658-662.
- Kesner, M., Hofstein, A., & Ben-Zvi, R. (1997). Student and Teacher Perceptions of Industrial Chemistry Case Stud-ies. International Journal of Science Education, 19(6), 725–738.
- Kılıc, S.D., Elci, A.N., & Alkan, H. (2012). High School Students’ Opinions about a Performance-Improving Learning Environment and Learning Activities and Performance Assessment. Journal of Research in Education and Teach-ing, 1(3), 1-7.
- Kılınç Alpat, S., Uyulgan, M.A., Ozbayrak, Ö., & Alpat, Ş. (2011). A Study on the Effect of Case Based Learning for Pre-service Science Teachers’ Attitudes towards an Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Experiment. Journal of Buca Education Faculty, 30, 1-10.
- Kıranlı, S. (2010). High Schools Principals’ Administrator Behaviour Forms. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 11(2), 229-250.
- Kocak, C., & Onen, A.S. (2012). Evaluation of Chemistry Topics within the Daily Life Concept. Hacettepe University Journal of Education,42, 262-273.
- Kumar, D.D. (2017). Analysis of an Interactive Technology Supported Problem-Based Learning STEM Project Using Selected Learning Sciences Interest Areas (SLSIA). International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 5(1), 53-61.
- Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L., & Cox, M.M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry. New York: Worth Publications Inc.
- Marks, R., Bertram, S., & Eilks, I. (2008). Learning Chemistry and Beyond with a Lesson Plan on Potato Crisps, which follows a Socio-critical and Problem-oriented Approach to Chemistry Lessons: A Case Study. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 9(3), 267–276.
- Marston, L. (2010). Introductory Statistics for Health and Nursing Using SPSS. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
- McDonnell, C., O’Connor, C., & Seery, M.K. (2007). Developing Practical Chemistry Skills by means of Student-Driven Problem Based Learning Mini-Projects. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 8(2), 130-139.
- McHugh, M.L. (2012). Interrater Reliability: The Kappa Statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276-282.
- McNaught, C., Lau, W.M., Lam, P., Hui, M.Y.Y., & Au, P.C.T. (2005). The Dilemma of Case-Based Teaching and Learning in Science in Hong Kong: Students Need It, Want It, But May Not Value It. International Journal of Sci-ence Education, 27(9), 1017-1036.
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- Owens, J.E., Zimmerman, L.B., Gardner, M.A., & Lowe, L.E. (2016). Analysis of Whiskey by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry: An Upper Division Analytical Chemistry Experiment Guided by Green Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 93(1): 186-192.
- Pintrich, P.R., & Schunk, D. (2002). Motivation in Education: Theory, Research and Applications. 2nd ed. Upper Sad-dle, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- Pintrich, P.R., Smith, D.A.F., Garcia, T., & McKeachie, W.J. (1991). A Manuel for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) (Report No.NCRIPTAL-91-B-004). Washington, DC: National Center for Re-search to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Ram, P. (1999). Problem-Based Learning in Undergraduate Education. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(8), 1122-1226.
- Schwartz-Bloom, R.D., & Halpin, M.J. (2003). Integrating Pharmacology Topics in High School Biology and Chemis-try Classes Improves Performance. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(9), 922-938.
- Shiland, T.W. (1999). Constructivism: The Implications for Laboratory Work. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(1), 107.
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Development a Material Used in Case-Based Learning for Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Application and Students’ Views
Yıl 2019,
, 2261 - 2278, 15.09.2019
Tuğçe Günter
,
Sibel Kılınç Alpat
Öz
The objective of this study is to investigate students’ views about the case study and case-based learning (CBL). The case study is prepared concerning the complex formation titration based on ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid compound (EDTA) and complex formation reaction of metal ions and the experiment of hardness determination in water in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory course. The sample of this descriptive study consists of 2nd, 4th and 5th grade student teachers (N=23) (ages between 20-23 years-old) studying in the department of Chemistry Teaching at a university in Izmir. ‘Structured Interview Form’ was used as data col-lection tool. The data were analyzed via content analysis, which is a qualitative analysis technique. According to the data obtained; the students stated that the CBL method was comprehensible and convenient. In addition, they had also positive views that the case study being prepared was an entertaining study building up the desire for investigation and motivation.
Kaynakça
- Australian Education Council (1994). Science: A Curriculum Profile for Australian Schools. Melbourne: Curriculum Corporation.
- Ayyıldız, Y., & Tarhan, L. (2012). Effect of Case Studies on Primary School Teaching Students’ Attitudes toward Chemistry Lesson. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 43, 62–70.
- Beaten, M., Dochy, F., & Struyven, K. (2013). Enhancing Students’ Approaches to Learning: The Added Value of Gradually Implementing Case-Based Learning. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(2), 315–336.
- Belova, N., & Eilks, I. (2015). Learning with and about Advertising in Chemistry Education with a Lesson Plan on Natural Cosmetics-A Case Study. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 16(3), 578–588.
- Bholah, R. (2017). Developing Problem-Based Learning Approaches to Water Education in Mauritius. In H. Lotz-Sisitka, O. Shumba, J. Lupele, & D. Wilmot (Eds.), Schooling for Sustainable Development in Africa (Chap. 2, pp. 119-127). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
- Birkimer, J.C., & Brown, J.H. (1979). Back to Basics: Percentage Agreement Measures are Adequate, but there are Easier Ways. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12(4), 535-543.
- Cam, A. (2009). Effectiveness of Case-Based Learning Instruction on Students’ Understanding of Solubility Equilib-rium Concepts. PhD diss., Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
- Cam, A., & Geban, Ö. (2011). Effectiveness of Case-Based Learning Instruction on Epistemological Beliefs and Atti-tudes toward Chemistry. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 20(1), 26-32.
- Carder, L., Willingham, P., & Bibb, D. (2001). Case-Based, Problem-Based Learning: Information Literacy for the Real World. Research Strategies, 18(3), 181-190.
- Cheng, V.K.W. (1995). An Environmental Chemistry Curriculum Using Case Studies. Journal of Chemical Education, 72(6), 525-527.
- Choi, I., & Lee, K. (2009). Designing and Implementing a Case-Based Learning Environment for Enhancing Ill-structured Problem Solving: Classroom Management Problems for Prospective Teachers. Educational Technology Research and Development, 57(1), 99-129.
- Christensen, L.B., Johnson, R.B., & Turner, L.A. (2015). Research Methods: Design and Analysis. 2nd ed. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Demir, M., Demirci, Ş., & Usanmaz, A. (1984). Analytical and Industrial Chemistry Laboratory. Ankara: MEB Yayınları.
- Dokmeci, İ. (2001). Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment in Poisoning. 3rd ed. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi.
- Dori, Y.J., Tal, R.T., & Tsaushu, M. (2003). Teaching Biotechnology through Case Studies-Can We Improve Higher Order Thinking Skills of Nonscience Majors?. Science Education, 87(6), 767-793.
- Ekici, D.İ. (2016). Examination of Pre-service Science Teachers’ Activities Using Problem Based Learning Method. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(1), 37-47.
- Ertmer, P.A., Newby, T.J., & MacDougall, M. (1999). Students’ Responses and Approaches to Case-Based Instruc-tion: The Role of Reflective Self-Regulation. American Educational Research Journal, 33(3), 719-752.
- Figueiredo, M., Esteves, L., Neves, J., & Vicente, H. (2016). A Data Mining Approach to Study the Impact of the Methodology followed in Chemistry Lab Classes on the Weight Attributed by the Students to the Lab Work on Learning and Motivation. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 17(1), 156-171.
- Flynn, A.E., & Klein, J.D. (2001). The Influence of Discussion Groups in a Case-Based Learning Environment. Edu-cational Technology Research and Development, 49(3), 71–86.
- Garnett, P.J., Garnett, P.J., & Hackling, M.W. (1995). Refocusing the Chemistry Lab: A Case for Laboratory-Based Investigations. Australian Science Teachers Journal, 41(2), 26-32.
- Glass, G. V., & Hopkins, K. D. (1984). Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
- Graham, M., Milanowski, A., & Miller, J. (2012). Measuring and Promoting Inter-Rater Agreement of Teacher and Principal Performance Ratings. Center for Educator Compensation Reform, February, 1-33. doi: ED532068. Ac-cessed 10 March 2016. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED532068.pdf.
- Gunduz, T. (1984). Quantitative Analysis Laboratory Manual. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Yayınları.
- Gunduz, T. (1999). Qualitative Analysis Course Book. 6th ed. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Han, X., Zhuang, Y., Pan, K., Zhang, M., An, L., Xu, G., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Practice and Exploration of Teaching Reform of the Pharmaceutical Microbiology in Pharmaceutical Education. In H. Ding (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Food Hygiene, Agriculture and Animal Science (pp. 145). China: Wuhan, Hubei.
- Harman, T., Bertrand, B., Greer, A., Pettus, A., Jennings, J., Wall-Bassett, E., & Babatunde, O.T. (2015). Case-Based Learning Facilitates Critical Thinking in Undergraduate Nutrition Education: Students Describe the Big Picture. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(3), 378-388.
- Harman, G., Cokelez, A., Dal, B., & Alper, U. (2016). Pre-service Science Teachers’ Views on Laboratory Applica-tions in Science Education: The Effect of a two-semester course. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(1), 12-25.
- Herrier, R.N., Jackson, T.R., & Consroe, P.F. (1997). The Use of Student-Centered, Problem-Based, Clinical Case Discussions to Enhance Learning in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 61, 441-446.
- Hofstein, A. (2004). The Laboratory in Chemistry Education: Thirty Years of Experience with Developments, Imple-mentation and Research. Chemistry Education and Research Practice, 5(3), 247-264.
- Horzum, M.B., & Alper, A. (2006). The Effect of Case Based Learning Model, Cognitive Style and Gender to the Student Achievement in Science Courses. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Science, 39(2), 151-175.
- Jansson, S., Söderström, H., Andersson, P.L., & Nording, M.L. (2015). Implementation of Problem-Based Learning in Environmental Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 92(12), 2080-2086.
- Jarz, E.M., Kainz, G.A., & Walpoth, G. (1997). Multimedia-based case studies in education: Design, development, and evaluation of multimedia-based case studies. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 6(1), 23-46.
- Kantar, L.D., & Massouh, A. (2015). Case-Based Learning: What Traditional Curricula Fail to Teach? Nurse Educa-tion Today, 35(8), 8-14.
- Kelly, O.C., & Finlayson, O.E. (2007). Providing Solutions through Problem-Based Learning for the Undergraduate 1st year Chemistry Laboratory. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 8(3), 347-361.
- Kerr, M.A., & Yan, F. (2016). Incorporating Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences into Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Curricula. Journal of Chemical Education, 93(4), 658-662.
- Kesner, M., Hofstein, A., & Ben-Zvi, R. (1997). Student and Teacher Perceptions of Industrial Chemistry Case Stud-ies. International Journal of Science Education, 19(6), 725–738.
- Kılıc, S.D., Elci, A.N., & Alkan, H. (2012). High School Students’ Opinions about a Performance-Improving Learning Environment and Learning Activities and Performance Assessment. Journal of Research in Education and Teach-ing, 1(3), 1-7.
- Kılınç Alpat, S., Uyulgan, M.A., Ozbayrak, Ö., & Alpat, Ş. (2011). A Study on the Effect of Case Based Learning for Pre-service Science Teachers’ Attitudes towards an Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Experiment. Journal of Buca Education Faculty, 30, 1-10.
- Kıranlı, S. (2010). High Schools Principals’ Administrator Behaviour Forms. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 11(2), 229-250.
- Kocak, C., & Onen, A.S. (2012). Evaluation of Chemistry Topics within the Daily Life Concept. Hacettepe University Journal of Education,42, 262-273.
- Kumar, D.D. (2017). Analysis of an Interactive Technology Supported Problem-Based Learning STEM Project Using Selected Learning Sciences Interest Areas (SLSIA). International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 5(1), 53-61.
- Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L., & Cox, M.M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry. New York: Worth Publications Inc.
- Marks, R., Bertram, S., & Eilks, I. (2008). Learning Chemistry and Beyond with a Lesson Plan on Potato Crisps, which follows a Socio-critical and Problem-oriented Approach to Chemistry Lessons: A Case Study. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 9(3), 267–276.
- Marston, L. (2010). Introductory Statistics for Health and Nursing Using SPSS. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
- McDonnell, C., O’Connor, C., & Seery, M.K. (2007). Developing Practical Chemistry Skills by means of Student-Driven Problem Based Learning Mini-Projects. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 8(2), 130-139.
- McHugh, M.L. (2012). Interrater Reliability: The Kappa Statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276-282.
- McNaught, C., Lau, W.M., Lam, P., Hui, M.Y.Y., & Au, P.C.T. (2005). The Dilemma of Case-Based Teaching and Learning in Science in Hong Kong: Students Need It, Want It, But May Not Value It. International Journal of Sci-ence Education, 27(9), 1017-1036.
- Merseth, K. (1991). The Early History of Case-Based Instruction: Insights for Teacher Education Today. Journal of Teacher Education, 42(4), 243-249.
- Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı [MEB]. 2012a. Food Technology: Drinking and Drinking Water Analysis (pp 1-38). Ankara.
- Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı [MEB]. 2012b. Chemical Technology: Water Analysis (pp 1-57). Ankara.
- Owens, J.E., Zimmerman, L.B., Gardner, M.A., & Lowe, L.E. (2016). Analysis of Whiskey by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry: An Upper Division Analytical Chemistry Experiment Guided by Green Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 93(1): 186-192.
- Pintrich, P.R., & Schunk, D. (2002). Motivation in Education: Theory, Research and Applications. 2nd ed. Upper Sad-dle, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- Pintrich, P.R., Smith, D.A.F., Garcia, T., & McKeachie, W.J. (1991). A Manuel for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) (Report No.NCRIPTAL-91-B-004). Washington, DC: National Center for Re-search to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Ram, P. (1999). Problem-Based Learning in Undergraduate Education. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(8), 1122-1226.
- Schwartz-Bloom, R.D., & Halpin, M.J. (2003). Integrating Pharmacology Topics in High School Biology and Chemis-try Classes Improves Performance. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(9), 922-938.
- Shiland, T.W. (1999). Constructivism: The Implications for Laboratory Work. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(1), 107.
- Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., & Holler, F.J. (1996). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Saunders College Pub-lications.
- Taber, K.S. (2014). Ethical Considerations of Chemistry Education Research Involving ‘Human Subjects’. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 15(2), 109-113.
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