Investigation of Waste Fires and Spatial Accessibility of Fire Stations in Izmir, Turkey

Öz

Failure to respond in time to fires causes great disasters. Since the loss of life and property can be significantly reduced with rapid response to fire incidents, fire services should be managed properly. Geographic Information System (GIS) is very effective in determining fire management policies of fire services thanks to its spatial analysis capability. This study focused on waste fires, which constitute the majority of fires. The fires that occurred in Izmir between 2018 and 2021 were analyzed using GIS. First, spatiotemporal analysis of fire incidents was investigated. Fire density maps were created with the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method by analyzing all fires and waste fires separately. The spatial accessibility of fire stations to neighborhoods was determined by location-allocation analysis. The minimum time required for all neighborhoods to receive service in the study area has been determined as 62 minutes. The accessibility of fire stations to neighborhoods was analyzed for time intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 62 minutes. The results were used to evaluate performance of each fire station based on the amount of population they served.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Emergency response
• GIS
• network analysis
• fire management
• waste management

Atık Yangınlarının ve İtfaiye İstasyonlarının Mekânsal Erişilebilirliğinin İncelenmesi, Izmir, Türkiye

Öz

Doğal nedenler veya insan faaliyetleri sonucu meydana gelen yangınlara zamanında müdahale edilmemesi büyük felaketlere neden olmaktadır. Yangın olaylarına hızlı müdahale, can ve mal kaybını önemli ölçüde azaltabileceğinden, itfaiye servisleri etkili bir şekilde yönetilmelidir. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS), mekânsal analiz kabiliyeti sayesinde itfaiye servislerinin yangın yönetim politikalarının belirlemesinde oldukça etkilidir. Bu çalışmada yangınların büyük çoğunluğunu oluşturan atık yangınlarına odaklanılmıştır. 2018-2021 yılları arasında İzmir'de meydana gelen yangınlar, CBS kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. İlk olarak yangın olayları zamansal ve mekânsal olarak incelenmiştir. Tüm yangınlar ve çöp yangınları ayrı ayrı analiz edilerek yangın yoğunluğu haritaları Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) metoduyla oluşturulmuştur. İtfaiye istasyonlarının mahallere mekânsal erişilebilirlikleri konum tahsis analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak yangın vakalarının yoğun olduğu ilçeler ve zaman aralıkları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışma alanındaki tüm mahallelerin hizmet alabilmesi için gerekli minimum sürenin 62 dakika olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İtfaiye istasyonlarının mahallere erişilebilirliği 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ve 62 dakikalık zaman aralıkları için analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, her bir yangın istasyonunun, hizmet verebileceği nüfus miktarına bağlı performansının değerlendirilmesinde kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acil müdahale
• CBS
• ağ analizi
• yangın yönetimi
• atık yönetimi

Kaynakça

1. Akay, A. E., & Şahin, H. (2019). Forest Fire Risk Mapping by using GIS Techniques and AHP Method: A Case Study in Bodrum (Turkey). European Journal of Forest Engineering, June, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.579075
2. Baltacı, U., & Yıldırım, F. (2020). Effect of Slope on the Analysis of Forest Fire Risk. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 48(4), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.753080
3. El Karim, A. A., & Awawdeh, M. M. (2020). Integrating GIS accessibility and location-allocation models with multicriteria decision analysis for evaluating quality of life in Buraidah city, KSA. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041412
4. Erkal, T., & Değerliyurt, M. (2013). Eskişehir’ de Acil Durum Yönetiminde Ağ (Network) Analizlerinin Kullanılması. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 11–20.
5. Esen, F., & Avci, V. (2018). Forest Fire Susceptibility Analysis of Kahramanmaras Province. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(16), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.437858
6. ESRI. (2012). GIS for the Fire Service. ESRI. https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esri.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fesrisites%2Fsitecore-archive%2FFiles%2FPdfs%2Flibrary%2Fwhitepapers%2Fpdfs%2Fgis-for-fire-service.pdf&chunk=true
7. ESRI. (2022). Location-allocation analysis—ArcMap | Documentation. ESRI. https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/extensions/network-analyst/location-allocation.htm
8. Geçen, R. (2019). Accessibility analysis of fire vehicles in emergency by using network analysis : A case study of Ceyhan (Adana). Aegean Geographical Journal, 28(2), 199–211.

9. General Directorate of Highways. (2022). Hız Sınırları. General Directorate of Highways. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Trafik/HizSinirlari.aspx
10. Gimond, M. (2022). Chapter 14 Spatial Interpolation. In Intro to GIS and Spatial Analysis. github. https://mgimond.github.io/Spatial/spatial-interpolation.html
11. Gönüllü Sütçüoğlu, G., & Yalcinkaya, S. (2021). AHP and GIS Based Multi - Criteria Site Suitibility Approach for Hospitals in Scope of Sustainable Environmental Planning – Case Study Aliağa, İzmir. JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, 3(3), 258–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1026247
12. Gunes, A. E., & Kovel, J. P. (2000). Using GIS in Emergency Management Operations. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 126(3), 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2000)126:3(136)
13. Höke, M. C., & Yalcinkaya, S. (2021). Municipal solid waste transfer station planning through vehicle routing problem-based scenario analysis. Waste Management and Research, 39(1), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20966643
14. Izmir Fire Department. (2022). Fire Statistics. Izmir Fire Department. https://itfaiye.izmir.bel.tr/tr/istatislik/7/9?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1#
15. Izmir Governorship. (2022). İzmir Hakkında. Izmir Governorship. http://izmir.gov.tr/izmir-hakkinda
16. Kalayci Onac, A., Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Orman, P., Karci, A., & Gonullu Sutcuoglu, G. (2021). Rethinking the campus transportation network in the scope of ecological design principles: case study of Izmir Katip Çelebi University Çiğli Campus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(36), 50847–50866. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-021-14299-2
17. Kalayci Onac, A., Karcı Demirkol, A., Gönüllü Sütçüoğlu, G., & Kılınçarslan, B. (2020). Spatial evaluations of İzmir Uzundere neighborhood urban regeneration project. Https://Wjarr.Com/Sites/Default/Files/WJARR-2020-0071.Pdf, 5(3), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.30574/WJARR.2020.5.3.0071
18. Kaplan, F., & Kuru, A. (2019). Yangın Olaylarının Haritalanması ve Yangın İstasyonların Servis Alanlarının Değerlendirilmesi: Fatih Örneği. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2, 111–124. https://doi.org/10.34186/klujes.476239
19. Kuku, Ş., & Türk, E. (2021). İtfaiye İstasyonu İhtiyacının Yedek Çift Kapsama Yaklaşımıyla Belirlenmesi ve Yer Seçimi: Trabzon Kenti Örneği. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 90(462), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.830408
20. Ministry of Interior. (2022). Turkey Administrative Divisions Information System. Ministry of Interior. https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx
21. Modinpuroju, A., & Prasad, C. S. R. K. (2016). Planning and Evaluation of Rural Road Network Connectivity Using GIS. Fourth Geo-China International Conference, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480106.011
22. Nicoara, P. S., & Haidu, I. (2014). A GIS Based Network Analysis for the Identification of Shortest Route Access To Emergency Medical Facilities. Geographia Technica, 09(2), 60–67.
23. OpenStreetMap. (2022). OpenStreetMap. OpenStreetMap. https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=6/39.031/35.252
24. Özenen Kavlak, M., Kurtipek, A., & Çabuk, S. N. (2020). Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri İle Orman Yangını Risk Haritası Oluşturulması: Ören Örneği. Resilience, 4(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.597887
25. Park, P. Y., Jung, W. R., Yeboah, G., Rempel, G., Paulsen, D., & Rumpel, D. (2016). First responders’ response area and response time analysis with/without grade crossing monitoring system. Fire Safety Journal, 79, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.11.003
26. Sarı, F. (2017). A GIS Based New Navigation Approach for Reducing Emergency Vehicles Response Time. Selcuk University Journal of Engineering ,Science and Technology, 5(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.15317/scitech.2017.69
27. Silalahi, F. E. S., Hidayat, F., Dewi, R. S., Purwono, N., & Oktaviani, N. (2020). GIS-based approaches on the accessibility of referral hospital using network analysis and the spatial distribution model of the spreading case of COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05896-x
28. Singh, P. P., Sabnani, C. S., & Kapse, V. S. (2021). Interpreting Benchmark Assessment of Emergency Fire Service using Geoinformation Technology. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 63(November 2020), 102432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102432
29. Turkish Statistical Institute. (2021). Data Portal For Statistics-Population and Demography. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=1
30. Wang, W., Xu, Z., Sun, D., & Lan, T. (2021). Spatial optimization of mega-city fire stations based on multi-source geospatial data: A case study in beijing. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050282
31. Yalcinkaya, S. (2020). A spatial modeling approach for siting, sizing and economic assessment of centralized biogas plants in organic waste management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255C, 120040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120040
32. Yalcinkaya, S., & Kirtiloglu, O. S. (2021). Application of a geographic information system-based fuzzy analytic hierarchy process model to locate potential municipal solid waste incineration plant sites: A case study of Izmir Metropolitan Municipality. Waste Management and Research, 39(1), 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20939636
33. Yalcinkaya, S., & Uzer, S. (2021). A GIS-based multi-criteria decision support model for planning municipal solid waste collection points: A case study of Çağdaş Neighbourhood, Çiğli District, Izmir, Turkey: Waste Management and Research. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211063733
34. Yalcinkaya, S., Uzer, S., Kaleli, H. İ., Doğan, F., & Kayalık, M. (2021). Compost Plant Site Selection for Food Waste Using GIS Based Multicriteria Analysis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 9(10), 1908–1914. https://doi.org/10.24925/TURJAF.V9I10.1908-1914.4614
35. Yalcinkaya, S., & Ruhbas, Y. (2022). Spatiotemporal analysis framework for identifying emerging hot spots and energy potential from livestock manure in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 193, 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.148
36. Yalçınkaya, S. (2020). Katı Atık Toplama ve Taşıma Sisteminden Kaynaklanan Hava Kirleticileri Emisyonlarının Mekansal Analiz Teknikleri ile Farklı Araç Kapasiteleri için Hesaplanması: İzmir Çiğli Örneği. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 6(2), 366–376. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.675605
37. Yin, J., Yu, D., & Liao, B. (2021). A city-scale assessment of emergency response accessibility to vulnerable populations and facilities under normal and pluvial flood conditions for Shanghai, China. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48(8), 2239–2253. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808320971304