Comparison of Financing Sources Used in Urban Public Transportation in Ankara with World Examples: A Proposed Model for Ankara City

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 2028 - 2052, 15.09.2023

Sevilay Bostancı , Yesim Aliefendioglu

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1287655

Öz

Examining the sources of finance used in public transport is important given that public transport enables passengers, and vulnerable groups of passengers to reach schools, public health facilities, and their jobs. On the other hand, public transport is a financial burden on the budgets of public institutions. Investigating additional sources of financing or new sources of finance is imperative at this point.

The study focuses on the financing of public transportation and compares Ankara Province with countries and cities outside of the country. The financing sources of public transportation overseas have been analyzed by looking at both traditional and non-traditional financing models. The study aims to propose a model by evaluating which ones of the financing resources of public transportation in the sampled countries and cities overseas can be applied to Ankara. The main idea of the methodology is to utilize resources derived from the provision of public services.

In this study, the financing of public transportation in London, New York, Vancouver, Hong Kong, Singapore, Germany, the United States of America (USA), European Union (Eu) have examined and compared with Ankara Province. In the study, a literature review has conducted and data on public transportation in Ankara have obtained from the General Directorate of EGO (Ankara Public Transportation Authority). Qualitative data collection methods such as interviews and document analysis have been deployed.

Sources used overseas to finance public transportation include domestic and external borrowing in municipalities, municipal revenues, federal or state budget revenues, private sector investments, partly PPP models, municipal or central government subsidies, ticket revenues, advertising, value purchase taxes, taxes levied on employers, traffic fines, the budget of national development agencies, central government revenues, congestion charge on private vehicles, property taxes, financing from the increase in land values resulting from the construction of public transportation system, bonds of institutions.

In Türkiye, public transportation is financed by using sources such as part of the taxes collected by municipalities, foreign and domestic loans, ticket revenues, PPP models, private sector investments, and revenues of municipalities and affiliated administrations. It may be possible to apply some of these models used abroad in Türkiye, but legal conditions need to be established.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Public Transportation, Financing, Transportation Service, Ankara, Sources of Financing in Public Transportation

Ankara’da Kent İçi Toplu Ulaşımda Kullanılan Finansman Kaynaklarının Dünya Örnekleri İle Karşılaştırılması; Ankara İçin Model Önerisi

Öz

Toplu ulaşımda kullanılan finansman kaynaklarının incelenmesi toplu ulaşımla yolcuların ve hassas yolcu gruplarının okullara, kamu sağlık kuruluşlarına ve işyerlerine ulaşımını sağladığı düşünüldüğünde önemli görülmektedir. Öte yandan, toplu ulaşım kamu kurumlarının bütçeleri üzerinde mali bir yük oluşturmaktadır. Ek finansman kaynakları veya yeni finansman kaynaklarının araştırılması bu noktada önemlidir.

Çalışmada, toplu ulaşım sistemlerinin finansmanı ele alınarak, Ankara İli ile yurtdışında örnek olarak alınan ülke ve şehirler karşılaştırılmıştır. Yurt dışında hem geleneksel hem de geleneksel olmayan finansman yöntemleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, yurt dışındaki örnek olarak incelenen ülke ve şehirlerdeki toplu ulaşımın finansman kaynaklarından hangilerinin Ankara için uygulanabileceğini değerlendirerek bir model önerisinde bulunmaktır. Metodolojinin ana fikri, kamu hizmetlerinin sağlanmasından elde edilen kaynakların toplu ulaşımda kullanılmasıdır.

Çalışmada Londra, New York, Vancouver, Hong Kong, Singapur, Almanya, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Avrupa Birliğine (AB) üye ülkelerden bazıları incelenerek, Ankara İli ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle literatür taraması yapılmış olup Ankara İli toplu ulaşımı ile ilgili veriler EGO Genel Müdürlüğü’nden (EGO) alınmıştır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak niteliksel araştırma kullanılarak, görüşme ve doküman analizi kullanılmış, nitel veri toplama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır.

Toplu ulaşımın finansmanında yurt dışında kullanılan kaynaklar; belediyelerde iç ve dış borçlanma, belediye gelirleri, federal bütçe veya eyalet bütçe gelirleri, özel sektör yatırımları, KÖİ modelleri, belediyelerin veya merkezi yönetimin sübvansiyonları, bilet gelirleri, reklam gelirleri, değer alım vergileri, çalışan sayısı 9’u aşan işverenlerden alınan vergiler, trafik cezaları, ulusal kalkınma ajanslarının bütçesi, özel araçlardan alınan tıkanıklık ücreti, emlak vergileri, toplu ulaşım sisteminin yapımı ile oluşan arsa değerlerindeki artıştan sağlanan finansman ve tahviller şeklindedir. Türkiye’de ise, toplu ulaşımın finansmanında belediyelerce toplanan vergilerin bir kısmı, dış ve iç krediler, bilet gelirleri, KÖİ modelleri, özel sektör yatırımları, belediye ve bağlı idarelerin gelirleri gibi kaynaklar kullanılmaktadır. Yurt dışında kullanılan söz konusu bazı modelleri Türkiye’de uygulamak için yasal şartların oluşturulması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toplu Ulaşım, Finansman, Ulaşım Hizmeti, Ankara, Toplu Ulaşımda Finansman Kaynakları

Kaynakça

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