An Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Publications in the Architecture Field about 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 1845 - 1865, 15.07.2025

Elvan Kumtepe , Pelin Akın , İdil Ayçam

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1468741

Öz

The earthquake on February 6, 2023, centered in Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan, caused significant loss of life and property in Kahramanmaraş and surrounding provinces. After this earthquake, which had a comprehensive impact, the articles published after the earthquake were analyzed, and focal points in the field of architecture were determined through research trends and content analysis of the articles. In this context, 50 articles in the literature were accessed from Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Dergipark databases with the time limitation of "February 2023-March 2024" and the keywords "Kahramanmaraş earthquake and buildings," "6 February 2023", "architecture," "heritage," "damage assessment". In the next stage, the focal points of the articles were revealed by performing quantitative word analysis in VOSviewer with the keywords obtained from the articles. Subsequently, the studies were categorized using text analysis in MAXQDA based on earthquake stage, building scale, building function, building structure, building components, and building materials. As a result, according to the quantitative analysis results, the majority of the articles were published between February and April 2023. According to the word analysis, the articles examined focused on "building damage assessment," "earthquake," "damage," "seismic hazard," "masonry structure," and "reinforced concrete." According to the results of the qualitative analysis, 94,2% of the articles focused on the post-disaster. The focussed scale was the structure scale, with 37,5%. Regarding function, 59,6% focussed on all building stock without discriminating against the building function. According to the building structure, reinforced concrete structures were focused at 49,2%. The wall component was analyzed with 35,4% in the building component category. Finally, according to the building material, concrete was the focus of the articles, with 41,2%. It is thought that the results obtained within the scope of the article will contribute to architecture and closely related fields for future research as a priority research topic

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kahramanmaras , Earthquake , Bibliometric Analysis , Buildings , VOSviewer , MAXQDA

Mimarlık Alanında 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremi’nin Nicel ve Nitel Yayın Analizi

Öz

6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan merkezli meydana gelen deprem Kahramanmaraş’ta ve çevre illerde büyük can ve mal kaybına sebep olmuştur. Kapsamlı etkisi olan bu deprem sonrasında çalışmada deprem sonrası yapılan yayınlar analiz edilerek çalışma trendleri ve çalışmaların içerik analizi ile mimarlık alanına dair odak noktaları tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Dergipark veritabanlarından “Şubat 2023-Mart 2024’’ zaman kısıtlamasıyla ve “Kahramanmaraş earthquake and buildings’’, “6 Şubat 2023’’, “architecture’’, “heritage’’, “damage assessment’’ anahtar kelimeleri kombinasyonları ile literatürde 50 makaleye ulaşılmıştır. Sonraki aşamada makalelerden elde edilen anahtar kelimeler ile VOSviewer’da nicel kelime analizi yapılarak çalışmaların odak noktaları ortaya konmuştur. Sonrasında MAXQDA programında çalışmalar içerik analizi yapılarak deprem aşaması, bina ölçeği, bina işlevi, bina strüktürü, bina elemanları ve bina malzemelerine göre gruplandırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak nicel analiz sonuçlarına göre, ele alınan çalışmaların çoğunluğu 2023 yılı Şubat-Nisan ayları arasında yayınlanmıştır. Kelime analizine göre ise incelenen çalışmalar “building damage assessment’’, “earthquake’’, “damage’’, ‘’seismic hazard’’, “masonary structure’’, “reinforced concrete’’ konularına yoğunlaşmıştır. Yapılan nitel analiz sonuçlarına göre ise çalışmaların %94,2’si deprem sonrasına odaklanmıştır. Odaklanılan ölçek ise %37,5 ile strüktür ölçeği olmuştur. Fonksiyon olarak %59,6 ile kullanım amacı ayırt etmeden tüm yapı stokuna odaklanmıştır. Bina strüktürüne göre %49,2 ile betonarme yapılar üzerinde durulmuştur. Bina elemanı kategorisinde %35.4 ile duvar elemanı incelenmiştir. Son olarak bina malzemesine göre %41,2 ile beton çalışmaların odak noktası olmuştur. Makale kapsamında ortaya çıkan sonuçların öncelikli araştırma konusu olarak ileriki süreçlerde yapılacak çalışmalar için mimarlık ve yakın ilişkideki alanlara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kahramanmaraş , Deprem , Bibliyometrik Analiz , Binalar , VOSviewer , MAXQDA

Kaynakça

• Altunisik, A. C., Arslan, M. E., Kâhya, V., Aslan, B., Sezdirmez, T., Dok, G., ... & Sunca, F. (2023). Field Observations and Damage Evaluation in Reinforced Concrete Buildings After the February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmaras-Turkiye Earthquakes. Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, vol. 17, no. 06.
• Altunsu, E., Güneş, O., Öztürk, S., Sorosh, S., Sarı, A., & Beeson, S. T. (2024). Investigating the structural damage in Hatay province after Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquake sequences. Engineering Failure Analysis, 157, 107857.
• Arkan, E., Işık, E., Avcıl, F., İzol, R., & Büyüksaraç, A. (2023). Seismic Damages in Masonry Structural Walls and Solution Suggestions. Academic Platform Journal of Natural Hazards and Disaster Management, 4(2), 49-64.
• Arslan, M. H., Dere, Y., Ecemis, A. S., Dogan, G., Ozturk, M., & Korkmaz, S. Z. (2024). Code-based damage assessment of existing precast industrial buildings following the February 6th, 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Pazarcık Mw 7.7 and Elbistan Mw7. 6). Journal of Building Engineering, 108811.
• Atmaca, B., Arslan, M., Emiroğlu, M., Altunışık, A., Adanur, S., Demir, A., ... & Akgül, T. (2023). On the earthquake-related damages of civil engineering structures within the areas impacted by Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics (Online), vol. 6, no. 2.
• Avcı F. (2023). Investigation of Precast Reinforced Concrete Structures during the 6 February 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes. Sustainability. vol. 15, no. 20, 14846. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014846.
• Azak, E.T., & Ay, B. Ö. (2023). 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinin Etkilediği İllerdeki Bina Stokunun Özellikleri. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, vol. 47, no. 1, 47-66. https://doi.org/10.24232/jmd.1294425.
• Baser, T., Nawaz, K., Chung, A. et al. (2023). Ground movement patterns and shallow foundation performance in Iskenderun coastline during the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib, vol. 22, pp. 867–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-023-2205-9.
• Binici, B., Yakut, A., Kadas, K. et al. (2023). Performance of RC buildings after Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes: lessons toward performance based design, Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. No. 22, 883–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-023-2206-8.
• Büyük, H.F. (2023). Turkey: Earthquakes Have Cost Economy $103.6 Billion, Balkan Insight News. https:// balkaninsight.com/2023/03/17/turkey-earthquakes-have-cost-economy-103-6-billion Accessed on 5 April 2023.
• Celep, Z., Erken, A., Taskin, B., & Ilki, A. (2011). Failures of masonry and concrete buildings during the March 8, 2010 Kovancılar and Palu (Elazığ) earthquakes in Turkey. Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 18, no. 3,pp. 868-889.
• Coşgun, S. I. (2023). Seismic evaluation of historical Pertev Pasha Mansion under February 6 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık) Earthquake (Mw 7.7). Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics. vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 468-481. DOI 10.31462/jseam.2023.05468481.
• Coza, H. (2023). Dolgu Duvarlı Çerçevelerde Sıvanın Deprem Davranışına Katkısı. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 327-356. https://doi.org/10.26835/my.1200840.
• Ersoy, S. (2024). Evaluation of seismic behavior of the cultural heritage buildings in an ancient district of Antakya after the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6). J Build Rehabil 9, 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-024-00392-9.
• Felice, G. De., Santis, S. De., Lourenço, P.B., & Mendes, N. (2017). Methods and challenges for the seismic assessment of historic masonry structures, Int. J. Archit. Heritage, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 143–160.
• Gökçeoğlu, C. (2023). 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş – Türkiye Earthquakes: A General Overvıew, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-M-1-2023, pp. 417–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-1-2023-417-2023.
• Güneş, G. Ş., Güneş, T., & Güneş, S. (2023). The Impact Of 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes On Real Estate Related Sectors: An Event Study Analysıs. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 28, pp. 789-811.
• Işık, E., Avcıl, F., Arkan, E. & İzol, R. (2023). Investigation of the Damages Due to Heavy Earthen Roofs on Masonry Buildings during the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 45-54. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1334646.
• Işık, E., Avcil, F., Büyüksaraç, A., İzol, R., Arslan, M. H., Aksoylu, C., ... & Ulutaş, H. (2023). Structural damages in masonry buildings in Adıyaman during the Kahramanmaraş (Turkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023. Engineering Failure Analysis, no. 151, 107405.
• Işık, E. (2023). "Structural Failures of Adobe Buildings during the February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes", Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 15: 8937. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158937.
• Işık, E., Avcil, F., Arkan, E., Büyüksaraç, A., İzol, R., & Topalan, M. (2023). Structural damage evaluation of mosques and minarets in Adıyaman due to the 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Engineering Failure Analysis,no. 151, 107345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107345.
• Işık, E., Ademović, N., Harirchian, E., Avcil, F., Büyüksaraç, A., Hadzima-Nyarko, M., ... & Antep, B. (2023). Determination of natural fundamental period of minarets by using artificial neural network and assess the impact of different materials on their seismic vulnerability. Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2,pp. 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020809.
• Ivanov, M. L., & Chow, W. K. (2023). Structural damage observed in reinforced concrete buildings in Adiyaman during the 2023 Turkiye Kahramanmaras Earthquakes. In Structures, vol. 58, pp. 105578. Elsevier.
• İnce, O. (2024). Structural damage assessment of reinforced concrete buildings in Adıyaman after Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes on 6 February 2023. Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 156, 107799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107799.
• Kâhya, V., Genç, A. F., Sunca, F., Roudane, B., Altunişik, A. C., Yilmaz, S., ... & Akgül, T. (2024). Evaluation of earthquake-related damages on masonry structures due to the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquakes: A case study for Hatay Governorship Building. Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 156, 107855.
• Karakale, V., Özgür, E., & Ataoğlu, Ş. (2023). “Site Observations on Buildings’ Performance in Hatay Province after Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes”, El-Cezeri, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 506–516. doi: 10.31202/ecjse.1253284.
• Karataş, L., & Dal, M. (2023). A Graphical Ontology-Based Method for Rapid Damage Assessment of Stone Cultural Heritage Structures After an Earthquake: A Case Study of Mor Petrus and Mor Paulus Church, Adıyaman/Türkiye. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, vol. 8(Special Issue),pp. 222-240. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1310031.
• Keshmiry, A., Hassani, S., Dackermann, U., & Li, J. (2024). Assessment, repair, and retrofitting of masonry structures: A comprehensive review. Construction and Building Materials. 442, 137380.
• Kırıcı, S., & Soyluk, A. (2024). 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinde Meydana Gelen Yapı Hasar Türleri ve Yapı Yıkım Çeşitlerinin Saha Analizlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, vol. 9(Special Issue),pp. 327-352. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1318488.
• Kocaman, İ. (2023). The effect of the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on historical masonry mosques and minarets. Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 149, 107225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107225.
• Koçak, A. B., Soyluk, A., & Ayçam, İ. (2024). The Environmental Impact of Reusing Post-Earthquake Demolition Waste: İskenderun Case Study. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 37, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1363134.
• Kutlu, I., & Soyluk, A. (2024). A comparative approach to using photogrammetry in the structural analysis of historical buildings. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, 102298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102298.
• Mercimek, Ö. (2023). Seismic failure modes of masonry structures exposed to Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and 7.6) on February 6, 2023. Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 151, 107422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107422.
• Mertol, H.C.; Tunç, G.; Akış, T.; Kantekin, Y.; Aydın, İ.C. (2023). Investigation of RC Buildings after 6 February 2023, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye Earthquakes. Buildings, vol. 13, 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071789.
• Naji, D. M., Akin, M. K., & Cabalar, A. F. (2021). Evaluation of seismic site classification for Kahramanmaras City, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 80,no. 3,pp. 97.
• Nasery, M. M. (2023). Investigating of the Reasons for the Collapse on the Entrance Arches of the Harran Grand Mosque (Ulu Cami) During the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw, Civil Engineering Beyond Limits, vol. 3, no. 1876.
• Olğun, T. N., & Karatosun, M. (2023). Kerpiç Yapılarda Koruma Sorunu Olarak Deprem Etkileri. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 1,pp. 15-27. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1269587.
• Olğun, T. N. (2023). Conservatıon Of Collectıve Memory And Archıtectural Herıtage Under The Impact Of Earthquake: The Case Of Malatya New Mosque. Social Science Development Journal, vol. 8, no. 39, pp. 339-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.981.
• Ozturk, M., Arslan, M. H., & Korkmaz, H. H. (2023). Effect on RC buildings of 6 February 2023 Turkey earthquake doublets and new doctrines for seismic design. Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 153, 107521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107521.
• Papazafeiropoulos, G., & Plevris, V. (2023). Kahramanmaraş—Gaziantep, Türkiye Mw 7.8 Earthquake on 6 February 2023: Strong ground motion and building response estimations. Buildings, vol. 13, no. 5, 1194.
• Peker, O., & Altan, M. F. (2024). The effect of errors in structural system design on the structure damaged in 2023 Turkey earthquakes: A case study. Engineering Failure Analysis, 157, 107923.
• Qu, Z., Wang, F., Chen, X., Wang, X., & Zhou, Z. (2023). Rapid report of seismic damage to hospitals in the 2023 Turkey earthquake sequences. Earthquake Research Advances, vol. 3, no. 4, 100234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqrea.2023.100234.
• Sağbaş, G., Sheikhi Garjan, R., Sarikaya, K. et al. (2024). Field reconnaissance on seismic performance and functionality of Turkish industrial facilities affected by the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence. Bull Earthquake Eng, vol. 22, pp. 227–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01741-8.
• Sevim, B., Ayvaz, Y., Akbulut, S., Aydıner, M., Uzun, S., & Ari, A. (2024). Seismic Performance and Damage Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Structures Based on Field Investigation Made After February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes. Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, vol. 18, no. 1. DOI: 10.1142/s179343112350032x.
• Sezen, H., & Whittaker, A. S. (2006). Seismic performance of industrial facilities affected by the 1999 Turkey earthquake. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 28-36.
• Soyluk, A., & Köse, Z. (2024). Tarihi Alanlarda Afet Riski Azaltma Planları ve 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri: Kurtuluş Caddesi Örneği. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, vol. 9(Special Issue), pp. 64-83. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1318866.
• Temelli, U. E., Sezgin, N., & Özdoğan Cumalı, B. (2023). Afet Zamanlarında İnşaat Yıkıntı Atıklarının Belirlenmesi ve Atıkların Değerlendirilmesi: Kahramanmaraş Depremi Örneği. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 8(2), 218-224. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1286631.
• Thippa, P. K., Tripathi, R. K., & Bhat, G. (2023). A case study on performance of structures during Turkey-Syria multiple earthquakes occurred on February 6, 2023. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1280, no. 1, p. 012023, IOP Publishing.
• Tonyalı, Z., Alemdağ, E. L., & Kibar, G. T. (2024). Evaluation of Seismic Response of the Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Multi-Storey Residential Building Under the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications,vol. 9(Special Issue),pp. 41-63.
• Vuran, E., Serhatoğlu, C., Timurağaoğlu, M. et al. (2024). Damage observations of RC buildings from 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence and discussion on the seismic code regulations. Bull Earthquake Eng https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01843-3.
• Yıldız, Ö., & Kına, C. (2023). “Geotechnical and Structural Investigations in Malatya Province after Kahramanmaraş Earthquake on February 6, 2023”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 686–703. https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1282555.
• Wang, T., Chen, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, X., Lin, X., Wang, X., & Shang, Q. (2023). Preliminary investigation of building damage in Hatay under February 6, 2023 Turkey earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 853-866.
• Valente, M. (2023). Earthquake response and damage patterns assessment of two historical masonry churches with bell tower. Engineering failure analysis, 151, 107418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107418.
• Vapur, İ., Kara, İ. F., & Akın, E. (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay depremlerinin Antakya ve Samandağ ilçelerindeki yapısal etkileri ve çözüm önerileri, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1260-1270. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1293147.
• Zengin, B., & Aydin, F. (2023). The Effect of Material Quality on Buildings Moderately and Heavily Damaged by the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes, Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 19, 10668.