Bioenergy Focused Smart Specialisation Potential in İzmir Within the Scope of Tackling Climate Change

Yıl 2023, , 727 - 748, 15.06.2023

Halil İbrahim Murat Çelik , Günnur Kocar

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1189325

Öz

Climate change is seen as one of the foremost risks to the sustainable future of the world and humanity, and its negative effects are increasing from day to day. Energy production and usage are the biggest cause of global greenhouse gas emissions, which is one of the main factors of climate change. Therefore, energy is one of the primary areas that should be focused on in tackling climate change. This negative effect of energy on climate change results in an increase in efforts and investments toward clean energy conversion all over the world. Countries and cities that want to accelerate their development by growing in competitive and high-value-added sectors see this situation as an important economic opportunity at the same time. As one of the main clean energy sources, bioenergy is one of the important sectors in the world's clean energy transformation. Regions and cities in Europe carry out smart specialisation studies to use their bioenergy potential and try to accelerate their regional development. In this study, the bioenergy focused smart specialization potential in İzmir was evaluated according to the Good Smart Specialization Practice Criteria of the European Union Smart Specialization Platform (S3 Platform). The evaluation was made qualitatively using the gap analysis method considering data gathered from the literature search. As a result of this interdisciplinary study in the fields of regional development and clean energy, suggestions for a bioenergy focused smart specialisation implementation in İzmir were presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bioenergy, Clean Energy, Renewable Energy, Smart Specialisation, Regional Development, Clustering, Climate Change

İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadele Kapsamında İzmir’de Biyoenerji Odaklı Akıllı Uzmanlaşma Potansiyeli

Öz

İklim değişikliği, dünyanın ve insanlığın sürdürülebilir geleceğine yönelik en başta gelen risklerden birisi olarak gösterilmekte ve olumsuz etkileri her geçen gün artan bir yoğunlukta karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Enerji üretimi ve kullanımı, iklim değişikliğinin temel etkenlerinden birisi olan küresel sera gazı salımlarının en büyük sebebidir. Bu sebeple enerji, iklim değişikliğiyle mücadelede en çok odaklanılması gereken alanlardan birisidir. Enerjinin iklim değişikliği üzerindeki bu olumsuz etkisi, temiz enerjiye dönüşüme yönelik çalışmaların ve yatırımların tüm dünyada artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Rekabetçi ve katma değeri yüksek sektörlerde gelişerek kalkınmasını hızlandırmak isteyen ülkeler ve şehirler, bu durumu aynı zamanda önemli bir ekonomik fırsat olarak görmektedir. Biyoenerji başlıca temiz enerji kaynaklarından birisi olarak, dünyanın temiz enerji dönüşümünde önemli sektörlerden birisidir. Avrupa’daki bölge ve şehirler biyoenerji alanındaki potansiyellerini kullanmak üzere akıllı uzmanlaşma çalışmaları yürütmekte ve bölgesel kalkınmalarını ivmelendirmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İzmir’de biyoenerji odaklı akıllı uzmanlaşma potansiyeli, Avrupa Birliği Akıllı Uzmanlaşma Platformu’nun (S3 Platform) İyi Akıllı Uzmanlaşma Uygulaması Kriterleri’ne göre değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme, literatür araştırması ile elde edilen veriler ışığında fark analizi yöntemi kullanılarak niteliksel olarak yapılmıştır. Bölgesel kalkınma ve temiz enerji alanlarında disiplinlerarası olarak gerçekleştirilen çalışmanın sonucunda, İzmir’de biyoenerji odaklı bir akıllı uzmanlaşma uygulamasına yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyoenerji, Temiz Enerji, Yenilenebilir Enerji, Akıllı Uzmanlaşma, Bölgesel Kalkınma, Kümelenme, İklim Değişikliği

Kaynakça

• Ağaçayak, T. & Öztürk, L. (2017). Strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector in Türkiye. Sabancı University, Istanbul Policy Center, and Stiftung Mercator Initiative. https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20200313-11032365.pdf
• Akgüngör, S., Kuştepeli, Y. & Gülcan, Y. (2021). Smart specialisation strategies and universities in Türkiye. M.T. Şahin & F. Altuğ (Ed.), Changing dynamics in local and regional development: Theory, policies, and practices (pp. 273-2984). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Antunes, M., Mourato, J. & Serafim, M. (2021). Higher education and technological base incubators aligned with regional development: The case of BioBIP. V International Forum on Management Full Papers (p. 252).
• Arctic Smartness. (2018). Success stories of the Lapland’s smart specialisation. https://arcticsmartness.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AS-tabloid_english_web.pdf
• Atış, A. G. & Kaya, A. A. (2016). Eco-energy and energy efficiency as a factor of regional sustainable development: Country comparisons. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 5(2), 1-20.
• BEST For Energy Project (n.d.). BEST for biomass ideathon. https://www.bestforenergy.org/BESTForBiomass-i-1934
• Biomass Energy Systems and Technologies Application and Research Center (BESTMER) (2022a). Kurumsal iş birlikleri. Retrieved August 22, 2022, from https://bestmer.ege.edu.tr/tr-10616/isbirlikleri.html
• Biomass Energy Systems and Technologies Application and Research Center (BESTMER) (2022b). Projeler. Retrieved August 22, 2022, from https://bestmer.ege.edu.tr/tr-10619/projelerimiz.html
• Chiaramonti, D. (2019). Sustainable aviation fuels: The challenge of decarbonization, Energy Procedia, 158, 1202-1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.308
• Chen, S., Feng, H., Zheng, J., Ye, J., Song, Y., Yang, H. & Zhou, M. (2020). Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of biomass energy technology in China: A brief review. Processes, 8(9), 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091112
• Climate Watch (n.d.). Global historical greenhouse gas emissions. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions
• Ersoy, E. & Ugurlu, A. (2020). The potential of Türkiye's province-based livestock sector to mitigate GHG emissions through biogas production. Journal of Environmental Management, 255, 109858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109858
• Foray, D., David, P. A. & Hall, B. (2009). Smart specialisation: The concept. Knowledge for Growth: Prospects for Science, Technology, and Innovation (pp. 20-24). http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/selected_papers_en.pdf
• International Energy Agency. (2021). Net zero by 2050 - A roadmap for the global energy sector. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050
• International Energy Agency. (2022). Bioenergy. Retrieved January 12, 2023, from https://www.iea.org/reports/bioenergy
• International Renewable Energy Agency. (2020). Global renewables outlook: Energy transformation 2050. https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Apr/Global-Renewables-Outlook-2020
• International Renewable Energy Agency & International Labour Organization. (2021). Renewable energy and jobs – Annual review 2021. https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Oct/Renewable-Energy-and-Jobs-Annual-Review-2021
• International Renewable Energy Agency. (2022a). Bioenergy. Retrieved August 22, 2022, from https://www.irena.org/bioenergy
• International Renewable Energy Agency. (2022b). World energy transitions outlook: 1.5°C pathway. https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Mar/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2022
• International Renewable Energy Agency. (2022c). Bioenergy for the transition: Ensuring sustainability and overcoming barriers. https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Aug/Bioenergy-for-the-Transition.
• İlleez, B. (2022). Biomass energy in Türkiye. Türkiye's energy outlook-2022 (pp. 253-276). UCTEA Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, Publication No: MMO/731.
• İzmir Development Agency. (2012). İzmir regional innovation strategy. https://izka.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/pdf/03_Izmir_Bolgesel_Yenilik_Stratejisi.pdf
• İzmir Development Agency. (2013). İzmir regional plan 2014-2023. https://izka.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/pdf/03_Izmir_Bolgesel_Yenilik_Stratejisi.pdf
• İzmir Development Agency. (n.d.). Projects map. Retrieved August 26, 2022, from https://projeharitasi.izka.org.tr
• İzmir Water and Sewerage Administration (İZSU). (n.d.). Çiğli wastewater treatment plant. Retrieved August 26, 2022, from https://www.izsu.gov.tr/tr/TesisDetay/1/80/1
• İzmir Metropolitan Municipality. (2022). Solid waste management and disposal facilities. Retrieved August 27, 2022, from https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Projeler/yeni-kati-atik-degerlendirme-ve-bertaraf-tesisleri-kuruluyor/1317/4
• Karaosmanoğlu, F., Ar, F.F., Tolay, M. & Ateş, A. (2014). Machinery and Equipment for Biomass-Based Electricity Generation. Keskin, T., Türkyılmaz, O., Kayadelen, M., & Batur. E. (Ed.) Domestic Production of Energy Equipment Situation Assessment and Recommendations (pp. 49-52). UCTEA Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, Publication No: MMO/621.
• Khartukov, E. M., & Starostina, E. E. (2022). Brazil’s Green Energy: Today and Tomorrow. Zavyalova, E.B., Popkova, E.G. (Ed.), Industry 4.0 (s. 149-162). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79496-5_13
• Koçar, G., Eryaşar, A., Arıcı, Ş. & Özdingiş, A.G.B. (2021). Biogas and organic fertilizer production potential in İzmir. İzmir Development Agency. https://izka.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/biyogaz_raporu_v5.pdf
• Koçar, G., Eryaşar, A., Ersöz, Ö., Arıcı, Ş. & Bayrakcı, A. G. (2013). Sectoral Approach to Biomass Energy: İzmir Case. Engineer and Machinery, 54(639), 78-85.
• Koçar, G., Güneş, M., Eryaşar, A., Çetin, N.S., Çeliktas, M.S., Bayrakcı, A.G., Çubukçu, M., Ersöz, Ö., Arıcı, Ş., Salmanoğlu, F., Çelebi, B.H., Perinçek, O., Elibol, H.A., Neptün, E.A., Seven, G. & Ünalan, S. (2012). İzmir Province Renewable Energy Sector Analysis. İzmir Special Provincial Administration and Ege University.
• Koçer, N.N. & Durmuş, B. (2019). Determination of Biodiesel Potential and Glycerol Amount Obtained from Waste Oils. Batman University Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 69-80.
• Kumral, N. & Güçlü, M. (2015). Guide for Preparing a Regional Research and Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialisation. Working Paper, (15/01).
• Kuştepeli, Y., Akgüngör, S. & Gülcan, Y. (2021). Smart Specialisation Strategies, Pandemic Process and Development Agencies. Agencies, Erzincan University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 14(20) [Special Issue], 1-12. https://doi.org/10.46790/erzisosbil.959025
• Kutgi, D. & Maden, S.I. (2018). A New Approach On Regional Innovation Systems: Smart Specialisation and its Theoric Bases. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, (55), 142-156.
• Leydesdorff, L. (2012). The triple helix, quadruple helix,…, and an N-tuple of helices: Explanatory models for analyzing the knowledge-based economy?. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 3(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-011-0049-4
• Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change of Türkiye. (2020). İzmir province integrated solid waste management plan. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/izmir/menu/izmir-ili-sifir-atik-yonetim-sistemi-plani_20201027051858.pdf
• Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Türkiye (MoENR). (2019). Strategic plan for 2019-2023. https://enerji.gov.tr/bm-kurum-politikalarimiz
• Morales, D. (2020). Regional bio economies in Catalonia and Finnish Lapland. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1615205/FULLTEXT01.pdf,
• Nauwelaers, C., Seigneur, I. & Gomez Prieto, J. (2018). Good Practices for Smart Specialisation in Energy: S3 Working paper Series No. 16/2018, EUR 29313 EN. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/344826
• OECD. (2013). Innovation-driven growth in regions: The role of smart specialisation. https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/smart-specialisation.pdf
• Ortega-Argiles, R. (2019). What is Smart Specialisation?. City Region Economic and Development Institute (City-REDI) Blog. https://blog.bham.ac.uk/cityredi/what-is-smart-specialisation
• Özcan M., Öztürk S. & Oğuz Y. (2014). Potential Evaluation of Biomass-Based Energy Sources for Türkiye. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 18(2), 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2014.10.003
• Presidency of Türkiye, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2018). The report of the domestic production working group in energy technologies of the eleventh development plan (2019-2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/EnerjiTeknolojilerindeYerliUretimCalismaGrubuRaporu.pdf
• Presidency of Türkiye, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2019). Eleventh development plan (2019-2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
• Ritchie, H. (2020, 18 September). Sector by Sector: Where Do Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Come From?. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-by-sector
• Rogers, J. N., Stokes, B., Dunn, J., Cai, H., Wu, M., Haq, Z. & Baumes, H. (2016). An assessment of the potential products and economic and environmental impacts resulting from a billion-ton bioeconomy. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 11(1), 110-128. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1728
• Roman, M. & Nyberg, T. (2017). Smart Specialisation Strategy Development in the Finnish Regions: Creating Conditions for Entrepreneurial Discovery. K. Panayiotis, & S. Adrian (Ed.), 10th International Conference for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development ICEIRD 2017 – Conference Proceedings (pp. 363-370)
• Smart Specialisation Platform. (n.d.a.) About the S3 platform. Retrieved August 21, 2022, from https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu.
• Smart Specialisation Platform. (n.d.b.) S3 thematic platforms. Retrieved August 21, 2022, from https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/s3-thematic-platforms
• S3PEnergy. (n.d.). Energy and the smart specialisation platform on energy (S3PEnergy). Retrieved August 21, 2022, from https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/s3penergy
• Stanojev, J. & Gustafsson, C. (2021). Smart specialisation strategies for elevating integration of cultural heritage into circular economy. Sustainability, 13(7), 3685. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073685
• Şahin, M.T. & Ertürk, M. (2021). Smart Specialisation Strategy for Smart Regional Development, Measurement, and an Evaluation on Development Agencies. M.T. Şahin & F. Altuğ (Ed.) Changing Dynamics in Local and Regional Development: Theory, Policies and Practices (pp. 205-233). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Toklu, E. (2017). Biomass energy potential and utilization in Türkiye. Renewable Energy, 107, 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.02.008
• Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). (2021). Türkiye gross domestic product by province, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2022, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Il-Bazinda-Gayrisafi-Yurt-Ici-Hasila-2020-37188
• Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). (2022a). Türkiye greenhouse gas emission statistics, 1990-2020. Retrieved January 12, 2023, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sera-Gazi-Emisyon-Istatistikleri-1990-2020-45862
• Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). (2022b). Türkiye address based population registration system results, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2022, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=37210
• Tüpraş. (2022, 1 June) Tüpraş will produce Türkiye's first sustainable aviation fuel. https://www.tupras.com.tr/basin-bultenleri?detay=basin-bulteni-01072022
• Türkiye Biomass Energy Potential Atlas (BEPA). (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2022, from https://bepa.enerji.gov.tr
• Türkiye Economic Policy Research Foundation (TEPAV). (2016). Current situation and opportunities in energy machinery-equipment foreign trade. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1509522079-2.Enerji_Makine_Ekipman_Dis_Ticareti_Mevcut_Durum_ve_Firsatlar.pdf
• United Nations (UN) (n.d.). The 17 goals - sustainable development goals.https://sdgs.un.org
• World Economic Forum. (2022). Global risks report 2022. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2022