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City States that Created the Philosophical Environment and Philosophers who Shaped the City States in China

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 6, 2505 - 2528, 15.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1501956

Öz

The aim of the study is to reveal that city-states gave rise to the philosophical environment, based on the simultaneous emergence of city-states and philosophical thought systems in ancient China, and that city-states were shaped by the hands of philosopher rulers. For this purpose, the role played by China's specific city-states in the emergence of philosophy in Ancient China and how the first philosophers of ancient China shaped the city-states by becoming prime ministers and serving as government and statesmanship were emphasized. There are also clear effects of these philosophers’ ideas in the disappearance of city-states without a trace in later Chinese history. As a method, the works produced by Chinese and Anglo-Saxon writers who form the discipline of urban history have been examined. In addition, in accordance with the claim of the article, ancient texts written by these philosophers have been referred rather than archeology. In the study, the processes that gave birth to city-states in China were examined and the schools of thought that emerged from the struggle between these city-states were touched upon. After briefly mentioning the ideas of some of the philosophers who guided the city-states with the mobilization of the intellectual environment, how the city-states transformed in line with these ideas has been discussed. As a result, the turmoil that came with the political and social changes in China opened the doors of philosophical thought in China; philosophers who held state positions had a first-hand influence on the transformation of city-states in China.

Kaynakça

  • Chang, K. C. (1974). “Urbanism and the King in Ancient China”. World Archeology (Political Systems), 6(1), 1-14.
  • Chang, S. D. (1963). “The Historical Trend of Chinese Urbanization”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 53(2), 109-143.
  • Confucius, (2003). Analects with selections from traditional commentaries, (Trans. Edward Slingerland), Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Duyvendak, J.J. L. (1974). The Book of Lord Shang, San Francisco: Reimpression par Chinese Materials Center.
  • Ebrey, P., Walthall, A. ve Palais, J. (2009). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Eno, R. (2016). Mencius, An Online Teaching Translation. Erişim:13.06.2024, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/items/3b2ff74d-1038-4db6-86aa-715a4d5fbacd/full
  • Giles, H. A. (2012). Chuang Tzu’nun Kitabı (çev.: L. Özşar), Bursa: Biblos Kitabevi.
  • Goodrich, L.C. (1963). A Short History of Chinese People, New York: Harper Torchbook.
  • Guan Zi, (1998). Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China, Volume II, (trans. W. Allyn Rickett), Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Guo, S. ve Guo, B. (2008). China in Search of a Harmonious Society, Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
  • Haiming, W. (2014).Çin Felsefesi: Çin’de Metafizik, Epistemoloji, Siyaset Felsefesi ve Karşılaştırmalı Felsefe, İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Hardy, G. R. (1993). “The Interpretive Function of Shih Chi 14: The Table by Years of the Twelve Feudal Lords”, Journal of the American Oriental Study, 113(1), 14-24.
  • Creel, H. G. (1974), Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hsiao, K. C. (1979). A History of Chinese Political Thought, Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A. D. (Trans. F. W. Mote). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hsu, C. (1965). Ancient China in Transition, An Analysis of Social Mobility, 722-222 B.C., Standford: Standford University Press.
  • Hsu, C. (1999). The Spring and Autumn Period. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. içinde (ed. M. Loewe ve E. L. Shaughnessy), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 545-586.
  • Hutton, E. L. (2014). Xunzi: The Complete Text, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jennings, W. (1891). The Shi King, The Old “Poetry Classic” of The Chinese, A Close Metrical Translation With Annotations, London and New York: George Routledge and Sons.
  • Johnston, I. (2010). The Mozi: A Complete Translation, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
  • Karlgren, B. (1950). The Book of Odes: Chinese Text, Transcription and Translation, Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.
  • Keay, J. (2011). Çin Tarihi, (çev. N. K. Tayanç ve D. Tayanç), İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınevi.
  • Keightley, D. N. (1983). The Late Shang State: When, Where, and What? The Origins of Chinese Civilization içinde (ed.: D. N. Keightley), London: University of California Press, 523-564.
  • Knoblock, J. H. (1982–83), “The Chronology of Xunzi’s Works”, Early China, 8, 29-52.
  • Lao Tzu, (2010). Tao te King (J. Legge’den çev. L. Özşar), Bursa: Biblos.
  • Legge, J. (1872). The Chinese Classics, Vol. V. The Ch’un Ts’ew, with The Tso Chuen. Hongkong: Lane, Crawford & Co.
  • Legge, J. (1879). The Sacred Books of China, The Text of Confucianism, Part I: The Shu King, Shih King, and Hsiao King. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Lewis, M. E. (2000). The City-State in Spring-and-Autumn China. A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures içinde (ed. M. H. Hansen), Copenhagen: The Copenhagen Polis Centre, 359-374.
  • Li, J. (1996). Chinese Civilization in the Making, 1776-221 BC, London: Macmillan Press, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Liao, W.K. (1939). Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu: A Classic of Chinese Legalism, London: Probsthain.
  • Nienhauser, W. H. (1994). The Grand Scribe’s Records Volume I: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China, Bloomington& Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
  • Rawson, J. (1999). Western Zhou Archeology. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. içinde (ed. M. Loewe & E. L. Shaughnessy), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 352-449.
  • Sawyer, D. R. (2009). Kadim Çin’in Askeri Klasikleri, İkinci Cilt (çev. U. U. Bulsun, Z. H. Ateş), İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
  • Sawyer, D. R. (2010). Kadim Çin’in Askeri Klasikleri, İlk Üç Kitap (çev.: U. U. Bulsun, P. Erbayık), İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
  • Steinhardt, N. S. (1990). Chinese Imperial City Planning, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
  • Suzuki, D. T. (2012). Çin Felsefesi Tarihi (çev. A. Aydoğan), İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Wheatley, P. (1971). The Pivot of the Four Quarters, A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Yao, X. (1997). Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Yu-Ning, L. (2018). Shang yang's reforms and state control in China, New York: Routledge.
  • Zhang, Q. (2015). An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture, New York: Springer.

Çin’de Felsefi Ortamı Doğuran Kent Devletleri ve Kent Devletlerini Şekillendiren Filozoflar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 6, 2505 - 2528, 15.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1501956

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı, antik Çin’de kent devletlerinin ve felsefi düşünce sistemlerinin aynı zamanda ortaya çıkmasından hareketle kent devletlerinin felsefi ortamı doğurduğunu, aynı şekilde kent devletlerinin filozof yöneticilerin eliyle şekillendirildiğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla Antik Çin’de felsefenin ortaya çıkmasında Çin’in kendisine özgü kent devletlerinin oynadığı rol ile antik Çin’in ilk filozoflarının, kent devletlerinde aldıkları başbakan, danışmanlık ve devlet adamlığı gibi görevlerle kent devletlerini nasıl şekillendirdiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Kent devletlerinin daha sonraki Çin tarihine iz bırakmadan ortadan kaybolmasında bu filozofların görüşlerinin etkileri de bulunmaktadır. Yöntem olarak kent tarihi disiplinini oluşturan Çinli ve Anglosakson yazarların ürettiği eserler incelenmiştir. Bunun yanında makalenin iddiasına uygun olarak arkeolojiden ziyade düşünürlerin kaleme aldığı antik metinlere başvurulmuştur. Çalışmada Çin’de kent devletlerini doğuran süreçler incelenmiş ve bu kent devletlerinin arasındaki mücadeleden doğan düşünce okullarına değinilmiştir. Düşünce ortamının hareketlenmesiyle kent devletlerine yön veren filozofların bazılarının fikirlerine kısaca değinildikten sonra kent devletlerinin bu fikirler doğrultusunda nasıl dönüşüm geçirdiği ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak Çin’de yaşanan siyasi ve toplumsal değişimlerle birlikte gelen çalkantılar Çin'de felsefi düşüncenin kapılarını açmış; devlet görevi alan filozoflar, Çin'de kent devletlerinin dönüşümünde birinci elden etkili olmuşlardır.

Kaynakça

  • Chang, K. C. (1974). “Urbanism and the King in Ancient China”. World Archeology (Political Systems), 6(1), 1-14.
  • Chang, S. D. (1963). “The Historical Trend of Chinese Urbanization”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 53(2), 109-143.
  • Confucius, (2003). Analects with selections from traditional commentaries, (Trans. Edward Slingerland), Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Duyvendak, J.J. L. (1974). The Book of Lord Shang, San Francisco: Reimpression par Chinese Materials Center.
  • Ebrey, P., Walthall, A. ve Palais, J. (2009). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Eno, R. (2016). Mencius, An Online Teaching Translation. Erişim:13.06.2024, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/items/3b2ff74d-1038-4db6-86aa-715a4d5fbacd/full
  • Giles, H. A. (2012). Chuang Tzu’nun Kitabı (çev.: L. Özşar), Bursa: Biblos Kitabevi.
  • Goodrich, L.C. (1963). A Short History of Chinese People, New York: Harper Torchbook.
  • Guan Zi, (1998). Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China, Volume II, (trans. W. Allyn Rickett), Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Guo, S. ve Guo, B. (2008). China in Search of a Harmonious Society, Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
  • Haiming, W. (2014).Çin Felsefesi: Çin’de Metafizik, Epistemoloji, Siyaset Felsefesi ve Karşılaştırmalı Felsefe, İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Hardy, G. R. (1993). “The Interpretive Function of Shih Chi 14: The Table by Years of the Twelve Feudal Lords”, Journal of the American Oriental Study, 113(1), 14-24.
  • Creel, H. G. (1974), Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hsiao, K. C. (1979). A History of Chinese Political Thought, Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A. D. (Trans. F. W. Mote). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hsu, C. (1965). Ancient China in Transition, An Analysis of Social Mobility, 722-222 B.C., Standford: Standford University Press.
  • Hsu, C. (1999). The Spring and Autumn Period. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. içinde (ed. M. Loewe ve E. L. Shaughnessy), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 545-586.
  • Hutton, E. L. (2014). Xunzi: The Complete Text, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jennings, W. (1891). The Shi King, The Old “Poetry Classic” of The Chinese, A Close Metrical Translation With Annotations, London and New York: George Routledge and Sons.
  • Johnston, I. (2010). The Mozi: A Complete Translation, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
  • Karlgren, B. (1950). The Book of Odes: Chinese Text, Transcription and Translation, Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.
  • Keay, J. (2011). Çin Tarihi, (çev. N. K. Tayanç ve D. Tayanç), İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınevi.
  • Keightley, D. N. (1983). The Late Shang State: When, Where, and What? The Origins of Chinese Civilization içinde (ed.: D. N. Keightley), London: University of California Press, 523-564.
  • Knoblock, J. H. (1982–83), “The Chronology of Xunzi’s Works”, Early China, 8, 29-52.
  • Lao Tzu, (2010). Tao te King (J. Legge’den çev. L. Özşar), Bursa: Biblos.
  • Legge, J. (1872). The Chinese Classics, Vol. V. The Ch’un Ts’ew, with The Tso Chuen. Hongkong: Lane, Crawford & Co.
  • Legge, J. (1879). The Sacred Books of China, The Text of Confucianism, Part I: The Shu King, Shih King, and Hsiao King. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Lewis, M. E. (2000). The City-State in Spring-and-Autumn China. A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures içinde (ed. M. H. Hansen), Copenhagen: The Copenhagen Polis Centre, 359-374.
  • Li, J. (1996). Chinese Civilization in the Making, 1776-221 BC, London: Macmillan Press, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Liao, W.K. (1939). Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu: A Classic of Chinese Legalism, London: Probsthain.
  • Nienhauser, W. H. (1994). The Grand Scribe’s Records Volume I: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China, Bloomington& Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
  • Rawson, J. (1999). Western Zhou Archeology. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. içinde (ed. M. Loewe & E. L. Shaughnessy), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 352-449.
  • Sawyer, D. R. (2009). Kadim Çin’in Askeri Klasikleri, İkinci Cilt (çev. U. U. Bulsun, Z. H. Ateş), İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
  • Sawyer, D. R. (2010). Kadim Çin’in Askeri Klasikleri, İlk Üç Kitap (çev.: U. U. Bulsun, P. Erbayık), İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
  • Steinhardt, N. S. (1990). Chinese Imperial City Planning, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
  • Suzuki, D. T. (2012). Çin Felsefesi Tarihi (çev. A. Aydoğan), İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Wheatley, P. (1971). The Pivot of the Four Quarters, A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Yao, X. (1997). Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Yu-Ning, L. (2018). Shang yang's reforms and state control in China, New York: Routledge.
  • Zhang, Q. (2015). An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture, New York: Springer.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafyada Kent , Kent Tarihi, Yapılı Çevrenin Tarihi ve Teorisi
Bölüm Tüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Turgay Ovalı 0000-0001-9782-4548

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Kasım 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Ovalı, T. (2024). Çin’de Felsefi Ortamı Doğuran Kent Devletleri ve Kent Devletlerini Şekillendiren Filozoflar. Kent Akademisi, 17(6), 2505-2528. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1501956

International Refereed and Indexed Journal of Urban Culture and Management | Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Uluslararası Hakemli İndeksli Dergi

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