Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Elektrikli Araçlarda Kullanılan BLDC Motorun PI, PID, FOPI, FOPID ve FOPI+FOPD Tabanlı Kontrolörlerle Sürülmesi ve Verimliliklerinin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 1730 - 1746, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1772193

Öz

Bu çalışmada, elektrikli araçlarda kullanılan motor yapıları ve kontrol yöntemleri incelenmiş, özellikle fırçasız doğru akım (BLDC) motorlarının sürücü ve kontrol sistemleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Simulink tabanlı bir model oluşturularak BLDC motor için farklı kontrolör yapıları (PI: Oransal-İntegral denetleyici, PID: Oransal-İntegral-Türev denetleyici, FOPI: Kesirli Dereceli PI denetleyici, FOPID: Kesirli Dereceli PID denetleyici, FOPI+FOPD: Kesirli Dereceli PI + Kesirli Dereceli PD denetleyicileri) test edilmiştir. Elde edilen simülasyon sonuçları, klasik kontrolörlerin belirli ölçüde yeterli olmakla birlikte kesirli mertebeden kontrolörlerin daha esnek ve etkili performans sunduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle FOPI+FOPD kontrolörünün hata kriterleri (ISE: Hata Kareleri Integrali, IAE: Hata Mutlak Değerinin Integrali, ITSE: Zaman Çarpanlı Hata Kareleri Integrali, ITAE: Zaman Çarpanlı Hata Mutlak Değerinin Integrali) açısından en düşük değerlere ulaştığı ve sistem kararlılığını artırdığı görülmüştür. Sonuçlar, elektrikli araç motor kontrolünde kesirli mertebeden kontrol yaklaşımlarının yüksek verimlilik ve güvenilirlik için güçlü bir alternatif sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Yapılan çalışmada araştırma ve yayın etiğine uyulmuştur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Adila, A., Ridwan, M., Ferdiansyah, I., Rusli, M., Suryoatmojo, H., & Ashari, M. 2024. Modeling and Simulation of BLDC Motor Drive with Bipolar PWM Six-Step Commutation for Speed Regulation System. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEECIT63698.2024.10859942
  • Aktaş, M. 2020. Fırçasız DC Motor (BLDC) Teknik Dokümanı. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi. https://avys.omu.edu.tr/storage/app/public/mustafa.aktas/137354/f%C4%B1r%C3%A7as%C4%B1z%20dc%20motor%20BLDC.pdf
  • Bose, B. K. 2006. Power Electronics and Motor Drives: Advances and Trends. Academic Press.
  • Durmuş, B., & Temir, A. 2023. Equilibrium Optimizer Based FOPID Control of BLDC Motor [Fırçasız DC Motorun Denge Optimizasyon Algoritması Tabanlı FOPID Kontrolü]. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi(51), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1256908
  • Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Gay, S. E., & Emadi, A. 2005. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design. CRC Press.
  • Emadi, A., Lee, Y. J., & Rajashekara, K. 2008. Power Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 55(6), 2237-2245. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.922768
  • Embitel, T. 2023, 2023-02-08 (from blog metadata). Hall Effect Sensor and Its Role in a Motor Controller. https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/hall-effect-sensor-and-its-role-in-a-motor-controller, Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2025
  • Kenjo, T., & Nagamori, S. 1985. Permanent-Magnet and Brushless DC Motors. Oxford University Press.
  • Krause, P. C., Wasynczuk, O., Sudhoff, S. D., & Pekarek, S. 2013. Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems. Wiley-IEEE Press.
  • Krishnan, R. 2001. Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis, and Control. Prentice Hall.
  • Mohan, N., Undeland, T. M., & Robbins, W. P. 2003. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design. Wiley. Mpco Magnetics. 2023. IPM vs SPM Electric Motors Technical Comparison. https://mpcomagnetics.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/IPM-vs-SPM-Electric-Motors.jpg
  • Robotistan. 2023. Fırçasız Motor (Brushless DC Motor - BLDC). https://www.robotistan.com/fircasiz-motor?ps=3
  • Vanchinathan, K., & Selvaganesan, N. 2021. Adaptive fractional order PID controller tuning for brushless DC motor using Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. Results in Control and Optimization, 4, 100032. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2021.100032
  • Zenk, H. 2016a. A Comparative Application of Performance of the SEPIC Converter Using PI, PID and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for PMDC Motor Speed Analysis. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS), 2(12), 1226-1231.
  • Zenk, H. 2016b. In push-pull converter output voltage stability comparison with using fuzzy logic, PI and PID controllers. International Journal of Engineering Research and Management (IJERM), 3(12), 1-6.
  • Zenk, H. 2019. Comparison of the Performance of Photovoltaic Power Generation‐Consumption System with Push‐Pull Converter under the Effect of Five Different Types of Controllers. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2019(1), 3810970.
  • Zenk, H. 2020. Comparison of Voltage Stability of Photovoltaic Power Source Dual Structure Flyback Converter with Fuzzy-Tuned PI and Fractional PID Type Controllers. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 443-465.
  • Zenk, H., & Akpinar, A. S. 2014. Dynamic Performance Comparison of Cúk Converter with DC Motor Driving and Using PI, PID, Fuzzy Logic Types Controllers. Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2(2), 90-96.

Driving BLDC Motor Used in Electric Vehicles with PI, PID, FOPI, FOPID and FOPI+FOPD Based Controllers and Comparison of Their Efficiency

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 1730 - 1746, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1772193

Öz

In this study, motor structures and control methods used in electric vehicles are examined with a particular focus on the drive and control systems of brushless direct current (BLDC) motors. A Simulink-based model was developed, and various controller structures (PI: Proportional-Integral, PID: Proportional-Integral-Derivative, FOPI: Fractional-Order PI, FOPID: Fractional-Order PID, FOPI+FOPD: Fractional-Order PI + Fractional-Order PD) were tested for BLDC motor control. The simulation results indicate that while classical controllers provide satisfactory performance to some extent, fractional-order controllers offer more flexible and effective control capabilities. In particular, the FOPI+FOPD controller achieved the lowest values in the error criteria (ISE: Integral of Squared Error, IAE: Integral of Absolute Error, ITSE: Integral of Time-Weighted Squared Error, ITAE: Integral of Time-Weighted Absolute Error) and enhanced system stability. These findings demonstrate that fractional-order control approaches present a strong alternative for improving efficiency, reliability, and overall performance in electric vehicle motor control applications.

Kaynakça

  • Adila, A., Ridwan, M., Ferdiansyah, I., Rusli, M., Suryoatmojo, H., & Ashari, M. 2024. Modeling and Simulation of BLDC Motor Drive with Bipolar PWM Six-Step Commutation for Speed Regulation System. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEECIT63698.2024.10859942
  • Aktaş, M. 2020. Fırçasız DC Motor (BLDC) Teknik Dokümanı. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi. https://avys.omu.edu.tr/storage/app/public/mustafa.aktas/137354/f%C4%B1r%C3%A7as%C4%B1z%20dc%20motor%20BLDC.pdf
  • Bose, B. K. 2006. Power Electronics and Motor Drives: Advances and Trends. Academic Press.
  • Durmuş, B., & Temir, A. 2023. Equilibrium Optimizer Based FOPID Control of BLDC Motor [Fırçasız DC Motorun Denge Optimizasyon Algoritması Tabanlı FOPID Kontrolü]. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi(51), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1256908
  • Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Gay, S. E., & Emadi, A. 2005. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design. CRC Press.
  • Emadi, A., Lee, Y. J., & Rajashekara, K. 2008. Power Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 55(6), 2237-2245. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.922768
  • Embitel, T. 2023, 2023-02-08 (from blog metadata). Hall Effect Sensor and Its Role in a Motor Controller. https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/hall-effect-sensor-and-its-role-in-a-motor-controller, Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2025
  • Kenjo, T., & Nagamori, S. 1985. Permanent-Magnet and Brushless DC Motors. Oxford University Press.
  • Krause, P. C., Wasynczuk, O., Sudhoff, S. D., & Pekarek, S. 2013. Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems. Wiley-IEEE Press.
  • Krishnan, R. 2001. Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis, and Control. Prentice Hall.
  • Mohan, N., Undeland, T. M., & Robbins, W. P. 2003. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design. Wiley. Mpco Magnetics. 2023. IPM vs SPM Electric Motors Technical Comparison. https://mpcomagnetics.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/IPM-vs-SPM-Electric-Motors.jpg
  • Robotistan. 2023. Fırçasız Motor (Brushless DC Motor - BLDC). https://www.robotistan.com/fircasiz-motor?ps=3
  • Vanchinathan, K., & Selvaganesan, N. 2021. Adaptive fractional order PID controller tuning for brushless DC motor using Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. Results in Control and Optimization, 4, 100032. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2021.100032
  • Zenk, H. 2016a. A Comparative Application of Performance of the SEPIC Converter Using PI, PID and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for PMDC Motor Speed Analysis. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS), 2(12), 1226-1231.
  • Zenk, H. 2016b. In push-pull converter output voltage stability comparison with using fuzzy logic, PI and PID controllers. International Journal of Engineering Research and Management (IJERM), 3(12), 1-6.
  • Zenk, H. 2019. Comparison of the Performance of Photovoltaic Power Generation‐Consumption System with Push‐Pull Converter under the Effect of Five Different Types of Controllers. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2019(1), 3810970.
  • Zenk, H. 2020. Comparison of Voltage Stability of Photovoltaic Power Source Dual Structure Flyback Converter with Fuzzy-Tuned PI and Fractional PID Type Controllers. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 443-465.
  • Zenk, H., & Akpinar, A. S. 2014. Dynamic Performance Comparison of Cúk Converter with DC Motor Driving and Using PI, PID, Fuzzy Logic Types Controllers. Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2(2), 90-96.
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Elektrik Enerjisi Depolama, Elektrik Makineleri ve Sürücüler
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hilmi Zenk 0000-0002-1653-8580

Mirza Mashfiqur Rahman Bu kişi benim 0009-0002-7788-4660

Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Zenk, H., & Rahman, M. M. (2025). Elektrikli Araçlarda Kullanılan BLDC Motorun PI, PID, FOPI, FOPID ve FOPI+FOPD Tabanlı Kontrolörlerle Sürülmesi ve Verimliliklerinin Karşılaştırılması. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(4), 1730-1746. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1772193