Samsun, Türkiye'de Kıyı Değişimlerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 1003 - 1016, 15.06.2023

Nükhet Konuk , Osman Nuri Ergun

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1115909

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Samsun il merkezinde, kıyısal alanda yıllar içinde dolgu yapılarak meydana gelen değişimleri hesaplamak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma alanına ait mevcut hava fotoğrafları ve ortofoto ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. 1935 yılından itibaren yaklaşık periyodik aralıklı hava fotoğrafları ve 2012 tarihli ortofoto kullanılarak ArcGIS 10 programının ArcMap modülü ile çalışılmıştır. Samsun ilinde kıyısal bölgede dolgu alanı miktarı, 1935-1972 yılları arasında 852.286 m2, 1972-2006 yılları arasında 1.478.218 m2, 1935-2006 yılları arasında 2.330.504 m2 ve 2006-2012 yılları arasında 238.316 m2 olarak belirlenmiştir. İlde 1935 yılından 2012 yılına kadar yapılan dolgu miktarı toplamda 2.568.820 m2 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Samsun il merkezinde kıyı bölgesinde dolgu yapılarak oldukça önemli miktarda değişimler olduğu görülmüştür. Kıyı alanlarındaki değişimler karadan denize veya denizden karaya meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan yöntem ile sadece kıyı alanlarında kazanılan alan değil, kıyı alanlarında kaybedilen alan değişimleri de hesaplanabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kıyı, Kıyı Alanı, Kıyı Şeridi, Kıyı Yönetimi, Dolgu Alanı

Monitoring the Coastal Changes in Samsun, Turkey

Öz

In this study, it is aimed to calculate the changes in the coastal area in Samsun city center by filling in the years. Existing aerial photographs and orthophotos of the study area were examined in detail. It has been studied using the ArcMap module of ArcGIS 10 software, using approximately periodic aerial photographs of 1935 and orthophotos of 2012. The amount of filling area in the coastal region of Samsun province was determined as 852.286 m2 between 1935-1972, 1.478.218 m2 between 1972-2006, 2.330.504 m2 between 1935-2006 and 238.316 m2 between 2006-2012. The amount of filling made in the province from 1935 to 2012 was calculated as 2,568,820 m2 in total. As a result, it has been observed that there are significant changes by filling the coastal area in Samsun city center. Changes in coastal areas occur from land to sea or from sea to land. With the method used in this study, not only the area gained in coastal areas, but also the changes in area lost in coastal areas can be calculated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Coast, Coastal Area, Coastal Line, Coastal Management, Filled Area

Kaynakça

• Alesheikh, A., Ghorbanali, A., Nouri, N., (2007). Coastline change detection using remote sensing. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4 (1): 61-66.
• Alvarez, A., Garau, B., Ruiz, S. and Tintoré, J., (2009). Rapid environmental assessment of marine coastal areas for naval operations using sequential space filling designs. Journal of Marine Systems , 78, 433-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.01.041
• Anderson, S., Jordan, J. and Freeburg, A., (2020). Human settlement and Mid-Late Holocene coastal environmental change at Cape Krusenstern, Northwest Alaska. Quaternary International, 549,.84-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.028
• Antunes do Carmo, J.S., (2019). The changing paradigm of coastal management: The Portuguese case. Science of the Total Environment, 695, 133807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133807
• Bao, J. and Gao, S., (2016). Traditional coastal management practices and land use changes during the 16–20th centuries, Jiangsu Province, China. Ocean & Coastal Management, 124, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.02.006
• Bao, J., Gao S. and Ge, J. (2019). Centralization and decentralization: Coastal management pattern changes since the late 19th century, Jiangsu Province, China. Marine Policy, 109, 103705. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103705
• Cantasano, N., Pellicone, G. and Ietto, F. (2020). The Coastal Sustainability Standard method: A case study in Calabria (Southern Italy). Ocean and Coastal Management, 183, 104962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104962
• Chang, Y., Chu K. and Chuang, L.Z.H., (2018). Sustainable coastal zone planning based on historical coastline changes: A model from case study in Tainan, Taiwan. Landscape and Urban
• de Miranda Grilli, M., Xavier, L.Y., Jacobi, P.R. and Turra, A., (2019). Integrated science for coastal management: Discussion on a local empirical basis. Ocean and Coastal Management, 167, 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.10.009
• de Oliveira, J.F., Barboza, E.G., Martins, E.M. and Scarelli, F.M.,(2019). Geomorphological and stratigraphic analysis applied to coastal management. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 96, pp.102358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102358
• Doğan, E. Burak, Akkaya, A. (2005). Türkiye Kıyıları. Beta Basım A.Ş:Kırklareli
• Devillers, B., Bony, G., Degeai, J.-P., Gasco, J., Lachenal, T., Bruneton, H., Yung, F., Oueslati, H. and Thierry, A. (2019). Holocene coastal environmental changes and human occupation of the lower Herault River, southern France. Quaternary Science Reviews, 222, 105912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105912
• Fidan, A., (2016). Kıyı Dolgu Uygulamaları Üzerine Hukuksal Yaklaşımlar ve Kıyı Korumaya İlişkin Çevresel Önlemler. Kent Akademisi, Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Hakemli Elektronik Dergi, 9 (1), 9-18.
• Kankara, R.S., Selvan, S.C., Markose, V.J., Rajan, B. and Arockiaraj, S. (2015). Estimation of Long and Short Term Shoreline Changes Along Andhra Pradesh Coast Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Procedia Engineering, 116, 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.374
• Kerguillec, R., Audère, M., Baltzer, A., Debaine, F., Fattal, P. et al. (2019). Monitoring and management of coastal hazards: Creation of a regional observatory of coastal erosion and storm surges in the pays de la
• Loire region (Atlantic coast, France). Ocean and Coastal Management, 181, 104904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104904
• Khamis, Z.A., Kalliola, R. and Kayhkö, N., (2017). Geographical characterization of the Zanzibar coastal zone and its management perspectives. Ocean & Coastal Management, 149, 116-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.10.003
• Klimasauskaite, A. and Tal, A. (2020). Faces of power in Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Case studies of Eilat and Aqaba. Ocean and Coastal Management, 185, 105031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105031
• Lins-de-Barros, F. M., (2017). Integrated coastal vulnerability assessment: A methodology for coastal cities management integrating socioeconomic, physical and environmental dimensions - Case study of Região
• dos Lagos, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, Ocean & Coastal Management, 149, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.09.007
• Manrique, P.P., Barragan, J.M. and Sanabria, J.G., (2018). Progress on coastal management in Ecuador. Environmental Science and Policy, 90, 135–147. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.09.016
• Marques, J.C., (2019). Coastal systems in transition: The game of possibilities for sustainability under global climate change. Ecological Indicators , 100, 11–19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.055
• McFadden, L., (2007). Governing Coastal Spaces: The Case of Disappearing Science in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Coastal Management, 35, 429-443. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750701525768
• Munoz, J.M.B., (2020). Progress of coastal management in Latin America and the Caribbean. Ocean and Coastal Management, 184, 105009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105009
• Neumann, B., Ott, K. and Kenchington, R. (2017). Strong sustainability in coastal areas: a conceptual interpretation of SDG 14. Sustainability Science, 12, 1019-1035. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0472-y
• Özügül, M.D., Yerliyurt, B. and Seçilmişler, T., (2017). Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Practices in the Turkish Case. Materials Science and Engineering, 245, 62032. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/6/062032
• Pillet, V., Duvat, V. K. E., Krien, Y., Cécé, R., Arnaud, G. and Pignon-Mussaud, C., (2019). Assessing the impacts of shoreline hardening on beach response to hurricanes: Saint-Barthélemy, Lesser Antilles. Ocean and Coastal Management, 174, 71–91. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.03.021
• Ramsey, V., Cooper , J.A.G. and Yates, K.L., (2015). Integrated Coastal Zone Management and its potential application to Antigua and Barbuda. Ocean & Coastal Management, 118, 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.04.017
• Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change General Directorate of Spatial Planning. (2010). Samsun Bütünleşik Kıyı Alanları Yönetim Ve Planlama Projesi Mekansal Strateji Planı, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı Mekansal Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü. file:///C:/Users/ASUS1/AppData/Local/Temp/Rar$DIa0.788/samsun_BKAYPPMSP.pdf Samsun Province Map, 2022. http://cografyaharita.com/haritalarim/4l_samsun_ili_haritasi.png (access date: 10 February 2022)
• Thieler, E.R., Himmelstoss, E.A., Zichichi, J.L. and Ergul, A. (2009). The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) Version 4.0 - An ArcGIS extension for calculating shoreline change. U.S. Geological Survey Publication.
• Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081278
• TUIK ( Turkish Statistical Institute) ( 2019). Population Data. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Nufus-ve-Demografi-109.
• Vespasiano, G., Cianflone, G., Romanazzi, A., Apollaro, C., Dominici, R., et al. (2019). A multidisciplinary approach for sustainable management of a complex coastal plain: The case of Sibari Plain (Southern Italy). Marine and Petroleum Geology, 109, 740-759. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.06.031
• Winarso, G., Budhiman, S., (2001). The potential application of remote sensing data for coastal study, Proceeding of Asian Conference of Remote Sensing (ACRS), Singapore.
• Yasir, M., Sheng, H., Fan, H., Nazir, S., (2020). Automatic coastline extraction and changes analysis using remote sensing and gıs technology. IEEE Access, 8, 180156-180170. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3027881.